Pierce County Workforce Data, Trends

& Realities

January 2018

2018 Economic Overview

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ...... 2

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ...... 5

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ...... 5

WAGE TRENDS ...... 6

COST OF LIVING INDEX ...... 6

INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT ...... 7

OCCUPATION SNAPSHOT ...... 9

INDUSTRY CLUSTERS ...... 11

EDUCATION LEVELS ...... 11

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ...... 12

FAQ ...... 13

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 1 Copyright ©2018 Chmura & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Executive Summary

Businesses and policymakers alike rely on sound economic data when making decisions about growth, incentives and how to prepare for the future. In this inaugural edition of WorkForce Central’s Workforce Data, Trends & Realities report, leaders can review—and share—the latest information on demographics, trends, industry opportunities, the overall business climate and more.

Highlights from this report include:

• Pierce County wage growth (2.9 percent) • Demand for health care support workers continues to grow (2.2 percent growth anticipated through 2018) • The health care occupation group experienced the lowest rate of any major occupation group in Pierce County, at 1.8 percent (20,767 employed, 399 unemployed) • The county’s median household income ($61,468 annually) is closing in on the state’s ($62,848 annually) • Pierce County’s cost of living is 6.4 percent higher than the national average • The median house value in Pierce County is $239,500, lower than the state median house value of $269,300, but higher than the national median value of $184,700

Future editions of this report will be published each January and available on our website. If you are interested in joining the conversation, or would like more information on this report, please contact us at [email protected].

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 2 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Demographic Profile The population in Pierce County, Washington was 832,896 per American Community Survey data for 2012-2016.

The region has a civilian labor force of 406,206 with a participation rate of 63.6%. Of individuals 25 to 64 in Pierce County, Washington, 25.3% have a bachelor’s degree or higher which compares with 31.8% in the nation.

The median household income in Pierce County, Washington is $61,468 and the median house value is $239,400.

Summary1 Percent Value Pierce County, Pierce County, Washington USA Washington USA Washington Washington Demographics Population (ACS) — — — 832,896 7,073,146 318,558,162 Male 49.6% 49.9% 49.2% 413,477 3,529,431 156,765,322 Female 50.4% 50.1% 50.8% 419,419 3,543,715 161,792,840 Median Age2 — — — 36.0 37.6 37.7 Under 18 Years 24.0% 22.7% 23.1% 200,048 1,604,595 73,612,438 18 to 24 Years 9.7% 9.4% 9.8% 80,749 664,327 31,296,577 25 to 34 Years 14.9% 14.4% 13.6% 123,961 1,020,046 43,397,907 35 to 44 Years 12.9% 13.1% 12.7% 107,044 923,126 40,548,400 45 to 54 Years 13.6% 13.5% 13.6% 113,185 952,858 43,460,466 55 to 64 Years 12.3% 12.9% 12.6% 102,437 915,352 40,061,742 65 to 74 Years 7.5% 8.3% 8.3% 62,680 590,229 26,355,308 75 Years, and Over 5.1% 5.7% 6.2% 42,792 402,613 19,825,324 Race: White 74.4% 77.3% 73.3% 619,585 5,470,566 233,657,078 Race: Black or African American 6.7% 3.6% 12.6% 55,676 256,990 40,241,818 Race: American Indian and Alaska Native 1.2% 1.3% 0.8% 10,151 94,026 2,597,817 Race: Asian 6.0% 7.8% 5.2% 49,787 552,032 16,614,625 Race: Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 1.4% 0.6% 0.2% 11,457 44,870 560,021 Race: Some Other Race 2.8% 3.9% 4.8% 23,734 276,959 15,133,856 Race: Two or More Races 7.5% 5.3% 3.1% 62,506 377,703 9,752,947 Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 10.1% 12.1% 17.3% 84,021 854,275 55,199,107

Population Growth Population (Pop Estimates)5 — — — 861,312 7,288,000 323,127,513 Population Annual Average Growth5 1.2% 1.4% 0.8% 9,790 91,725 2,474,760

Economic Labor Force Participation Rate and Size (civilian 63.6% 63.9% 63.3% 406,206 3,576,013 159,807,099 population 16 years and over) Armed Forces Labor Force 2.4% 0.8% 0.4% 15,910 47,291 1,011,641 Veterans, Age 18-64 11.3% 7.0% 5.1% 57,883 311,365 10,165,671 Median Household Income2 — — — $61,468 $62,848 $55,322

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 3 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Summary1 Percent Value Pierce County, Pierce County, Washington USA Washington USA Washington Washington Per Capita Income — — — $29,750 $32,999 $29,829 Level (of all people)* 12.7% 12.7% 15.1% 103,562 883,256 46,932,225 Households Receiving Food Stamps 15.1% 13.9% 13.0% 46,220 374,145 15,360,951 Mean Commute Time (minutes) — — — 30.5 26.7 26.1 Commute via Public Transportation 3.3% 6.2% 5.1% 12,496 204,595 7,476,312 Union Membership3 16.4% 16.7% 10.7% — — — Educational Attainment, Age 25-64 No High School Diploma 8.4% 9.0% 11.6% 37,551 342,328 19,478,050 High School Graduate 27.5% 21.9% 26.1% 122,700 835,866 43,788,541 Some College, No Degree 27.3% 24.3% 21.5% 121,788 925,629 36,025,193 Associate's Degree 11.6% 10.5% 8.9% 51,733 400,716 14,962,488 Bachelor's Degree 17.2% 22.2% 20.2% 76,611 845,570 33,845,524 Postgraduate Degree 8.1% 12.1% 11.6% 36,244 461,273 19,368,719

Housing Total Housing Units — — — 333,541 2,966,814 134,054,899 Median House Value (of owner-occupied units)2 — — — $239,400 $269,300 $184,700 Homeowner Vacancy 2.2% 1.6% 1.8% 4,234 27,211 1,395,797 Rental Vacancy 4.4% 4.1% 6.2% 5,632 44,119 2,855,844 Renter-Occupied Housing Units (% of Occupied Units) 39.2% 37.6% 36.4% 120,436 1,013,225 42,835,169 Occupied Housing Units with No Vehicle Available (% of 5.8% 7.0% 9.0% 17,816 188,807 10,562,847 Occupied Units)

Social Enrolled in Grade 12 (% of total population) 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 12,014 95,027 4,433,703 Disconnected Youth4 3.3% 2.9% 2.8% 1,365 10,199 485,589 Children in Single Parent Families (% of all children) 31.9% 29.3% 34.7% 60,678 448,808 24,318,038 With a Disability, Age 18-64 12.3% 10.8% 10.3% 62,667 476,199 20,188,257 With a Disability, Age 18-64, Labor Force Participation 43.6% 43.8% 41.0% 27,310 208,358 8,278,834 Rate and Size Foreign Born 9.5% 13.5% 13.2% 79,240 957,185 42,194,354 Speak English Less Than Very Well (population 5 yrs and 5.6% 7.6% 8.5% 43,325 504,082 25,440,956 over)

*Federal Poverty Level in 2017 = $24,600 for a household of four.

Source: JobsEQ® 1. American Community Survey 2012-2016, unless noted otherwise 2. Median values for certain aggregate regions (such as MSAs) may be estimated as the weighted averages of the median values from the composing counties. 3. 2016; Current Population Survey, unionstats.com, and Chmura; county- and zip-level data are best estimates based upon industry-, MSA-, and state-level data 4. Disconnected Youth are 16-19 year olds who are (1) not in school, (2) not high school graduates, and (3) either unemployed or not in the labor force. 5. Census 2016, annual average growth rate since 2006

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 4 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Employment Trends

As of 2017Q3, total employment for Pierce County, Washington was 319,284 (based on a four-quarter moving average). Over the year ending 2017Q3, employment increased 1.4% in the region.

Employment data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and imputed where necessary. Data are updated through 2017Q1 with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3.

Unemployment Rate

The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for Pierce County, Washington was 5.1% as of October 2017. The regional unemployment rate was higher than the national rate of 4.4%. One year earlier, in October 2016, the unemployment rate in Pierce County, Washington was 6.3%.

Unemployment rate data are from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and updated through October 2017.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 5 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Wage Trends

The average worker in Pierce County, Washington earned annual wages of $48,604 as of 2017Q3. Average annual wages per worker increased 2.9% in the region during the preceding four quarters. For comparison purposes, annual average wages were $54,666 in the nation as of 2017Q3.

Annual average wages per worker data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and imputed where necessary. Data are updated through 2017Q1 with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3.

Cost of Living Index The Cost of Living Index estimates the relative price levels for consumer goods and services. When applied to wages and salaries, the result is a measure of relative purchasing power. The cost of living is 6.4% higher in Pierce County, Washington than the U.S. average.

Cost of Living Information Cost of Living Index Annual Average Salary US Purchasing Power (Base US) Pierce County, Washington $48,604 106.4 $45,680 Washington $60,864 123.3 $49,379 USA $54,666 100.0 $54,666 Source: JobsEQ® Data as of 2017Q3 Cost of Living per C2ER, data as of 2017q2, imputed by Chmura where necessary.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 6 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Industry Snapshot

The largest sector in Pierce County, Washington is Health Care and Social Assistance, employing 56,795 workers. The next-largest sectors in the region are Trade (42,462 workers) and Educational Services (29,038). High location quotients (LQs) indicate sectors in which a region has high concentrations of employment compared to the national average. The sectors with the largest LQs in the region are Construction (LQ = 1.33), Health Care and Social Assistance (1.25), and Retail Trade (1.23).

Employment data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and imputed where necessary. Data are updated through 2017Q1 with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3.

Sectors in Pierce County, Washington with the highest average wages per worker are Utilities ($79,437), Public Administration ($76,662), and Finance and Insurance ($73,118). Regional sectors with the best job growth (or most moderate job losses) over the last 5 years are Health Care and Social Assistance (+9,589 jobs), Retail Trade (+8,074), and Construction (+6,089).

Over the next 1 year, employment in Pierce County, Washington is projected to expand by 3,346 jobs. The fastest growing sector in the region is expected to be Health Care and Social Assistance with a +2.0% year-over-year rate of growth. The strongest forecast by number of jobs over this period is expected for Health Care and Social Assistance (+1,140 jobs), Retail Trade (+341), and Educational Services (+328).

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 7 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Current Historical Forecast Total Change Four Quarters Ending with Average Annual % Change in over the Over the Next 1 Year 2017q3 Employment 2012q3-2017q3 Last 5 Years Pierce Total Avg. Avg. Total Location County, Washingt Approx Annual NAICS Industry Empl Annual Empl USA Growth Quotient Washingt on Sep Growth Wages Demand on Demand Percent Agriculture, Forestry, 11 1,826 $29,659 0.40 61 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 196 4 0.2% Fishing and Hunting Mining, Quarrying, and 21 177 $58,040 0.14 16 1.9% 2.8% -5.3% 18 -1 -0.5% Oil and Gas Extraction 22 Utilities 695 $79,437 0.41 20 0.6% 0.5% 0.2% 63 2 0.3% 23 Construction 23,577 $57,138 1.33 6,089 6.2% 6.6% 3.4% 2,325 312 1.3% 31 17,478 $61,246 0.67 468 0.5% 0.7% 0.8% 1,821 -64 -0.4% 42 Wholesale Trade 12,498 $63,667 1.00 1,318 2.3% 1.6% 0.9% 1,314 65 0.5% 44 Retail Trade 42,462 $33,598 1.23 8,074 4.3% 3.4% 1.3% 5,692 341 0.8% Transportation and 48 15,976 $55,588 1.20 1,234 1.6% 2.7% 2.6% 1,694 119 0.7% Warehousing 51 Information 3,237 $57,318 0.51 -116 -0.7% 3.4% 0.9% 315 -3 -0.1% 52 Finance and Insurance 9,575 $73,118 0.75 1,708 4.0% 1.4% 1.1% 905 61 0.6% Real Estate and Rental 53 5,723 $51,068 1.06 690 2.6% 2.6% 2.0% 583 46 0.8% and Leasing Professional, Scientific, 54 11,104 $61,616 0.53 857 1.6% 2.6% 2.3% 955 130 1.2% and Technical Services Management of 55 Companies and 915 $70,966 0.20 70 1.6% 4.4% 2.7% 83 7 0.7% Enterprises Administrative and Support and Waste 56 20,831 $43,358 1.01 5,580 6.4% 3.4% 2.5% 2,410 287 1.4% Management and Remediation Services 61 Educational Services 29,038 $47,638 1.10 3,180 2.3% 2.0% 0.7% 2,696 328 1.1% Health Care and Social 62 56,795 $54,195 1.25 9,589 3.8% 3.9% 2.5% 5,362 1,140 2.0% Assistance Arts, Entertainment, and 71 7,292 $27,512 1.15 -585 -1.5% 1.9% 2.3% 1,023 73 1.0% Recreation Accommodation and 72 27,392 $19,789 0.95 5,297 4.4% 3.7% 3.0% 4,438 251 0.9% Food Services Other Services (except 81 15,508 $30,017 1.10 -4,898 -5.3% -4.4% -0.2% 1,764 120 0.8% Public Administration) 92 Public Administration 17,183 $76,662 1.14 -1,347 -1.5% 0.6% 0.1% 1,582 76 0.4% Total - All Industries 319,284 $48,604 1.00 37,305 2.5% 2.4% 1.7% 34,954 3,346 1.0% Source: JobsEQ® Employment data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and imputed where necessary. Data are updated through 2017Q1 with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3. Forecast employment growth uses national projections adapted for regional growth patterns.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 8 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Occupation Snapshot

The largest major occupation group in Pierce County, Washington is Office and Administrative Support Occupations, employing 45,193 workers. The next-largest occupation groups in the region are Sales and Related Occupations (32,176 workers) and Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (29,889). High location quotients (LQs) indicate occupation groups in which a region has high concentrations of employment compared to the national average. The major groups with the largest LQs in the region are Community and Social Service Occupations (LQ = 1.28), Construction and Extraction Occupations (1.26), and Education, Training, and Library Occupations (1.17).

Occupation groups in Pierce County, Washington with the highest average wages per worker are Management Occupations ($113,500), Legal Occupations ($96,200), and Computer and Mathematical Occupations ($88,800). The unemployment rate in the region varied among the major groups from 1.8% among Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations to 7.5% among Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations.

Over the next 1 year, the fastest growing occupation group in Pierce County, Washington is expected to be Healthcare Support Occupations with a +2.2% year-over-year rate of growth. The strongest forecast by number of jobs over this period is expected for Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (+344 jobs) and Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (+303). Over the same period, the highest separation demand (occupation demand due to retirements and workers moving from one occupation to another) is expected in Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations (5,268 jobs) and Office and Administrative Support Occupations (5,130).

Occupation Snapshot in Pierce County, Washington

Current Historical Forecast Total Change Four Quarters Ending Avg Ann % Chg in Empl 2017q3 over the Over the Next 1 Year with 2017q3 2012q3-2017q3 Last 5 Years Pierce Avg. Avg. Current Total Total Unempl County, Washing Annual SOC Occupation Empl Annual LQ Unempl Empl USA Online Sep Growth Rate Washing ton Growth Wages1 Job Ads2 Demand Demand ton Percent 11- Management 16,326 $113,500 0.85 458 2.3% 1,837 2.4% 2.3% 1.5% 431 1,305 216 1.3% 0000 13- Business and Financial 16,553 $71,900 1.01 725 3.6% 2,228 2.9% 2.7% 1.6% 277 1,520 188 1.1% 0000 Operations 15- Computer and 6,353 $88,800 0.68 370 3.4% 410 1.3% 3.9% 2.4% 186 433 88 1.4% 0000 Mathematical 17- Architecture and 3,828 $83,400 0.71 182 3.3% 196 1.1% 0.5% 1.0% 52 280 34 0.9% 0000 Engineering 19- Life, Physical, and 2,461 $65,000 0.94 98 3.4% 72 0.6% 1.3% 1.1% 89 217 29 1.2% 0000 Social Science 21- Community and Social 6,537 $46,300 1.28 174 2.6% 535 1.7% 3.1% 1.9% 220 747 131 2.0% 0000 Service 23- Legal 2,155 $96,200 0.83 45 1.9% 82 0.8% 0.2% 0.4% 16 129 23 1.1% 0000

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 9 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Occupation Snapshot in Pierce County, Washington Current Historical Forecast Total Change Four Quarters Ending Avg Ann % Chg in Empl 2017q3 over the Over the Next 1 Year with 2017q3 2012q3-2017q3 Last 5 Years Pierce Avg. Avg. Current Total Total Unempl County, Washing Annual SOC Occupation Empl Annual LQ Unempl Empl USA Online Sep Growth Rate Washing ton Growth Wages1 Job Ads2 Demand Demand ton Percent 25- Education, Training, 20,978 $52,200 1.17 1,400 6.2% 2,291 2.3% 2.2% 0.8% 282 1,909 277 1.3% 0000 and Library Arts, Design, 27- Entertainment, Sports, 4,628 $51,900 0.81 211 3.5% 300 1.3% 2.0% 1.1% 81 469 39 0.8% 0000 and Media Healthcare 29- Practitioners and 20,767 $83,700 1.15 399 1.8% 2,346 2.4% 2.6% 1.7% 967 1,127 344 1.7% 0000 Technical 31- Healthcare Support 9,218 $32,400 1.03 644 5.6% 1,344 3.2% 3.1% 2.2% 331 1,104 202 2.2% 0000 33- Protective Service 7,315 $53,900 1.07 337 3.9% 469 1.3% 1.9% 1.0% 107 810 48 0.7% 0000 35- Food Preparation and 29,889 $27,100 1.09 2,978 7.5% 5,145 3.9% 3.5% 2.9% 967 5,268 303 1.0% 0000 Serving Related Building and Grounds 37- Cleaning and 11,327 $30,800 1.01 877 6.0% -65 -0.1% -1.2% 1.0% 293 1,469 133 1.2% 0000 Maintenance 39- Personal Care and 12,667 $28,500 1.02 857 5.3% -123 -0.2% 0.7% 2.0% 463 1,970 276 2.2% 0000 Service 41- Sales and Related 32,176 $39,100 0.98 1,967 4.8% 3,003 2.0% 2.1% 1.3% 1,753 4,477 201 0.6% 0000 Office and 43- Administrative 45,193 $38,800 0.96 3,153 5.3% 6,483 3.1% 2.8% 1.7% 1,122 5,130 234 0.5% 0000 Support 45- Farming, Fishing, and 1,017 $32,300 0.48 123 6.7% 62 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 2 138 2 0.1% 0000 Forestry 47- Construction and 18,120 $55,300 1.26 1,522 6.5% 4,262 5.5% 5.6% 2.6% 207 1,880 224 1.2% 0000 Extraction Installation, 49- Maintenance, and 12,624 $50,000 1.03 657 4.0% 1,385 2.4% 2.3% 1.6% 394 1,227 117 0.9% 0000 Repair 51- Production 14,102 $41,100 0.73 1,339 6.5% 1,374 2.1% 1.4% 1.2% 297 1,584 -17 -0.1% 0000 53- Transportation and 25,050 $38,000 1.16 2,203 6.7% 3,669 3.2% 2.9% 2.2% 784 3,103 218 0.9% 0000 Material Moving 00- Total - All Occupations 319,284 $49,300 1.00 n/a n/a 37,305 2.5% 2.4% 1.7% 9,445 36,297 3,346 1.0% 0000 Source: JobsEQ® Data as of 2017Q3 unless noted otherwise Note: Figures may not sum due to rounding. 1. Occupation wages are as of 2016 and should be taken as the average for all Covered Employment 2. Data represent found online ads active within the last thirty days in any zip code intersecting or within the selected region; data represents a sampling rather than the complete universe of postings. Occupation employment data are estimated via industry employment data and the estimated industry/occupation mix. Industry employment data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and currently updated through 2017Q1, imputed where necessary with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3. Wages by occupation are as of 2016 provided by the BLS and imputed where necessary. Forecast employment growth uses national projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics adapted for regional growth patterns.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 10 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Industry Clusters A cluster is a geographic concentration of interrelated industries or occupations. The industry cluster in Pierce County, Washington with the highest relative concentration is Wood/Paper with a location quotient of 1.55. This cluster employs 4,111 workers in the region with an average wage of $50,920. Employment in the Wood/Paper cluster is projected to contract in the region about 0.4% per year over the next ten years.

Location quotient and average wage data are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, imputed where necessary, and updated through 2017Q1 with preliminary estimates updated to 2017Q3. Forecast employment growth uses national projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics adapted for regional growth patterns.

Education Levels

Expected growth rates for occupations vary by the education and training required. While all employment in Pierce County, Washington is projected to grow 1.0% over the next ten years, occupations typically requiring a postgraduate degree are expected to grow 1.7% per year, those requiring a bachelor’s degree are forecast to grow 1.3% per year, and occupations typically needing a 2-year degree or certificate are expected to grow 1.3% per year.

Employment by occupation data are estimates are as of 2017Q3. Education levels of occupations are based on BLS assignments. Forecast employment growth uses national projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics adapted for regional growth patterns.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 11 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

Gross Domestic Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced by a region. In 2016, nominal GDP in Pierce County, Washington expanded 5.9%. This follows growth of 5.2% in 2015. As of 2016, total GDP in Pierce County, Washington was $34,749,821,000.

Gross Domestic Product data are provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, imputed by Chmura where necessary, updated through 2016.

Of the sectors in Pierce County, Washington, Real Estate and Rental and Leasing contributed the largest portion of GDP in 2016, $4,868,597,000 The next-largest contributions came from Health Care and Social Assistance ($4,515,394,000); Retail Trade ($3,440,134,000); and Manufacturing ($2,624,822,000).

Gross Domestic Product data are provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, imputed by Chmura where necessary, updated through 2016.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 12 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved. 2018 Economic Overview

FAQ

What is a location quotient?

A location quotient (LQ) is a measurement of concentration in comparison to the nation. An LQ of 1.00 indicates a region has the same concentration of an industry (or occupation) as the nation. An LQ of 2.00 would mean the region has twice the expected employment compared to the nation and an LQ of 0.50 would mean the region has half the expected employment in comparison to the nation.

What is separation demand?

Separation demand is the number of jobs required due to separations—labor force exits (including retirements) and turnover resulting from workers moving from one occupation into another. Note that separation demand does not include all turnover—it does not include when workers stay in the same occupation but switch employers. The total projected demand for an occupation is the sum of the separation demand and the growth demand (which is the increase or decrease of jobs in an occupation expected due to expansion or contraction of the overall number of jobs in that occupation).

What is a cluster?

A cluster is a geographic concentration of interrelated industries or occupations. If a regional cluster has a location quotient of 1.25 or greater, the region is considered to possess a competitive advantage in that cluster.

What is the difference between industry wages and occupation wages?

Industry wages and occupation wages are estimated via separate data sets, often the time periods being reported do not align, and wages are defined slightly differently in the two systems (for example, certain bonuses are included in the industry wages but not the occupation wages). It is therefore common that estimates of the average industry wages and average occupation wages in a region do not match exactly.

What is NAICS?

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is used to classify business establishments according to the type of economic activity. The NAICS Code comprises six levels, from the “all industry” level to the 6-digit level. The first two digits define the top level category, known as the “sector,” which is the level examined in this report.

What is SOC?

The Standard Occupational Classification system (SOC) is used to classify workers into occupational categories. All workers are classified into one of over 820 occupations according to their occupational definition. To facilitate classification, occupations are combined to form 23 major groups, 96 minor groups, and 449 occupation groups. Each occupation group includes detailed occupations requiring similar job duties, skills, education, or experience.

About This Report This report and all data herein were produced by JobsEQ®, a product of Chmura Economics & Analytics. The information contained herein was obtained from sources we believe to be reliable. However, we cannot guarantee its accuracy and completeness.

Source: JobsEQ®, http://www.chmuraecon.com/jobseq 13 Copyright ©2018 Chmura Economics & Analytics, All Rights Reserved.