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Some Implications of the Development of the Puerto Rican Highway System for the Urban Ecology of Puerto Rico

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Some Implications of the Development of the Puerto Rican Highway System for the Urban Ecology of Puerto Rico 70 - 14,070 MATRE, Marc David, 1937- SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUERTO RICAN HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR THE URBAN ECOLOGY OF PUERTO RICO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Sociology, regional and city planning University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUERTO RICAN HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR THE URBAN ECOLOGY OF PUERTO RICO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marc David Matre, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1969 Approved By Adviser Department of Sociology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported with a dissertation fellowship from the Mershon Center for Education in National Security. Dr. James A. Robinson, director of the Mershon Center, Mrs. Anne F. Trupp, assistant to the director, and other persons at the Mershon Center helped me in many ways during the research process. Mrs. Kay Neves and Mrs. Gloria Werth did the typing of the dissertation. I am grateful to all of these people for creating an atmosphere of freedom, cooperation, and encouragement. I am grateful to Dr. Kent P. Schwirian for the many ways he has helped me as both adviser and teacher. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Raymond F. Sletto, Dr. Patrick T. Cleaver, and Dr. Donald L. Noel. Members of the staff of the Ohio State University computer center gave me timely assistance during several phases of the data processing. I was helped especially by Mrs. Carol Estep and Mr. Pravin Gandhi. Mr. Henry J. Harm, of the General Drafting Company, responded generously to a request I made for a series of road maps of Puerto Rico. These naps were a very useful source of information about the Puerto Rican road network. ii VITA Born: Hamilton, Ohio 1 May 1937 B.A., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1960 M.A., The Ohio State University 1966 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Urban Sociology Studies in Urban Sociology and Urban Ecology. Professors Kent P. Schwirian and Christen T. Jonassen Studies in Research Methods. Professors Raymond F. Sletto, Robert P. Bullock, Patrick T. Cleaver, and Kent P. Schwirian Studies in Race and Ethnic Relations. Professors Donald L. Noel, Brewton Berry, and James W. Vander Zanden iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... ii VITA . .................................................... iii LIST OF T A B L E S ............................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................... vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM . ........ 1 II. THEORY OF REGIONAL URBAN ECOLOGY ...................... 5 Background Literature The Object of Study III. BASIC CONCEPTS AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS............. 15 The Urban Center Population Size Occupations and Division of Labor Literacy Graph Theoretic Concepts and Definitions Applications of the Graph Concepts and Definitions to the Puerto Rican Road Network Data IV. PROPOSITIONS RELATING BASIC CONCEPTS . .......... 63 V. PRESENTATION OF THE D A T A .............................. 68 The Data Tables Descriptive Summary of the Tabled Data iv VI. TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESES The Notation for Partial Correlations The Cross-lagged Panel Comparisons The Calculation of T-Values The Tests of Network Specific Hypotheses The Tests VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................. Interpretation of the Findings Implications of the Findings for the Central-Place Model Limitations of the Study Further Research SOURCES CONSULTED LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Seventy-five Puerto Rican Urban Centers ................ 17 2. Binary Connectivity Matrix for Simple Road Network . 42 3. Binary Connectivity Matrix for Complex Road Network . 42 4. Valued Connectivity Matrix for Simple Road Network . 44 5. Valued Connectivity Matrix for Complex Road Network . 44 6. Shortest Path Matrix and Indices of Vertex Centrality for Simple Road Network.............................. 49 7. Shortest Path Matrix and Indices of Vertex Centrality for Complex Road Network .................... 50 8. Road Type Codes and Assumed Average Safe Travel Speeds . 56 9. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion for Distributions of Vertex Specific Variables .......... 69 10. Correlation Matrix, Zero Order Correlations for Thirty-two Vertex Specific Variables ................ 73 11. Measures of Network Structure, Puerto Rican Road N e t w o r k ................................... 80 12. Correlations, Partial Correlations, and T-Values .... 91 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Geographical Locations of Seventy-five Urban Centers on the Main Island of Puerto R i c o .................................... 18 2. Example of Simple Road Network with Six Vertices ...................................... 33 ) 3. Example of Complex Road Network with Six Vertices.................................. 35 4. Possible Correlations Between X and Y at Two Points in T i m e ............................................ 87 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM This is a study of social and ecological change. It describes cer­ tain alterations in the urban ecology of Puerto Rico, which have occurred since the island was seized by the United States in 1898. What has occurred in Puerto Rico is used as data for the testing of general prop­ ositions drawn from the literature of urban sociology and human ecology. The period in the history of Puerto Rico since its occupation by the United States is especially interesting from the point of view of urban ecology for several reasons. First, it is only since the beginning of the century that many regions of Puerto Rico have been linked with the modern world in other than tenuous ways. For most of its history Puerto Rico was little more than a military outpost of the Spanish empire and an isolated location for the cheap production of sugar, coffee, and tobacco for the world market economy.* This meant that nearly all towns and villages were local service centers for petty trade and administration. It also means that the social characteristics of towns and villages should have been altered by increasing integration with one another and with *Sara Jane Deyo, "The Economic Aspects of Cultural Conflict in Porto Rico," (Masters Thesis, Ohio State University, 1933); C. Wright Mills, Clarence Senior, and Rose Kohn Goldsen, The Puerto Rican Journey, (New York: Russell and Russell, 1950), pp. 3-21. 1 o dominating metropolitan centers. That is, the cities, towns, and vill­ ages should have responded in accordance with theories about the expansion of the dominance of modern large-scale, industrial society.^ Another aspect of Puerto Rican urban development which makes it especially interesting to the human ecologist is the system of municipal towns established by the Spanish.^ The territory was divided, for admin­ istrative purposes, into municipalities, roughly comparable to counties in the United States. For each of these municipalities a town was desig­ nated as the administrative center. Officials in the municipal towns were directly subordinate to officials in San Juan, the capital city. This encouraged the establishment of numerous small towns scattered rather evenly over an isolated, rural hinterland.^ The tendency toward localism was reinforced by geographic conditions, especially in the mountainous regions of central Puerto Rico. The extremely rough terrain, combined with a rudimentary transportation network, made commercial ^For a study of social change in a Puerto Rican town see; Joseph W. Scott, "Sources of Social Change in Community, Family and Fertility in a Puerto Rican Town," American Journal of Sociology LXXV, (March, 1967), pp. 520-30. / 15 JFor differing perspectives see: Amos H. Hawley, Human Ecology (New York: The Ronald Press, 1950); Scott Greer, The Emerging; City. (New York: The Free Press, 1962); Leo F. Schnore, The Urban Scene, (New York: The Free Press, 1965); W. Fred Cottrell, Energy and,Society. (New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1955); Gerald Breese, Urbanization in New Developing Countries, (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966); Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957). ^William F. Willoughby, "The Reorganization of Municipal Government in Porto Rico: Political," Political Science Quarterly, XXIV (September, 1909), pp. 409-443. -*For a discussion of factors influencing urban development in Spanish colonies see: T. Lynn Smith, "The Changing Functions of Latin American Cities," The Americas. XXV, (July, 1968), pp. 70-83. relations with the outside world costly and one-sided.^ Even in those areas where large-scale commercial agriculture was practiced, the lives of the overwhelming majority of the population still reflected the local­ ism and of poverty of rural life at near subsistence levels.^ All of these factors led to rather meager urban development, except at certain seacoast locations, such as San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez. Hence, the kinds of economic and technological change since 1900, especially the development of a highway transportation network, should have considerably altered the ecological basis for the locations and functions of urban centers all over Puerto Rico. There is another fact about this period in Puerto Rican development which makes it attractive for study by the urban ecologist. This is the fact that extensive data gathering has been regularly undertaken by vari­ ous official
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