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D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems

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D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network Work Package 2: Ocean Energy System Testing – Standardisation and best practice. D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems Authors: Jamie Grimwade NAREC Dave Hails NAREC Eider Robles TECNALIA Fernando Salcedo TECNALIA Jochen Bard FH-IWES Peter Kracht FH-IWES Jean-Baptiste Richard FH-IWES Dominik Schledde FH-IWES Atle Rygg Årdal SINTEF Jorun Irene Marvik SINTEF Nils Arild Ringheim SINTEF Harald Svendsen SINTEF Marta Molinas NTNU Revision: 03 Date: 29-Nov-2012 D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems ABOUT MARINET MARINET (Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network for Emerging Energy Technologies) is an EC-funded consortium of 29 partners bringing together a network of 42 specialist marine renewable energy testing facilities. MARINET offers periods of free access to these facilities at no cost to research groups and companies. The network also conducts coordinated research to improve testing capabilities, implements common testing standards and provides training and networking opportunities in order to enhance expertise in the industry. The aim of the MARINET initiative is to accelerate the development of marine renewable energy technology. Companies and research groups who are interested in availing of access to test facilities free of charge can avail of a range of infrastructures to test devices at any scale in areas such as wave energy, tidal energy and offshore-wind energy or to conduct specific tests on cross-cutting areas such as power take-off systems, grid integration, moorings and environmental data. In total, over 700 weeks of access is available to an estimated 300 projects and 800 external users. MARINET is consists of five main areas of focus or ‘Work Packages’: Management & Administration, Standardisation & Best Practice, Transnational Access & Networking, Research and Training & Dissemination. The initiative runs for four years until 2015. Partners Ireland Netherlands University College Cork, HMRC (UCC_HMRC) Stichting Tidal Testing Centre (TTC) Coordinator Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI_OEDU) (ECNeth) Denmark Germany Aalborg Universitet (AAU) Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V (Fh_IWES) Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (RISOE) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH) France Universitaet Stuttgart (USTUTT) Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN) Institut Français de Recherche Pour l'Exploitation de Portugal la Mer (IFREMER) Wave Energy Centre – Centro de Energia das Ondas (WavEC) United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Centre Ltd. (NAREC) Italy Università degli Studi di Firenze (UNIFI-CRIACIV) The University of Exeter (UNEXE) Università degli Studi di Firenze (UNIFI-PIN) European Marine Energy Centre Ltd. (EMEC) Università degli Studi della Tuscia (UNI_TUS) University of Strathclyde (UNI_STRATH) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INSEAN) The University of Edinburgh (UEDIN) Brazil Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Plymouth University(PU) Paulo S.A. (IPT) Spain Norway Sintef Energi AS (SINTEF) Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE) Tecnalia Research & Innovation Foundation Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (TECNALIA) (NTNU) Belgium 1-Tech (1_TECH) Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under grant agreement no. 262552. Legal Disclaimer The views expressed, and responsibility for the content of this publication, lie solely with the authors. The European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Rev. 03, 29-Nov-2012 D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems REVISION HISTORY Rev. Date Description Author Checked by 01 19th Nov. Final Draft Jean-Baptiste 2012 Richard 02 27th Nov Executive summary updated Jean-Baptiste 2012 Richard 03 29th Nov Final TMcC Cameron Johnstone 2012 Rev. 03, 29-Nov-2012 Page 0 of 115 D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Traditional electricity generation systems generally operate at steady or quasi-steady state. Consequently, their performances description and the subsequent tests of their components focus on non-transient operations. In Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), however, energy converters operate under much more dynamic conditions. Extensive dynamic tests are therefore required for the Power take-off (PTO) components, and dedicated standard procedures have to be established. This “Review of relevant PTO systems” is conducted with this aim in mind. Typical PTO components are described, and their associations with primary energy capture are specified. The main focus in on wave energy, which by essence involves dynamics. Though there is a vast diversity of designs in this area, three main configuration types are identified: • oscillating water columns, involving pneumatic turbines in reciprocating air flows, • overtoppers, fitted with low-hydro turbines subject to unidirectional water flows, • other oscillating concepts being mostly fitted with high-pressure hydraulics. Rotating electrical generators are generally used in both cases, except for some in the 3rd category (dedicated linear generators). Offshore wind turbines PTOs are also discussed, with dynamics due to e.g. turbulences and 3p effects. Tidal Energy converters start from this basis but have a wider variety of concepts, with different dynamics. Such examples are cross-flow turbines or simplified mechanisms. Waves also play a role here. The dynamics of all devices then depend on the control strategies, which are conditioned by the various generator implementations with the power electronics, also described. In particular, this involves frequency converter with different active components. Further deliverables focusing on the testing properly speaking of PTO components are D2.11, D4.2 and D4.3. Rev. 03, 29-Nov-2012 Page 1 of 115 D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATION OF THIS DOCUMENT .............................................................................................. 3 1.2 TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 PRIMARY ENERGY CAPTURE ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PTO COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................. 32 2 PTO COMPONENTS, PART I: TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY .......................................................... 33 2.1 AIR TURBINES .................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 HYDRAULIC CONVERTERS .................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3 OTHER MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 54 3 COMPONENTS, PART II: CONVERSION TO GRID-COMPATIBLE ELECTRICAL ENERGY ........................................ 57 3.1 ELECTRIC GENERATORS ....................................................................................................................................... 57 3.2 FREQUENCY CONVERTERS .................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................. 72 4 CONCLUSIONS: OBSERVED AND FORSEEN COMPATIBILITIES BETWEEN PRIMARY ENERGY CAPTURE APPROACHES AND PTO COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................. 91 4.1 OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES ................................................................................................................................ 91 4.2 TIDAL ENERGY CONVERTERS (TEC) ....................................................................................................................... 94 4.3 WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS (WEC) .................................................................................................................... 95 5 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 106 Rev. 03, 29-Nov-2012 Page 2 of 115 D2.03 Review of Relevant PTO Systems 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATION OF THIS DOCUMENT Traditional electricity generation systems generally operate at steady or quasi-steady state. Consequently, their performances description and the subsequent tests of their components focus on non-transient operations. In Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), however, energy converters operate under much more dynamic conditions. Extensive dynamic tests are therefore required for the Power take-off (PTO) components, and dedicated standard procedures have to be established. This “Review of relevant PTO systems” is conducted with this aim in mind. It is introduced by a description of primary energy
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