International Encyclopedia Adult Education

INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ADULT EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ADULT EDUCATION Edited by Leona M. English © Palgrave Macmillan 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-1735-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the * Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London wn 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint ofthe Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-20171-2 ISBN 978-1-349-72520-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-72520-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International encyclopedia of adult education / edited by Leona M. English. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-1735-3 1. Adult education-Encyclopedias. I. English, Leona M., 1963- LC5211.156 2005 374'003-dc22 2004059171 10 9 8 7 6 5 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 Transferred to Digital Printing 2011. Contents Editorial Board vi List of Contributors vii Dedication xi Foreword xii Acknowledgements xiv The Production of Knowledge and the Un/Making for Encyclopedia of Adult Education: An Introduction 1 Entries A- Z 11 Term Index 693 Name Index 695 Subject Index 708 v Editorial Board General Editor Leona M. English St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Consultant Editors David Boud Sharan Merriam University of Technology Sydney, University of Georgia, USA Australia Tom Nesbit Tara Fenwick Simon Fraser University, Canada University ofAlberta, Canada Elizabeth Tisdell Matthias Finger J. University ofPennsylvania, USA Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Shirley Walters Cheryl Hunt University of the Western Cape, University of Sheffield, UK South Africa Dorothy A. Lander Arthur L. Wilson St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Cornell University, USA vi List of Contributors Sue Adams Judith O. Brown Coady International Institute, St. Barry University, USA Francis Xavier University, Canada Shauna Butterwick Katerina Ananiadou University of British Columbia, Canada Institute Education, University of of Valerie-Lee Chapman London, UK North Carolina State University, USA Barbara Shaw Anderson M. Carolyn Clark North Carolina State University, USA Texas A&M University, USA Clinton L. Anderson Darlene E. Clover United States Department of Defense, University of Victoria, Canada Voluntary Education Program, USA Dianne Conrad James Athanasou University of New Brunswick, Canada University of Technology Sydney, Australia Ian R. Cornford University of Technology Sydney, Elsa Auerbach Australia University of Massachusetts, USA Patricia Cranton Paul Belanger St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada L. A. Parks Daloz Whidbey Institute, USA John Benseman University of Auckland, New Zealand Jane Dawson St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Laura Bierema University of Georgia, USA Pierre Dominice University Geneva, Switzerland Adrian Blunt of University of Saskatchewan, Canada Richard Edwards University of Stirling, Scotland Roger Boshier University of British Columbia, Canada John Egan University of Sydney, Australia Marcie Boucouvalas Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Leona M. English University, USA St. Francis Xavier University, Canada David Boud Roger Etkind University of Technology Sydney, University of the Western Cape, South Australia Africa Stephen Brookfield Tara Fenwick University ofSt. Thomas, USA University ofAlberta, Canada vii viii List of Contributors Brian Findsen Georg Karlsson University of Glasgow University ofLinkoping, Sweden Matthias Finger Irene Karpiak Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, University of Oklahoma, USA Switzerland jennifer Kelly Maria Clara Bueno Fischer University ofAlberta, Canada Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sandra Kerka Sinos-UNISINOS, Brazil Ohio State University Patricia Gouthro Kathleen P. King Mt. Saint Vincent University, Canada Fordham University, USA Andre P. Grace Carolin Kreber University ofAlberta, Canada University ofAlberta, Canada. Fyrejean Graveline jeffrey S. Kuhn Brandon University, Canada Columbia University, USA Shibao Guo Dorothy A. Lander University ofAlberta, Canada St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Staffan Larsson Talmadge C. Guy Linkoping University University of Georgia, USA Al Lauzon Budd L. Hall University of Guelph, Canada University of Victoria, Canada Michael Law Mike Healy University ofWaikato, New Zealand University of Georgia, USA Linda Leach Lilian H. Hill Massey University, New Zealand Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Moira Lee Temasek Polytechnic Institute, Robert j. Hill Singapore University of Georgia, USA Victoriaj. Marsick Mohamed Hrimech Columbia University, USA Universite de Montreal, Canada Peter Mayo Cheryl Hunt University of Malta University ofExeter, UK Katherine McManus Susan Imel Simon Fraser University, Canada Ohio State University Olutoyin Mejiuni Peter Jarvis Obafemi A wolowo University, Nigeria University of Surrey, UK Carlos Zarco Mera juanita johnson-Bailey Latin American Council for Adult University of Georgia, USA Education (CEAAL), Mexico David james jones Sharan B. Merriam University of Nottingham, UK University of Georgia, USA List of Contributors ix Shahrzad Mojab Nicky Solomon Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/ University of Technology Sydney, University of Toronto, Canada Australia Jenny Moon Thomas J. Sork University of Exeter, UK University of British Columbia, Canada Roger K. Morris Bruce Spencer University of Technology Sydney, Athabasca University, Canada Australia Joyce Stalker Mazanah Muhamad University ofWaikato, New Zealand Universiti Putia, Malaysia Jennifer Sumner Tom Nesbit Ontario Institute for Studies in Simon Fraser University, Canada Education/University of Toronto, Canada Michael Newman University of Technology Sydney, Edward W. Taylor Australia Pennsylvania State University, USA Oluyemisi O. Obilade Mark Tennant Obafemi A wolowo University, Nigeria University of Technology Sydney, Edmee Ollagnier Australia University of Geneva, Switzerland Lyn Tett Donovan Plumb University ofEdinburgh, Scotland Mt. Saint Vincent University, Canada Alan Thomas Daniel D. Pratt Ontario Institute for Studies in University ofBritish Columbia, Canada Education/University of Toronto, Canada Julia Preece University of Botswana Elizabeth J. Tisdell B. Allan Quigley Pennsylvania State University, USA St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Joanne Tompkins Jost Reischmann St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Bamberg University, Germany Thomas Mark Turay Anne Reuss Coady International Institute, st. University ofAbertay, Scotland Francis Xavier University, Canada Amy Rose Shirley Walters Northern Illinois University, USA University of the Western Cape, South Africa Marsha Rossiter University of Wisconsin, USA Karen E. Watkins University of Georgia, USA Birgitte Simonsen Danish University of Education, Michael Welton Denmark Mount st. Vincent University, Canada Mark K. Smith Faye Wiesenberg YMCA George Williams College, UK University of Calgary, Canada x List of Contributors Arthur L. Wilson Nick Zepke Cornell University, USA Massey University, New Zealand. Raymond J. Wlodkowski Miriam Zukas Regis University, USA University of Leeds, UK Dedication This encyclopedia is dedicated to two brave and courageous women. Dedicated to the memory of Florence Dedicated to Valerie-Lee Chapman, Mary O'Neill (1905-90) of Witless Ph.D. (d. 2004) courageous woman Bay, Newfoundland, an adult educa and adult education professor at tor who dedicated her life to every North Carolina State University. This one's improvement "whether they is to your life and the beautiful and wanted to or not." An itinerant amazing way that you evidenced teacher of adult education beginning power and knowledge in your work. in 1936, she was the first Canadian to You said YES when you were awarded earn a doctorate in adult education the prestigious SSHRC and Killam (Columbia University, 1944). She fellowships; when you found a great became the director of adult educa doctoral advisor in Tom Sork; and tion for Newfoundland (1946-58) when you were challenged to fight and then director of adult education your illness. You said yes to life and programs for the federal Department dared to "rage against the dying of of Indian Affairs in Ottawa, until her the light." You, Valerie-Lee, were an retirement in 1969. Her achievements adult education exemplar of a gifted

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