DOCSLIB.ORG

Does the Monocot Mode of Leaf Development Characterize All Monocots? Geeta Bharathan University of California, Davis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Does the Monocot Mode of Leaf Development Characterize All Monocots? Geeta Bharathan University of California, Davis Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 14 | Issue 4 Article 6 1995 Does the Monocot Mode of Leaf Development Characterize all Monocots? Geeta Bharathan University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Bharathan, Geeta (1995) "Does the Monocot Mode of Leaf Development Characterize all Monocots?," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 14: Iss. 4, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol14/iss4/6 Aliso, 14(4}, pp. 271-279 © 1996, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 DOES THE MONOCOT MODE OF LEAF DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERIZE ALL MONOCOTS? GEETA BHARATHAN Agronomy and Range Science University of California Davis, California 95616 FAX: 916/152-4361 e-mail: grbharathan@ ucdavis. edu ABSTRACT Patterns of early leaf development in monocots are analyzed in a phylogenetic context. Recent developmental and phylogenetic studies enable this reevaluation of the leaf base model of the devel­ oping monocot leaf. Two questions are addressed: a) is the presence of the Vorlauferspitze (fore-runner tip) invariably correlated with development of the lamina from the lower leaf zone? and b) was the ancestral monocot characterized by the leaf base mode of development? Scanning electron microscopic observations are made of young primorida using the mold and cast method. These data are combined with data from the literature and examined in a phylogenetic context using parsimony analysis. The results suggest that in some taxa the Vorlauferspitze may be associated with a lamina that is derived from the upper leaf zone, and that the ancestral monocot may not have been characterized by the leaf­ base mode of development. It is concluded that the leaf-base model, in a strict sense, may apply to a nested subset, but not all, of the monocotyledons. Key words: development, evolution, leaf, leaf-base model, monocotyledons, morphology, phylogeny, Vorlauferspitze. INTRODUCTION within the monocots that needed to be further studied in order to apply the model more generally. A key question in the study of monocot leaf mor­ The conclusion that the laminae in monocots and phology has been whether the linear parallel-veined dicots are not homologous, based on a "biological" lamina of the monocot leaf is homologous to the broad concept of homology (e.g., Roth 1988; Wagner 1989), reticulate-veined leaf of the dicot leaf. Early anatom­ was transferred to the evolutionary realm and taken to ical and morphological studies suggested that the also imply "historical" (taxic) nonhomology (e.g., monocot blade is a bifacially flattened dicot petiole Dahlgren and Clifford 1983; Donoghue and Doyle, (Arber 1918). Developmental studies revealed differ­ 1989). However, the original generalization was based ences in the origin of the lamina in the two classes on developmental studies of evolutionarily disparate and led to the "leaf base" model of development for taxa. Given this data base it is not clear that the "bi­ the monocot leaf (Troll 1939; Knoll 1948; Kaplan ological" concept can be legitimately converted to the 1970, 1973). Dicots and monocots differ in the origin "historical" concept without making major assump­ of the lamina, which develops from the upper leaf zone tions. One such assumption is that the ancestral mono­ in dicots and from the lower leaf zone in monocots cot had the leaf base mode of development. (Fig. 1). It was shown that the lamina of so-called Two sets of factors suggest that the time is now ripe unifacial leaves of monocots develops from the lower for a reevaluation of this model. First, observations on leaf zone, as do the laminae of linear leaves, e.g., San­ leaf development have been extended into other sevieria, and broad leaves, e.g., Hosta. Both linear and groups such as the Alismatales (Bloedel and Hirsch broad leaves were associated with a unifacial structure 1979), Araceae (Periasamy and Muruganathan 1986), at the tip, the Vorlliuferspitze, that was used as a di­ and Cyclanthales (Wilder 1976). These studies reveal agnostic feature for the leaf base mode of develop­ a range of variation in the origin of the lamina, as ment. Since the Vorlliuferspitze occurs in several mon­ suspected by Kaplan (1973). Second, our understand­ ocots it was suggested that the lamina in most mono­ ing of monocot relationships has improved in recent cots is derived from the lower zone and is therefore years (Bharathan 1993; Duvall et al. 1993 a, b; Bhar­ not homologous to the lamina of dicots (Kaplan 1973). athan and Zimmer 1995; Stevenson and Loconte 1995; The assumption was that the Vorlliuferspitze is invari­ Chase et al. 1995a, b). These phylogenetic studies re­ ably associated with a lamina that develops from the veal taxa that should be included in an evolutionary lower leaf zone. At the same time, Kaplan noted that study of leaf development, particularly dicot outgroups there exists a wide range of morphological variation such as the Piperales, Aristolochiales and Nymphae- 272 ALISO Dicotyledons Monocotyledons vated, plants were mature and the shoots sampled were producing adult leaves. It is assumed that the early stages of development observed here are stages in de­ velopment of adult leaves. Shoots were dissected un­ (al/:'/0 • ~ der water using a binocular research microscope (Zeiss - / (b10 STEMI V8). unifacial ./ A Mold and cast technique.-Molds were made using {~)~ dental vinyl silicone and casts using epoxy resin (Wil­ linear- liams, Vesk and Mullins 1987; Williams and Green (Alli!im) 0 (d) a (c)t • 1988; Jernstedt et al. 1992). Impressions were made Leaf zones in cross section Upper, unifacial 0 Q of successive primordia on the same shoot. Observa­ bifacia:- • Upper, bifacial a (Sagittaria, bifacial tion of primordial stages at plastrochrons one to three Lower, bifacial • Carludovica) (J::!Qili.) (p1-p3) provided the necessary information in most Fig 1. Morphological model of leaf development in monocoty­ cases. Primordial stages of up to p7 were studied in ledons. Early primordia consist of an unifacial upper zone (white) taxa such as the Dioscorea spp. and Lapageria roseus and a bifacial lower zone (stippled). In dicotyledons the upper zone in order to determine the origin of the lamina. differentiates into a lamina, the lower zone differentiates into the leaf base and stipules, and the petiole is intercalated later. In mon­ Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).-The casts ob­ ocots a greater variety of developmental patterns is seen. According tained were mounted on stubs, sputter coated with to early formulations of the model (a~) the upper zone differenti­ gold, observed with a scanning electron microscope ated into unifacial laminae and the lower zone differentiated into bifacial laminae. Later formulations also included bifacial forms de­ (SEM, Hitachi 450), and digital images captured and rived from the upper zone (d). stored using the software package SEMICAPS. Phylogenetic hypotheses.-Topologies used in this study were based on recent morphological and molec­ ales and putative early lineages such as the Dioscore­ ular studies (Bharathan 1993; Duvall et al. 1993a, b; ales that have not so far featured in the discussion. Bharathan and Zimmer 1995; Chase et al. 1995a, b). In this paper I examine two assumptions of the leaf The topologies were pruned to either eliminate taxa base model of leaf development alluded to above, pos­ for which developmental data are not available, or to ing them as two questions: accommodate differences in taxon sampling among 1) Is the Vorlliuferspitze invariably correlated with different phylogenetic studies. Analyses using the development of the lamina from the lower leaf zone? rbcL topology were done with and without the Cy­ 2) Was the lamina of the ancestral monocot derived clanthaceae. The general pattern in all the phylogenetic from the lower leaf zone? studies (barring the studies of Chase et al., which had no bootstrap analyses) is one of relatively poor boot­ MATERIALS AND METHODS strap support for deeper branches and strong support Plant Materials for nested clades in these studies. The differences be­ tween the morphological and molecular data lie largely Young shoot apices were obtained from plants in the rooting. The exemplar topologies used here may growing in the greenhouses of the University of Cal­ serve to take into account weakly supported branches ifornia at Davis. The species sampled were Aristolo­ in the different studies. chia fimbriata Cham. (B90.073); A. labiata Willd. Character reconstruction.-Features of leaf primordia (B82.152); Butomus umbellatus L. (GB127, UA Her­ were encoded as binary traits. Parsimony reconstruc­ barium); Calathea lietzii E. Morr. (B88.033); Cryptan­ tion of these traits was done on topologies of monocot thus sp. (B90.051); Dioscorea discolor Kunth. relationships obtained from above using MacClade 3.0 (B93.330); Dioscorea sp. (B00.069); Gloriosa superba (Maddison and Maddison 1992). Points of agreement L. (B63.339); Lapageria rosea Ruiz and Pav. between all reconstructions (including differences be­ (B63.11 ); Philodendron variifolium Schott (B81.603); tween topologies and alternative reconstructions on a Piper crocatum Ruix and Pav. (B89.235); P. nigrum single topology) provided the basis for conservative L. (B74.003); P. hispidum H. B. and K. (B00.604); conclusions regarding ancestral states. These conclu­ Scindapsus pictus (B00.763). Specimens of all except sions were used to infer trends in character evolution. Butomus umbellatus have been deposited at either the John Tucker Herbarium, University of California, Da­ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION vis, or the herbarium at the University of Arizona, Tuc­ son. Numbers in parentheses are accession numbers of Variation in Development the Botany Collections Greenhouse. Except for Scin­ There was a wide range of variation in early stages dapsus pictus, whose juvenile stage is the one culti- of primordial development (Figs. 2-9). Development VOLUME 14, NUMBER 4 273 Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Scope and Importance of Taxonomy. Classification of Angiosperms- Bentham and Hooker System & Cronquist
    Syllabus: 2020-2021 Unit – I Scope and importance of Taxonomy. Classification of Angiosperms- Bentham and Hooker system & Cronquist. Flora, revision and Monographs. Botanical nomenclature (ICBN), Taxonomic hierarchy, typification, principles of priority, publication, Keys and their types, Preparation and role of Herbarium. Importance of Botanical gardens. PLANT KINGDOM Amongst plants nearly 15,000 species belong to Mosses and Liverworts, 12,700 Ferns and their allies, 1,079 Gymnosperms and 295,383 Angiosperms (belonging to about 485 families and 13,372 genera), considered to be the most recent and vigorous group of plants that have occurred on earth. Angiosperms occupy the majority of the terrestrial space on earth, and are the major components of the world‘s vegetation. Brazil (First) and Colombia (second), both located in the tropics considered to be countries with the most diverse angiosperms floras China (Third) even though the main part of her land is not located in the tropics, the number of angiosperms still occupies the third place in the world. In INDIA there are about 18042 species of flowering plants approximately 320 families, 40 genera and 30,000 species. IUCN Red list Categories: EX –Extinct; EW- Extinct in the Wild-Threatened; CR -Critically Endangered; VU- Vulnerable Angiosperm (Flowering Plants) SPECIES RICHNESS AROUND THE WORLD PLANT CLASSIFICATION Historia Plantarum - the earliest surviving treatise on plants in which Theophrastus listed the names of over 500 plant species. Artificial system of Classification Theophrastus attempted common groupings of folklore combined with growth form such as ( Tree Shrub; Undershrub); or Herb. Or (Annual and Biennials plants) or (Cyme and Raceme inflorescences) or (Archichlamydeae and Meta chlamydeae) or (Upper or Lower ovarian ).
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Arthur Monrad Johnson Colletion of Botanical Drawings
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7489r5rb No online items Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings 1914-1941 Processed by Pat L. Walter. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division History and Special Collections Division UCLA 12-077 Center for Health Sciences Box 951798 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1798 Phone: 310/825-6940 Fax: 310/825-0465 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/ ©2008 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion 48 1 of botanical drawings 1914-1941 Descriptive Summary Title: Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings, Date (inclusive): 1914-1941 Collection number: 48 Creator: Johnson, Arthur Monrad 1878-1943 Extent: 3 boxes (2.5 linear feet) Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division Los Angeles, California 90095-1490 Abstract: Approximately 1000 botanical drawings, most in pen and black ink on paper, of the structural parts of angiosperms and some gymnosperms, by Arthur Monrad Johnson. Many of the illustrations have been published in the author's scientific publications, such as his "Taxonomy of the Flowering Plants" and articles on the genus Saxifraga. Dr. Johnson was both a respected botanist and an accomplished artist beyond his botanical subjects. Physical location: Collection stored off-site (Southern Regional Library Facility): Advance notice required for access. Language of Material: Collection materials in English Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings (Manuscript collection 48). Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division, University of California, Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing History
    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911 Tracing History Phylogenetic, Taxonomic, and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family BY ANNIKA VINNERSTEN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2003 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Lindahlsalen, EBC, Uppsala, Friday, December 12, 2003 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Vinnersten, A. 2003. Tracing History. Phylogenetic, Taxonomic and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911. 33 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5814-9 This thesis concerns the history and the intrafamilial delimitations of the plant family Colchicaceae. A phylogeny of 73 taxa representing all genera of Colchicaceae, except the monotypic Kuntheria, is presented. The molecular analysis based on three plastid regions—the rps16 intron, the atpB- rbcL intergenic spacer, and the trnL-F region—reveal the intrafamilial classification to be in need of revision. The two tribes Iphigenieae and Uvularieae are demonstrated to be paraphyletic. The well-known genus Colchicum is shown to be nested within Androcymbium, Onixotis constitutes a grade between Neodregea and Wurmbea, and Gloriosa is intermixed with species of Littonia. Two new tribes are described, Burchardieae and Tripladenieae, and the two tribes Colchiceae and Uvularieae are emended, leaving four tribes in the family. At generic level new combinations are made in Wurmbea and Gloriosa in order to render them monophyletic. The genus Androcymbium is paraphyletic in relation to Colchicum and the latter genus is therefore expanded.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp
    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 27 June 2005 Wild Ginger, Asarum spp. There are 60-70 species of woodland perennials in the genus Asarum. These great foliage plants in the family Aristolochiaceae make excellent ground covers for shady sites. Their leaves vary considerably in texture, colors of green and patterning. They all need rich organic soil with plenty of moisture to thrive. Under favorable conditions they spread quickly and vigorously. Of these numerous species, European wild ginger, A. europaeum, and wild ginger, A. ca- nadense, are the most commonly available to Asarum europeaum has at- tractive glossy leaves. American gardeners. Both spread slowly to form dense colonies once established. The interest- ing but inconspicuous, dark brown, reddish or purple, bell-shaped fl owers are produced near the ground in spring, hidden by the leaves and blending in with The fl owers of wild gin- soil and leaf litter. ger, Asarum canadense, are small, dark-colored European Wild Ginger (A. europeaum) and hidden by the foliage. This elegant plant with glossy, dark green, nearly rounded leaves makes an excellent ground cover. Plants form neat clumps up to 6 inches high and remain evergreen where winters are not too harsh; in Wisconsin the leaves generally die back to the ground. The leaves are produced in pairs and the small, greenish-brown drooping fl owers are rarely noticed, being hidden by the foliage. This plant prefers part to full shade and rich, moist soil – but has done very well in my garden on clay soil with summer sun until about 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Kirstenbosch Bulb Terrace
    - Growing indigenous Working with the seasons The new Kirstenbosch Bulb Terrace by Graham Duncan, Kirstenbosch Heavy winter rains, inadequately drained soils and insufficient winter light lev­ els experienced in many parts of Kirstenbosch preclude the display of a wide vari­ ety of our spectacular wealth of winter-growing bulbous plants in the garden itself. In addition, the depredations of molerats, and more importantly, marauding por­ cupines place further constraints on bulbs that can be displayed to the public. For these reasons the more fastidious species are cultivated under cover in the Kirstenbosch bulb nursery and displayed in containers, in season, inside the Kay Bergh Bulb House of the Botanical Society Conservatory. Although bulbous plants that are able to stand up to the rigours of general gar­ den cultivation are displayed in many parts of the garden, no section is specifical­ ly dedicated to bulbs. However, with the recent completion of the Centre for Home Gardening, an area known as the Bulb Terrace has been specifically provided for the display of both winter- and summer-growing bulbs. We hope these displays will draw attention to the many bulbous species suitable for home gardens. Passing through the Centre for Home Gardening towards the garden, the Bulb Terrace comprises eight broadly rectangular beds on either side of the sloping main bricked walkway adjacent to the new Kirstenbosch Tearoom. Four beds on each side of the walkway alternate with wooden benches. Quantities of heavy, poorly ABOVE: The dwarf Watsonia coccinea provides a brilliant splash of reddish-orange in mid-September. Photo Graham Duncan drained soil was removed from each bed.
    [Show full text]
  • Commelina Communis
    Commelina communis Commelina communis Asiatic dayflower Introduction The genus Commelina has approximately 100 species worldwide, distributed primarily in tropical and temperate regions. Eight species occur in China[60][167] . Species of Commelina in China Flower of Commelina communis. (Photo pro- Scientific Name Scientific Name vided by LBJWC, Albert, F. W. Frick, Jr.) C. auriculata Bl. C. maculata Edgew. C. bengalensis L. C. paludosa Bl. roadsides [60]. C. communis L. C. suffruticosa Bl. Distribution C. diffusa Burm. f. C. undulata R. Br. C. communis is widely distributed in China, [60] but no records are reported stalk, often hirsute-ciliate marginally, Taxonomy for its distribution in Qinghai, Xinjiang, and acute apically. Cyme inflorescence [6][116][167] Family: Commelinaceae Hainan, and Tibet . has one flower near the top, with dark Genus: Commelina L. blue petals and membranous sepals 5 Economic Importance mm long. Capsules are elliptic, 5–7 Description Commelina communis has caused serious mm, and two-valved. The two seeds Commelina communis is an annual damage in the orchards of northeastern in each valve are brown-yellow, 2–3 [96] herb with numerous branched, creeping China . C. communis is used in Chinese mm long, irregularly pitted, flat-sided, [60] stems, which are minutely pubescent herbal medicine. and truncate at one end[60][167]. distally, 1 m long. Leaves are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–9 cm long and Related Species 1.5–2 cm wide. Involucral bracts Habitat C. diffusa occurs in forests, thickets C. communis prefers moist, shady forest grow opposite the leaves. Bracts are and moist areas of southern China and edges.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Strategy for Flowering Rush (Butomus Umbellatus L.) Management
    State of Michigan’s Status and Strategy for Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) Management Scope Invasive flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus L., hereafter FR) has invaded the shores of Michigan waterways since the early 1900’s (Core 1941; Stuckey 1968; Anderson et al. 1974). This document was developed by Central Michigan University and reviewed by Michigan Departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources for the purposes of: • Summarizing the current level of understanding on the biology and ecology of FR. • Summarizing current management options for FR in Michigan. • Identifying possible future directions of FR management in Michigan. This document used the current information available in journals, publications, presentations, and experiences of leading researchers and managers to meet its goals. Any chemical, company, or organization that is mentioned was included for its involvement in published, presented, or publically shared information, not to imply endorsement of the chemical, company, or organization. Biology and Ecology I. Identification Flowering rush is an emergent aquatic perennial plant with linear, sword-like leaves, triangular in cross-section, and a showy umble of pink flowers (Figure 1). Rhizomes (i.e. horizonal root-like stems) are fleshy, and leaves have parallel veination and can be submersed or emergent. Submersed leaves are linear and limp, unlike sword-like emergent leaves. Flowering rush blooms from June to August. Flowers are arranged in terminal umbels. Flower parts are found in multiples of three (e.g. six tepals, nine stamen, six carpels) with pink to purple tepals 0.25 – 0.5 in (6 - 11.5 mm) long (eFloras 2008). Each flower produces up to six beaked fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Bromeliads Bromeliads Are a Family of Plants (Bromeliaceae, the Pineapple Family) Native to Tropical North and South America
    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 19 March 2012 Bromeliads Bromeliads are a family of plants (Bromeliaceae, the pineapple family) native to tropical North and South America. Europeans fi rst found out about bromeliads on Columbus’ second trip to the New World in 1493, where the pineapple (Ananas sp.) was being cultivated by the Carib tribe in the West Indies. The commercial pineapple (Ananas comosus) is native to southern Brazil and Paraguay. After the colonization of the New World it was rapidly transported to all areas of the tropics, and now is widely grown in tropical and sub- tropical areas. The only A collection of bromeliads placed on a tree at Costa Flores, Costa Rica. bromeliad to occur north of the tropics is Spanish “moss” (Tillandsia usneoides). It is neither Spanish nor a moss, but an epiphytic bromeliad. It doesn’t look much like a typical Commercial pineapple, Ananas comosus, bromeliad, though, with its long scaly stems and reduced in the fi eld. fl owers. Bromeliads are monocots, many of which, like their grass relatives, have a special form of photosynthesis that uses a variation of the more usual biochemical pathways to allow them to use water more effi ciently. Even though they come from the tropics, this helps those that are epiphytes contend with life in the treetops where there is limited water and a real danger of drying out. There are about 2500 species Many bromeliads are tropical and several thousand hybrids epiphytes. and cultivars. Many have brightly colored leaves, fl owers or fruit, and range in size from moss-like species of Tillandsia to the enormous Puya raimondii from the Andes which produces a fl owering stem up to 15 feet tall.
    [Show full text]