INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ADULT EDUCATION

INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ADULT EDUCATION

Edited by Leona M. English © Palgrave Macmillan 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-1735-5

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the * Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London wn 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint ofthe Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-20171-2 ISBN 978-1-349-72520-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-72520-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International encyclopedia of adult education / edited by Leona M. English. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-1735-3 1. Adult education-Encyclopedias. I. English, Leona M., 1963- LC5211.156 2005 374'003-dc22 2004059171

10 9 8 7 6 5 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 Transferred to Digital Printing 2011. Contents

Editorial Board vi List of Contributors vii Dedication xi Foreword xii Acknowledgements xiv

The Production of Knowledge and the Un/Making for Encyclopedia of Adult Education: An Introduction 1

Entries A- Z 11

Term Index 693 Name Index 695 Subject Index 708

v Editorial Board

General Editor Leona M. English St. Francis Xavier University, Canada

Consultant Editors

David Boud Sharan Merriam University of Technology Sydney, University of Georgia, USA Australia Tom Nesbit Tara Fenwick Simon Fraser University, Canada University ofAlberta, Canada Elizabeth Tisdell Matthias Finger J. University ofPennsylvania, USA Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Shirley Walters Cheryl Hunt University of the Western Cape, University of Sheffield, UK South Africa Dorothy A. Lander Arthur L. Wilson St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Cornell University, USA

vi List of Contributors

Sue Adams Judith O. Brown Coady International Institute, St. Barry University, USA Francis Xavier University, Canada Shauna Butterwick Katerina Ananiadou University of British Columbia, Canada Institute Education, University of of Valerie-Lee Chapman London, UK North Carolina State University, USA Barbara Shaw Anderson M. Carolyn Clark North Carolina State University, USA Texas A&M University, USA Clinton L. Anderson Darlene E. Clover United States Department of Defense, University of Victoria, Canada Voluntary Education Program, USA Dianne Conrad James Athanasou University of New Brunswick, Canada University of Technology Sydney, Australia Ian R. Cornford University of Technology Sydney, Elsa Auerbach Australia University of Massachusetts, USA Patricia Cranton Paul Belanger St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada L. A. Parks Daloz Whidbey Institute, USA John Benseman University of Auckland, New Zealand Jane Dawson St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Laura Bierema University of Georgia, USA Pierre Dominice University Geneva, Switzerland Adrian Blunt of University of Saskatchewan, Canada Richard Edwards University of Stirling, Scotland Roger Boshier University of British Columbia, Canada John Egan University of Sydney, Australia Marcie Boucouvalas Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Leona M. English University, USA St. Francis Xavier University, Canada David Boud Roger Etkind University of Technology Sydney, University of the Western Cape, South Australia Africa Stephen Brookfield Tara Fenwick University ofSt. Thomas, USA University ofAlberta, Canada

vii viii List of Contributors

Brian Findsen Georg Karlsson University of Glasgow University ofLinkoping, Sweden Matthias Finger Irene Karpiak Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, University of Oklahoma, USA Switzerland jennifer Kelly Maria Clara Bueno Fischer University ofAlberta, Canada Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sandra Kerka Sinos-UNISINOS, Brazil Ohio State University Patricia Gouthro Kathleen P. King Mt. Saint Vincent University, Canada Fordham University, USA Andre P. Grace Carolin Kreber University ofAlberta, Canada University ofAlberta, Canada. Fyrejean Graveline jeffrey S. Kuhn Brandon University, Canada Columbia University, USA Shibao Guo Dorothy A. Lander University ofAlberta, Canada St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Staffan Larsson Talmadge C. Guy Linkoping University University of Georgia, USA Al Lauzon Budd L. Hall University of Guelph, Canada University of Victoria, Canada Michael Law Mike Healy University ofWaikato, New Zealand University of Georgia, USA Linda Leach Lilian H. Hill Massey University, New Zealand Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Moira Lee Temasek Polytechnic Institute, Robert j. Hill Singapore University of Georgia, USA Victoriaj. Marsick Mohamed Hrimech Columbia University, USA Universite de Montreal, Canada Peter Mayo Cheryl Hunt University of Malta University ofExeter, UK Katherine McManus Susan Imel Simon Fraser University, Canada Ohio State University Olutoyin Mejiuni Peter Jarvis Obafemi A wolowo University, Nigeria University of Surrey, UK Carlos Zarco Mera juanita johnson-Bailey Latin American Council for Adult University of Georgia, USA Education (CEAAL), Mexico David james jones Sharan B. Merriam University of Nottingham, UK University of Georgia, USA List of Contributors ix

Shahrzad Mojab Nicky Solomon Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/ University of Technology Sydney, University of Toronto, Canada Australia Jenny Moon Thomas J. Sork University of Exeter, UK University of British Columbia, Canada

Roger K. Morris Bruce Spencer University of Technology Sydney, Athabasca University, Canada Australia Joyce Stalker Mazanah Muhamad University ofWaikato, New Zealand Universiti Putia, Malaysia Jennifer Sumner Tom Nesbit Ontario Institute for Studies in Simon Fraser University, Canada Education/University of Toronto, Canada Michael Newman University of Technology Sydney, Edward W. Taylor Australia Pennsylvania State University, USA Oluyemisi O. Obilade Mark Tennant Obafemi A wolowo University, Nigeria University of Technology Sydney, Edmee Ollagnier Australia University of Geneva, Switzerland Lyn Tett Donovan Plumb University ofEdinburgh, Scotland Mt. Saint Vincent University, Canada Alan Thomas Daniel D. Pratt Ontario Institute for Studies in University ofBritish Columbia, Canada Education/University of Toronto, Canada Julia Preece University of Botswana Elizabeth J. Tisdell B. Allan Quigley Pennsylvania State University, USA St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Joanne Tompkins Jost Reischmann St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Bamberg University, Germany Thomas Mark Turay Anne Reuss Coady International Institute, st. University ofAbertay, Scotland Francis Xavier University, Canada Amy Rose Shirley Walters Northern Illinois University, USA University of the Western Cape, South Africa Marsha Rossiter University of Wisconsin, USA Karen E. Watkins University of Georgia, USA Birgitte Simonsen Danish University of Education, Michael Welton Denmark Mount st. Vincent University, Canada Mark K. Smith Faye Wiesenberg YMCA George Williams College, UK University of Calgary, Canada x List of Contributors

Arthur L. Wilson Nick Zepke Cornell University, USA Massey University, New Zealand. Raymond J. Wlodkowski Miriam Zukas Regis University, USA University of Leeds, UK Dedication

This encyclopedia is dedicated to two brave and courageous women.

Dedicated to the memory of Florence Dedicated to Valerie-Lee Chapman, Mary O'Neill (1905-90) of Witless Ph.D. (d. 2004) courageous woman Bay, Newfoundland, an adult educa• and adult education professor at tor who dedicated her life to every• North Carolina State University. This one's improvement "whether they is to your life and the beautiful and wanted to or not." An itinerant amazing way that you evidenced teacher of adult education beginning power and knowledge in your work. in 1936, she was the first Canadian to You said YES when you were awarded earn a doctorate in adult education the prestigious SSHRC and Killam (Columbia University, 1944). She fellowships; when you found a great became the director of adult educa• doctoral advisor in Tom Sork; and tion for Newfoundland (1946-58) when you were challenged to fight and then director of adult education your illness. You said yes to life and programs for the federal Department dared to "rage against the dying of of Indian Affairs in Ottawa, until her the light." You, Valerie-Lee, were an retirement in 1969. Her achievements adult education exemplar of a gifted in the field remain exemplars of prac• writer and thinker. You were passion• tice and an inspiration for all who ately dedicated to adult education value knowledge and learning. and to doing it in new ways ... femi• nist, collaborative, qualitative and KATHERINE McMANUS above all reflectively and with reflex• ivity. In your own words, you were "all about letting in fresh air from women's work, post structuralism, narrative and all the exciting stuff happening in the social sciences and cultural geography." Adult educators are truly blessed to count you among them. Valerie-Lee, you were a phenomenal woman if ever there was one.

LEONA M. ENGLISH

xi Foreword

In such a diverse and fast expanding the field, but also in providing us domain, the publication of the with insights into emerging subjects International Encyclopedia of Adult and concerns, regarding the new Education is a timely step in the devel• forms of learning, the recent theoreti• opment of the field. Indeed, the cal approaches, the current geo-polit• national educational scene in every ical dimensions and the emerging country has been profoundly trans• philosophical issues. formed over the last three decades. We will not be able to ensure to all Nowadays, in most post-industrial citizens the full exercise of their right societies, adults participating in orga• to learn without grasping the tremen• nized learning activities well dous changes that adult education outnumber the young people under• has undergone over the last 30 years. taking their initial education in We will not be able to contribute to schools and colleges. However, this the emergence of sustainable and fair reality is not yet recognized and still learning societies without having an only partially documented. Actors in encompassing view of the field much adult education need support to help too often confined to one of its them understand and reconstruct their dimensions and constructed with a diffuse field. The components of our single discourse. We will not be able learning societies are extremely to build adult education locally with• dispersed among a vast array of agen• out understanding the trends and cies, into a variety of learning contexts, debates taking place at the global through many modes of provision and level. And all this is precisely what educational approaches, while a grow• this new encyclopedia on adult ing and very diversified group of adults education accomplishes. participate actively. And this visible As president of the International part of adult learning is only the tip of Council of Adult Education and the an iceberg, hiding the pervasive reality General Secretary of the International of non-formal and experiential learn• Conference of Adult Education spon• ing taking place everyday at home, in sored by UNESCO in 1997 (CONFIN• the community and at the workplace. TEA, Hamburg), I can appreciate how The International Encyclopedia of much such a "tool" will be useful for Adult Education is a necessary contri• so many actors involved in the on• bution in reconstructing this reality, going multifaceted development of while identifying and taking into adult education. The encyclopaedia account a diversity of discourses and will be of valuable help for thousands disciplines. It is a great challenge to of isolated practitioners in commu• present an overview of a field where nity organizations, in institutions, at the knowledge base is so diffuse and the work place and in the new media, still in development. This encyclope• for political, economic, educational dia, with over 170 entries, has and cultural decision-makers, for succeeded not only in presenting the researchers striving to understand the key concepts and typical thematics of contributions of other disciplines

xii Foreword xiii studying the complex reality of adult having taken the risk of such a great learning, as well as for a larger public initiative. searching to grasp the multidimen• sional reality behind the now prevail• PAUL BELANGER ing discourse on lifelong learning. PreSident, International Council of On behalf, I am sure, of all these Adult Education & Professor future readers and users, I wish to Universite du Quebec a Montreal thank the editor and the publisher for Canada Acknowledgements

As I began to think of who to A special thank you to the library acknowledge in the making of this staff of the Angus L. MacDonald and encyclopedia, I was overwhelmed by Coady International Institute at St. the enormity of the intellectual Francis Xavier University, especially support and academic assistance I to Catherine Irving, for tireless help have received. This has been invalu• in the location of those hard-to-find able to me and integral to the final books and article page numbers. My product. I share with Yeats (1938) appreciation for you is immense. the sentiment that "My glory was I Bernadine Raiskums, author of her had such friends" ("The Municipal own dictionary of adult education, Gallery Revisited"). generously volunteered to spend To begin, I would like to thank untold hours cross-referencing the my colleagues here at St. Francis entries and in editing. Your consider• Xavier University Patricia able knowledge of the field and its Cranton, Jane Dawson, and Allan resources were an invaluable schol• Quigley - for unwavering support of arly resource. Brandon Rama this project. I would also like to Vaidyanathan helped with the index• thank the editorial board members - ing and worked tirelessly to make David Boud, Tara Fenwick, Matthias every word count. Thank you also to Finger, Cheryl Hunt, Dorothy Matthew Puddicombe and Dylan Lander, Sharan Merriam, Tom Quinn, student research assistants, Nesbit, Elizabeth Tisdell, Shirley for compiling endless lists and doing Walters, and Arthur Wilson - who library research. Angela Stewart, Jim gave generously of their time to Stewart, and Denise Morrow gave think about this project and its extensive editorial assistance in the possibilities, and to offer consider• production process and for this I am able academic advice. They not only most thankful. To the editors at performed editorial work but also Palgrave Macmillan - Ruth Lefevre wrote many of the entries. Thank and Alison Jones - thank you so you, as well, to the many contribu• much for taking this on; your unend• tors to this project - with your fine ing patience every time I changed a conceptual and authorial ability this deadline or a contributor is so very project has seen the light of day. much appreCiated. Most of all I thank And to Stephen Brookfield who my Master of Adult Education came to the rescue on so many last• students at St. Francis Xavier minute entries without a moment's University who kept asking, "Can you pause, I am very grateful. Dorothy explain that to me? What does that Lander, friend and colleague at St. mean?" Without their questions I Francis Xavier University, gave never would have realized the need intellectual energy and personal for a volume such as this one. Thank support to every stage of this project you all so very much. - this would never have come to fruition without her. LEONA M. ENGLISH

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