DOCSLIB.ORG

Basal Testosterone, Leadership and Dominance: a Field Study and Meta-Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basal Testosterone, Leadership and Dominance: a Field Study and Meta-Analysis Basal testosterone, leadership and dominance: a field study and meta-analysis Citation for published version (APA): van der Meij, L., Schaveling, J., & van Vugt, M. (2016). Basal testosterone, leadership and dominance: a field study and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 72, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.005 Document license: CC BY-NC-ND DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.005 Document status and date: Published: 01/10/2016 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Psychoneuroendocrinology 72 (2016) 72–79 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychoneuroendocrinology jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psyneuen Basal testosterone, leadership and dominance: A field study and meta-analysis a,∗ b a Leander van der Meij , Jaap Schaveling , Mark van Vugt a Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands b Centre for Leadership & Management Development, Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, The Netherlands a r a t i b s c t l e i n f o r a c t Article history: This article examines the role of basal testosterone as a potential biological marker of leadership and hierarchy in the workplace. First, we report the result of a study with a sample of male employees Keywords: from different corporate organizations in the Netherlands (n = 125). Results showed that employees with Leadership higher basal testosterone levels reported a more authoritarian leadership style, but this relationship Testosterone was absent among those who currently held a real management position (i.e., they had at least one Dominance subordinate). Furthermore, basal testosterone levels were not different between managers and non- Managers managers, and testosterone was not associated with various indicators of status and hierarchy such Authoritarian Meta-analysis as number of subordinates, income, and position in the organizational hierarchy. In our meta-analysis (second study), we showed that basal testosterone levels were not associated with leadership in men nor in women (9 studies, n = 1103). Taken together, our findings show that basal testosterone is not associated with having a leadership position in the corporate world or related to leadership styles in leaders. We suggest that basal testosterone could play a role in acquiring leadership positions through dominant and authoritarian behavior. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction There is some reason to believe that testosterone may be related to leadership because high testosterone levels have frequently been Leadership styles are plastic, since leadership may be executed related to high social status (Mazur and Booth, 1998), and lead- in different ways by different people depending upon contextual ers are considered of higher social status than non-leaders. Two (Osborn et al., 2002) and personality factors (Hogan et al., 1994). mainstream theories on testosterone and behavior are consistent The plasticity in leadership styles and behavior is evident in the with this idea. According to the biosocial theory of status, gaining scientific literature that has identified a myriad of different lead- status -for instance by becoming a leader- increases testosterone ership styles in more than half a century of research on this topic levels whereas losing decreases it (Mazur and Booth, 1998), and (Yukl et al., 2002). An intriguing research question is whether these according to the challenge hypothesis, testosterone levels increase different leadership styles also have different or the same biolog- in contexts relevant for reproduction such as when men strive ical underpinnings. One of the potential biological mechanisms for status (Archer, 2006). A different reason why leadership and underlying leadership may be sustained levels of the hormone testosterone may be related is that testosterone has frequently testosterone. The aims of this study are to investigate if basal testos- been associated with dominance displays (Archer, 2006; Mazur terone levels are related to different leadership styles and if basal and Booth, 1998), and although leadership may be attained in testosterone levels are associated with hierarchical positions in the different ways such as through prestige, it may also be gained workplace. through dominance. Indeed, various self-reported measurements of dominance have been shown to be related to high basal testos- terone levels (Christiansen and Knussmann, 1987; Daitzman and Zuckerman, 1980; Gray et al., 1991; Sellers et al., 2007; Turan et al., ∗ Corresponding author at: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural 2014; van der Meij et al., 2008), although a few studies show no and Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The relationship for self-reports (Johnson et al., 2007; Slatcher et al., Netherlands. 2011). Furthermore, there is mixed evidence that high basal testos- E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L. van der Meij), [email protected] (J. Schaveling), [email protected] (M. van Vugt). terone levels predicts implicit need for power (a non-declarative http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.005 0306-4530/© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4. 0/). L. van der Meij et al. / Psychoneuroendocrinology 72 (2016) 72–79 73 measurement of dominance, see Schultheiss, 2013). Finally, dom- effect (Josephs et al., 2006). According to this effect, individuals inance as observed and rated by others is also related to high who have high basal testosterone levels but have a low status posi- basal testosterone levels (Ehrenkranz et al., 1974; Slatcher et al., tion experience arousal and distress, and try to actively reduce this 2011). Interestingly, dominance has also been linked to testos- state by increasing their dominance motivation. Indeed, labora- terone in various non-human mammal species (Hirschenhauser tory studies have shown that when manipulating status by rigging and Oliveira, 2006). For example, high basal testosterone levels are a competition, those individuals high in testosterone but low in related to higher dominance rank in Old World monkeys such as status, experience emotional arousal and experience a decrease Rhesus Monkeys (Bernstein et al., 1983; Rose et al., 1975) and Crab- in performance on complex cognitive tasks (Josephs et al., 2006). eating Macaques (Clarke et al., 1986; Czoty et al., 2009), but also in Furthermore, there is evidence that collective efficacy is lower in our close living relatives, Chimpanzees (Muehlenbein et al., 2004; student workgroups in which basal testosterone levels of individu- Muller and Wrangham, 2004; Sobolewski et al., 2012). However, als do not match their status position (Zyphur et al., 2009). Perhaps among our other closest relative, the more egalitarian bonobos, these miss-matched individuals engage more in status striving there is no association between male dominance rank and basal rather than focussing on their work. testosterone levels (Sannen et al., 2004). On both theoretical and empirical grounds, as reviewed above, Yet, there are also good reasons to doubt whether testosterone we expected that higher testosterone levels were related to a and leadership are related in humans. First, many different styles of dominant leadership style but unrelated to other, more demo- leadership are not dominance-based (Bass and Bass, 2009), and it cratic and participative leadership styles. We also explored if may be that these are unrelated to high testosterone levels. Indeed, the testosterone-leadership style relationship was different for anthropological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leadership, Followership, and Evolution Some Lessons from the Past
    Leadership, Followership, and Evolution Some Lessons From the Past Mark Van Vugt University of Kent Robert Hogan Hogan Assessment Systems Robert B. Kaiser Kaplan DeVries Inc. This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evo- Second, the literature focuses on leaders and tends to lutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that ignore the essential role of followers (Hollander, 1992; are not part of mainstream theory. First, leading and Yukl, 2006). Third, research largely concentrates on prox- following are strategies that evolved for solving social imate issues of leadership (e.g., What makes one person a coordination problems in ancestral environments, includ- better leader than others?) and rarely considers its ultimate ing in particular the problems of group movement, intra- functions (e.g., How did leadership promote survival and group peacekeeping, and intergroup competition. Second, reproductive success among our ancestors?) (R. Hogan & the relationship between leaders and followers is inher- Kaiser, 2005). Finally, there has been little cross-fertiliza- ently ambivalent because of the potential for exploitation of tion between psychology and disciplines such as anthro- followers by leaders. Third, modern organizational struc- pology, economics, neuroscience, biology, and zoology, tures are sometimes inconsistent with aspects of our which also contain important insights about leadership evolved leadership psychology, which might explain the (Bennis, 2007; Van Vugt, 2006). alienation and frustration of many citizens and employees. This article offers a view of leadership inspired by The authors draw several implications of this evolutionary evolutionary theory, which modern scholars increasingly analysis for leadership theory, research, and practice. see as essential for understanding social life (Buss, 2005; Lawrence & Nohria, 2002; McAdams & Pals, 2006; Nettle, Keywords: evolution, leadership, followership, game the- 2006; Schaller, Simpson, & Kenrick, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Beowulf and Competitive Altruism,” P
    January 2013 Volume 9, Issue 1 ASEBL Journal Association for the Study of Editor (Ethical Behavior)•(Evolutionary Biology) in Literature St. Francis College, Brooklyn Heights, N.Y. Gregory F. Tague, Ph.D. ~ Editorial Board ~▪▪~ Kristy Biolsi, Ph.D. THIS ISSUE FEATURES Kevin Brown, Ph.D. Wendy Galgan, Ph.D. † Eric Luttrell, “Modest Heroism: Beowulf and Competitive Altruism,” p. 2 Cheryl L. Jaworski, M.A. † Dena R. Marks, “Secretary of Disorientation: Writing the Circularity of Belief in Elizabeth Costello,” p.11 Anja Müller-Wood, Ph.D. Kathleen A. Nolan, Ph.D. † Margaret Bertucci Hamper, “’The poor little working girl’: The New Woman, Chloral, and Motherhood in The House of Mirth,” p. 19 Riza Öztürk, Ph.D. † Kristin Mathis, “Moral Courage in The Runaway Jury,” p. 22 Eric Platt, Ph.D. † William Bamberger, “A Labyrinthine Modesty: On Raymond Roussel Michelle Scalise Sugiyama, and Chiasmus,” p. 24 Ph.D. ~▪~ Editorial Interns † St. Francis College Moral Sense Colloquium: - Program Notes, p. 27 Tyler Perkins - Kristy L. Biolsi, “What Does it Mean to be a Moral Animal?”, p. 29 - Sophie Berman, “Science sans conscience n’est que ruine de l’âme,” p.36 ~▪~ Kimberly Resnick † Book Reviews: - Lisa Zunshine, editor, Introduction to Cognitive Cultural Studies. Gregory F. Tague, p. 40 - Edward O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of Earth. Wendy Galgan, p. 42 ~▪~ ~ Contributor Notes, p. 45 Announcements, p. 45 ASEBL Journal Copyright©2013 E-ISSN: 1944-401X *~* [email protected] www.asebl.blogspot.com ASEBL Journal – Volume 9 Issue 1, January 2013 Modest Heroism: Beowulf and Competitive Altruism Eric Luttrell Christian Virtues or Human Virtues? Over the past decade, adaptations of Beowulf in popular media have portrayed the eponymous hero as a dim-witted and egotistical hot-head.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 December 19, 2019 the Psychology of Online Political Hostility
    The Psychology of Online Political Hostility: A Comprehensive, Cross-National Test of the Mismatch Hypothesis Alexander Bor* & Michael Bang Petersen Department of Political Science Aarhus University August 30, 2021 Please cite the final version of this paper published in the American Political Science Review at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000885. Abstract Why are online discussions about politics more hostile than offline discussions? A popular answer argues that human psychology is tailored for face-to-face interaction and people’s behavior therefore changes for the worse in impersonal online discussions. We provide a theoretical formalization and empirical test of this explanation: the mismatch hypothesis. We argue that mismatches between human psychology and novel features of online environments could (a) change people’s behavior, (b) create adverse selection effects and (c) bias people’s perceptions. Across eight studies, leveraging cross-national surveys and behavioral experiments (total N=8,434), we test the mismatch hypothesis but only find evidence for limited selection effects. Instead, hostile political discussions are the result of status-driven individuals who are drawn to politics and are equally hostile both online and offline. Finally, we offer initial evidence that online discussions feel more hostile, in part, because the behavior of such individuals is more visible than offline. Acknowledgements This research has benefitted from discussions with Vin Arceneaux, Matt Levendusky, Mark Van Vugt, John Tooby, and members of the Research on Online Political Hostility (ROHP) group, among many others. We are grateful for constructive comments to workshop attendees at the Political Behavior Section of Aarhus University, at the NYU-SMAPP Lab, at the NYU Social Justice Lab, at the Hertie School, and to conference audiences at APSA 2019, HBES 2019, and ROPH 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Leadership
    Running Head: EVOLUTION OF LEADERSHIP LEADERSHIP, FOLLOWERSHIP, AND EVOLUTION Some Lessons from the Past Mark Van Vugt Robert Hogan University of Kent Hogan Assessment Systems Robert B. Kaiser Kaplan DeVries Inc. Abstract This paper analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that are not part of mainstream theory. First, leading and following are strategies that evolved for solving social coordination problems in ancestral environments, including in particular the problems of group movement, intragroup peace-keeping, and intergroup competition. Second, the relationship between leaders and followers is inherently ambivalent due to the potential for exploitation by leaders. Third, modern organizational structures are sometimes inconsistent with aspects of our evolved leadership psychology, which might explain the alienation and frustration of many citizens and employees. The authors draw several implications of this evolutionary analysis for leadership theory, research, and practice. Key Words: EVOLUTION, LEADERSHIP, FOLLOWERSHIP, GAME THEORY, MISMATCH HYPOTHESIS Manuscript # 2006-0958RR in press at American Psychologist Please do not cite or circulate without permission from the authors 11 December, 2007 Author notes Mark Van Vugt is professor of social psychology at the University of Kent; Robert Hogan is the President of Hogan Assessment Systems; Rob Kaiser is the Director of Research & Development and a Partner with Kaplan DeVries Inc. The authors contributed equally to this paper. We are indebted to Rob Kurzban for his intellectual input and to Robin Dunbar, Dominic Johnson, Muhammad Ghufran Ahmad, and Peter Richerson for their comments on previous drafts. We also acknowledge constructive criticism from William C. Howell and three anonymous reviewers.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudging Evolutionary Mismatched Behaviors
    Evolutionary Mismatch 1 Nudging Evolutionary Mismatched Behaviors: Implications for Social Psychology and Public Policy Mark van Vugt Lianne P. De Vries Norman P. Li To appear in: J.P. Forgas, K. Fiedler, & W.D. Crano, Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology Draft: 26 April 2019 Word count: approximately 5000 (excl. references) Correspondence address: Mark van Vugt, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, [email protected] Evolutionary Mismatch 2 Introduction Aliens visiting planet Earth would find Homo Sapiens a remarkable species. They would discover astonishing examples of human intelligence and ingenuity such as airplanes, skyscrapers, electricity, and the internet. At the same time, they would also witness our miserable failure in preventing poverty, violence, disease, and ecological disasters. Humans are both highly intelligent and highly stupid, the alien anthropologists would probably conclude. It is true, we humans are very good at some things but very bad at others. People are able to recognize the faces of persons they met many years ago, but they easily misremember the telephone numbers of their best friends. People are very patient in accumulating knowledge and training skills through a long period of intense education, but they are not patient enough to save money for their pension or resist the temptation of a Big Mac. And, although most people would be reluctant to steal from shopkeepers, these same individuals have no moral reservations to illegally download music and movies from the net. Why is it that humans are very good at some things but very bad at others? Why is it that we can learn some things much quicker and easier than others? What does this tell us about human psychology, and what can we learn from this for public policy? Here we argue that the human mind, with all its strengths and weaknesses, follows a logical, predictable pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Identification of Brain Mirnas in Response to High
    Zhao et al. BMC Molecular Biol (2019) 20:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12867-019-0120-4 BMC Molecular Biology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genome‑wide identifcation of brain miRNAs in response to high‑intensity intermittent swimming training in Rattus norvegicus by deep sequencing Yanhong Zhao1*†, Anmin Zhang2,3*†, Yanfang Wang4, Shuping Hu3, Ruiping Zhang2 and Shuaiwei Qian2 Abstract Background: Physical exercise can improve brain function by altering brain gene expression. The expression mecha- nisms underlying the brain’s response to exercise still remain unknown. miRNAs as vital regulators of gene expres- sion may be involved in regulation of brain genes in response to exercise. However, as yet, very little is known about exercise-responsive miRNAs in brain. Results: We constructed two comparative small RNA libraries of rat brain from a high-intensity intermittent swim- ming training (HIST) group and a normal control (NC) group. Using deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we identifed 2109 (1700 from HIST, 1691 from NC) known and 55 (50 from HIST, 28 from NC) novel candidate miRNAs. Among them, 34 miRNAs were identifed as signifcantly diferentially expressed in response to HIST, 16 were up- regulated and 18 were down-regulated. The results showed that all members of mir-200 family were strongly up- regulated, implying mir-200 family may play very important roles in HIST response mechanisms of rat brain. A total of 955 potential target genes of these 34 exercise-responsive miRNAs were identifed from rat genes. Most of them are directly involved in the development and regulatory function of brain or nerve.
    [Show full text]
  • Harnessing Stone Age Psychological Biases to Foster Environmental Behavior
    Naturally Green: Harnessing Stone Age Psychological Biases to Foster Environmental Behavior Mark van Vugt VU University and University of Oxford ∗ Vladas Griskevicius University of Minnesota P. Wesley Schultz California State University It is widely agreed that humans must reduce their environmental impact. We propose that an improved understanding of our evolved human nature can help to improve programs and policies to address environmental problems. Combining evolutionary and social psychological approaches, we argue that environmental problems are often caused or exacerbated by five evolutionarily adaptive psychological biases: Humans (1) value personal over collective outcomes (self-interest), (2) prefer immediate over delayed rewards (shortsightedness), (3) value relative over absolute status (status), (4) copy the behaviors of others (social imitation), and (5) ignore problems that we cannot see or feel (sensing). By considering how and why these five “Stone Age” biases continue to influence modern environmental practices, although acknowledging the role of individual and cultural differences, we present novel ways that human nature can be harnessed to develop intervention strategies to lessen resource depletion, restrain wasteful consumption, curb overpopulation, and foster green choices. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mark van Vugt, Professor of Psychology, Department of Social and Organizational∗ Psychology, VU University, van der Boe- chorsstraat 1, Room 1B-57, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: +31205985323(8700); [e-mail: [email protected]]. Personal website (www.professormarkvanvugt.com) This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Van Vugt, M., Griskevicius, V., & Schultz, P. W. (2014). Naturally green: Harnessing “stone age” biases to foster environmental conservation behavior. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8, 1- 32.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Cone Responses to Growth and Chemotropic Factors
    European Journal of Neuroscience European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 28, pp. 268–278, 2008 doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06327.x Growth cone responses to growth and chemotropic factors Staci D. Sanford,1 Jesse C. Gatlin,1,* Tomas Ho¨kfelt2 and Karl H. Pfenninger1 1Departments of Pediatrics, and of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 2Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Keywords: attractants, axonal pathfinding, growth cone, growth promotion, neuropeptides, repellents Abstract During nervous system development axons reach their target areas under the influence of numerous guidance cues that affect rate and direction of growth. This report addresses the unsettled question of whether and to what extent growth velocity and turning responses (attraction, repulsion) are interdependent. We exposed individual growth cones of fetal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture asymmetrically to gradients of seven different factors and recorded their growth rates and turning angles. Growth cones exhibited divergent patterns of turning and growth responses. For example, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and thrombin all promoted growth, but HGF was a powerful attractant, thrombin a potent repellent and IGF-1 did not elicit turning. Galanin and neuropeptide Y also affected growth and ⁄ or turning differentially. Finally, nerve growth factor in the culture
    [Show full text]
  • States in Mind Anthony C. Lopez, Rose Mcdermott, and Michael
    States in Mind States in Mind Anthony C. Lopez, Rose McDermott, and Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and Michael Bang International Politics Petersen One of the most com- monly studied puzzles in international politics is the recurrence of coalitional competition and aggression between political groups such as states. Indeed, this pattern constitutes an enduring and central feature of all politics. Yet de- spite the tragic endurance of this leitmotif throughout history, its manifestation varies through time and space. Some wars are fought for honor or revenge, whereas others are ignited for mere opportunism or as a consequence of vari- ous misperceptions, whatever their source. We argue that evolutionary theory provides a theoretical framework that can explain both the stubborn endur- ance and dynamic diversity of coalitional behavior. Debate on the relevance of “human nature” and biological factors for explaining political behavior is not new.1 Yet the comprehensive value of evo- lutionary theory for explaining important aspects of international politics has not been adequately explicated. As we discuss below, this has in part been a consequence of general skepticism about the validity and scope of evolution- ary theory for explaining political behavior. We argue, however, that evolu- tionary psychology can generate falsiªable ex ante predictions that are of central interest to the study of international politics, and we offer several hy- potheses derived from this model to illustrate the depth of this approach. Evo- lutionary psychologists have already generated a large body of work that suggests that the human brain contains webs of psychological mechanisms, or adaptations, each designed to operate in domains relevant to modern politics, and which emerged as a product of natural selection.
    [Show full text]
  • ASSOCIATION for PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE About the Authors
    Psychological Science in the PUBLIC INTEREST CONTENTS Volume 9 Number 2 November 2008 Current Status and Future Prospects of Clinical Psychology Toward a Scientifically Principled Approach to Mental and Behavioral Health Care Timothy B. Baker, Richard M. McFall, and Varda Shoham 68 Introduction 68 Clinical Psychology in the Context of Public Health: Addressing Society’s Needs 69 Criteria for Data-Driven Decision Making in Mental Health Care Efficacy Effectiveness and Dissemination Potential Costs and Cost-Effectiveness Scientific Plausibility Summary 73 Merits of Psychosocial Interventions and Future Prospects of Clinical Psychology The Good News: Empirical Support for Psychosocial Interventions The Bad News: Psychology’s Failure to Develop as an Applied Science 83 Concluding Analysis and Recommendations Analysis Search for Solutions The Need for a New Science-Centered Accreditation System A New Accreditation System System Features Mechanisms and Effects of This New Accreditation System Concluding Note 89 Appendix Cognitive Therapy (CT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Depression CBT for Panic Disorder CBT for Bulimia Nervosa CBT for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT) for Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Other Interventions A JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE About the Authors Timothy B. Baker is Professor of Medicine in the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. His principal research goals are to increase understanding of the motivational bases of addictive
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Psychology of Leadership
    The Nature in 5 Leadership Evolutionary, Biological, and Social Neuroscience Perspectives Mark Van Vugt VU University Amsterdam University of Oxford hen a honey bee returns to its hive after foraging for nectar, it per- W forms a dance for the other bees. The bee skips around making a figure-eight movement, waggling its abdomen as it does so. In 2005, scientists found out that the dancer is indicating through its moves the location and quality of a foraging site (Riley, Greggers, Smith, Reynolds, & Menzel, 2005). The direction the bee is facing points to the direction of the food source rela- tive to the sun; the duration of the waggle dance represents how far the source lies and its quality. Scientists proved it by setting up artificial food sources and monitoring the behavior of the bees that scrutinized a waggle dance. When the hive was moved 250 meters, the follower bees flew to a site that was 250 meters away from the artificial source, proving that the follower bees were following navigational instructions encoded in the waggle dance. It pro- ved a theory first put forward by the Nobel Prize–winning biologist, Karl von Frisch, in the 1960s. The dancer bee is in fact acting as a leader by scouting out food resources for the hive. The best dancers recruit the most followers, and this interaction produces a very efficient group performance. AUTHOR’S NOTE: Please address correspondence concerning this chapter to Mark Van Vugt, VU University Amsterdam/University of Oxford, van der Boechorsstraat l, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands. e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Permeability Due to Drug Binding Kinetics and Reactivation Among
    Differential Risk of Tuberculosis Reactivation among Anti-TNF Therapies Is Due to Drug Binding Kinetics and Permeability This information is current as of September 26, 2021. Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani, JoAnne L. Flynn, Jennifer J. Linderman and Denise E. Kirschner J Immunol 2012; 188:3169-3178; Prepublished online 29 February 2012; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103298 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3169 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2012/02/29/jimmunol.110329 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Material 8.DC1 References This article cites 59 articles, 21 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/7/3169.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision by guest on September 26, 2021 • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Differential Risk of Tuberculosis Reactivation among Anti-TNF Therapies Is Due to Drug Binding Kinetics and Permeability Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani,*,1 JoAnne L.
    [Show full text]