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- LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY IN THE ARCHAIC MEDITERRANEAN AREA LANDSCAPE, ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY The main concern of this volume is the multi-layered IN THE ARCHAIC MEDITERRANEAN AREA concept of ethnicity. Contributors examine and contextualise contrasting definitions of ethnicity and identity as implicit in two perspectives, one from the classical tradition and another from the prehistoric and anthropological tradition. They look at the role of textual sources in reconstructing ethnicity and introduce fresh and innovative archaeological data, either from fieldwork or from new combinations of old data. Finally, in contrast to many traditional approaches to this subject, they examine the relative and interacting AREA MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAIC THE IN role of natural and cultural features in the landscape in the construction of ethnicity. The volume is headed by the contribution of Andrea Carandini whose work challenges the conceptions of many in the combination of text and archaeology. He begins by examining the mythology surrounding the founding of Rome, taking into consideration the recent archaeological evidence from the Palatine and the Forum. Here primacy is given to construction of place and mythological descent. Anthony Snodgrass, Robin Osborne, Tim Cornell and Christopher Smith offer replies to his arguments. Overall, the nineteen papers presented here show that a modern interdisciplinary and international archaeology that combines material data and textual evidence – critically – can provide a powerful lesson for the full understanding of the ideologies of ancient and modern societies G. G. C IFANI AND S. S TODDART EDITED BY ABRIELE IFANI AND IMON TODDART s G C S S Oxbow Books WITH THE SUPPORT OF SKYLAR NEIL www.oxbowbooks.com This pdf of your paper in Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (May 2015), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books ([email protected]). An offprint from Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity in the Archaic Mediterranean Area Edited by Gabriele Cifani and Simon Stoddart with the support of Skylar Neil © Oxbow Books 2012 ISBN 978-1-84217-433-3 www.oxbowbooks.com Contents 1. Introduction: contextualizing ethnicity Simon Stoddart and Gabriele Cifani..................................................................................1 2. Urban landscapes and ethnic identity of early Rome Andrea Carandini ...............................................................................................................5 Comments: A. Snodgrass, R. Osborne, T. Cornell and C. Smith. 3. Landscape, ethnicity, and the polis Robin Osborne .................................................................................................................. 24 4. Ionians and Carians in the Mycale: the discovery of Carian Melia and the Archaic Panionion Hans Lohmann ................................................................................................................. 32 5. Are there altenatives to ‘Red-Figure Vase People’? Identity, multi-ethnicity and migration in Ancient Greece John Bintliff ...................................................................................................................... 51 6. Landscape and identity of Greek colonists and indigenous communities in southeast Italy Gert-Jan Burgers .............................................................................................................. 64 7. Before the Samnites: Molise in the eighth and sixth century BC Alessandro Naso .............................................................................................................. 77 8. Ethnicity, identity and state formation in the Latin landscape. Problems and approaches Francesca Fulminante ...................................................................................................... 89 9. Ethnicity and the identity of the Latins. The evidence from sanctuaries between the sixth and the fourth centuries BC Letizia Ceccarelli ............................................................................................................ 108 10. Political landscapes and local identities in Archaic central Italy – Interpreting the material from Nepi (VT, Lazio) and Cisterna Grande (Crustumerium, RM, Lazio) Ulla Rajala ...................................................................................................................... 120 11. Approaching ethnicity and landscapes in pre-Roman Italy: the middle Tiber Valley Gabriele Cifani ............................................................................................................... 144 12. Exploring a frontier area in Etruria: the Civita di Grotte di Castro survey Gabriele Cifani, Letizia Ceccarelli and Simon Stoddart ................................................ 163 iv Contents 13. Between text, body and context: expressing ‘Umbrian’ identity in the landscape Simon Stoddart .............................................................................................................. 173 14. Space, boundaries and the representation of identity in the ancient Veneto c. 600–400 BC Kathryn Lomas ............................................................................................................... 187 15. Limits, frontiers and boundaries among the Iberians of the Guadalquivir Valley (Eighth century BC–fourth century BC) Arturo Ruiz and Manuel Molinos ................................................................................ 207 16. Landscape and ethnic identities in the early states of eastern Iberia Ignacio Grau Mira ......................................................................................................... 228 17. The politics of identity: ethnicity and the economy of power in Iron Age north-west Iberia Alfredo González-Ruibal ................................................................................................ 245 18. Changing identities in a changing landscape: social dynamics of a colonial situation in Early Iron Age south-east Iberia Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz .................................................................................................... 267 19. Endnote: situating ethnicity Simon Stoddart and Skylar Neil .................................................................................... 287 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 294 Index .............................................................................................................................. 352 11 Approaching ethnicity and landscapes in pre- Roman Italy: the middle Tiber Valley Gabriele Cifani Keywords: ethnicity; landscape; central Italy; city states; territorial states Introduction: archaeology and ethnicity In the last two decades, post-processual approaches to archaeology have emphasized the role played by identities and ideology in the organization of culture. Within this framework, ethnicity represents perhaps the most complex form, since it is based on a collective rather than individual perception of identity (Jones 1996; Díaz-Andreu et al. 2005: 6). However, debate on the relationship between ideology and culture is much older than post-processualism. Within the huge literature on how to defi ne ethnicity, we can, in my opinion, trace two main approaches. The fi rst one is the physical approach, which tends to defi ne communities by means of their physical att ributes, geographical distribution and the eff ects of weather on behaviour and culture. This determinist method started in classical antiquity (e.g. Pliny Natural History VII), became very popular in the Enlightenment, thanks in part to the work of Montesquieu De l’esprit de lois (1748), continued during the period of Positivism, and was very infl uential in many studies predating the Second World War. The modern researches on archaeogenetics might be considered, in some respects, the heirs to such an approach (for a synthesis of the debate on the Etruscan area: Perkins 2009). The second approach is cultural and idealistic which focuses on the customs, language and culture to investigate an ethnic group. We can trace the origin of such approaches in Classical Greece, above all in the work of Herodotos, the fi rst ethnographer, who defi ned ethnicity as an ideological construct by describing the origins of the Ionian ethnos as a pragmatic self creation instead of a primordial group (Herodotos I.143–7; McInerney 2001: 57–9). In the course of Romanticism, G. F. Hegel stressed the importance of the spiritual values of an ethnic group as integrally linked with its identity, by shaping the concept of Volksgeist (Hegel 1955: 59); this theory became very infl uential during the nineteenth century and was taken up by sociologists and historians. 11. Approaching ethnicity and landscapes in pre-Roman Italy 145 For example, in 1917, Benedett o Croce defi ned History as the main characteristic of a Nation (Croce 1989: 378–80) and Max Weber in 1922 described ethnic groups as ‘those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent’ (Weber 1978: 389). At the beginning of the twentieth century, archaeological studies developed in parallel with these
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