Pêcheurs, Pâturages, Et Petit Jardins: a Nineteenth-Century Gardien Homestead in the Petit Nord, Newfoundland

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While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Pecheurs, Pdturages, et Petit Jardins: A Nineteenth-Century Gardien Homestead in the Petit Nord, Newfoundland By © Jennifer K. Jones A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland August 2009 St. John's, Newfoundland Abstract Gardiens were anglophone settlers hired by the French fishermen in Newfoundland's Petit Nord to protect their supplies and fishing structures overwinter, and as such guard their interests in a valuable resource base. Excavations at Genille (EgAw-07) focused on the nineteenth-century homestead of an Irish Catholic gardien, Patrick Kearney, as well as the shared use of the surrounding landscape by both the Irish-Newfoundland settlers and the French fishermen. This study has three objectives: to examine the interactions between French fishermen and gardiens by looking at how negotiations of power and social relations between the two groups are manifest in the material culture and historical documents; to determine changes in landscape use over time during the transition of Genille from seasonal resource base to permanent settlement; and finally to determine the archaeological signature for an anglophone settler house in the Petit Nord. 11 Acknowledgments To begin with, I would like to acknowledge the faculty, staff, and fellow graduate students in the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology for their assistance and guidance during my research. I would like particularly to acknowledge my academic supervisor Dr. Peter Pope for his guidance from the developmental stages of this project through to the editing of the final manuscript. My special thanks go to my father Rod Jones who acted as my one-person crew, as well as to my mother Kathy Jones for her availability as a sounding board for fresh thoughts. Thanks to the rest of my family and friends for their support. Thanks as well to the Kearney family, the Hall-Suzuki family, the French Shore Historical Society and others in Croque for their helpfulness and warmth. 1 would also like to express my thankfulness to the Leslie Harris Centre, the Institute for Social and Economic Research, and the J. R. Smallwood Foundation for financial support in undertaking this research. iii Table of Contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Plates xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Project Overview 1 Chapter 2: Historical Context 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 The French Presence in the Petit Nord 6 2.3 Britain and Pre-Famine Ireland 8 2.4 Irish Settlement in Newfoundland 10 2.5 Anglophone Settlement in the Petit Nord 13 2.6 Gardiens and the French Fishery 15 2.7 The Kearney Family in Croque 18 2.8 Modern Land Use in Genille Chapter 3: Theory and Methods 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Household Archaeology 21 3.3 Landscape Archaeology 22 3.4 Colonial Archaeology 23 3.5 Excavation and Survey Methods 24 iv Chapter 4: Landscape 4.1 Introduction 28 4.2 Area A 33 4.3 Area B 33 4.4 Area C 38 4.5 Area D 41 4.6 Area E 48 4.7 Area F 53 4.8 Area H 59 4.9 Area G 63 4.9.1 W4S9 67 4.9.2 Feature 101 70 Chapter 5: Material Culture 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Food Preparation, Service and Consumption 81 5.2.1 Ceramics 81 5.2.1.1 White Refined Earthenware 81 5.2.1.2 Non-white Refined Earthenware 93 5.2.1.3 Coarse Earthenware 97 5.2.1.4 Coarse Stoneware 100 5.2.1.5 Porcelain 104 5.2.1.6 Ceramic Discussion 104 5.2.2 Bottles and Glassware 114 5.2.3 Cutlery 118 5.2.4 Miscellaneous Food-Related Items 120 5.3 Architectural 120 5.3.1 Nails and Screws 120 5.3.2 Hardware 123 5.3.3 Bricks 123 5.3.4 Glass 128 5.4 Personal Effects 130 5.4.1 Adornment 130 5.4.1.1 Buttons 130 5.4.1.2 Textiles 131 5.4.1.3 Footwear 132 5.4.1.4 Jeweller}' 132 5.4.1.5 Comb 134 5.4.2 Toiletries 134 5.4.3 Toys and Gaming Pieces 136 5.4.4 Tobacco Pipes 137 5.4.5 Coins 141 5.5 Subsistence and Resource Procurement 141 5.5.1 Hunting 141 5.5.2 Fishing 143 5.5.3 Logging/Woodworking 143 5.5.4 Farming Implements 145 5.6 Household Items 145 5.6.1 Lighting 145 5.6.2 Miscellaneous Household Items 150 V1 Chapter 6: Discussion 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Relevant Collections and Sites for Comparison 151 6.2.1 EkBc-01 Saddle Island, Red Bay, Labrador 152 6.2.2 Signal Hill National Historic Park, St. John's 152 6.2.3 Archaeological Survey of the Petit Nord 153 6.3 Settlement of Genille 153 6.4 Interactions Between the French and Irish - The Material Culture 156 6.5 Supplies from St. John's 164 6.6 The Kearney House 167 6.7 Landscape Use at EgAw-07, Genille 173 Chapter 7: Conclusions 7.1 Research Conclusions 180 7.2 Future Studies 181 References Cited 183 vii List of Tables Page 1 Outbuildings and Landscape Features Associated 29 With a Homestead - Tilting, NL 1 Ceramic Wares Excavated in Area G 82 2 Grouping of Vessel Form Categories 107 3 Ware Types and Vessel Forms, Occupational Layers of Feature 101 108 4- Number of Nails, by Lot 121 5 Window Glass, Number of Sherds per Lot 129 6 Window Glass, Weight (grams) by Lot 129 1 Artefacts With Closely Defined Dates and Maker's Marks 154 2 Wares from the Archaeology of the Petit Nord Survey 158 3 Identified Ceramic Sets 166 vm List of Figures Page 1.1 EgAw-07 Fishermen's Cove or "Kearney's Cove" 2 1.2 Map of Croque Harbour 5 4.1 Division of EgAw-07 into Areas 32 4.2 Sketch Map of Area B 36 4.3 Sketch Map of Area C 40 4.4 Sketch Map of Area D 43 4.5 Sketch Map of Area E 51 4.6 Sketch Map of Area F 54 4.7 Sketch Map of Area FI 61 4.8 Sketch Map of Area G 66 4.9 W4S9 Soil Profile to East 68 4.10 Feature 101 Soil Profile, to East 72 4.11 Feature 101 Soil Profile, to South 73 4.12 Floor Plan Event 127, Feature 101 78 5.1 Minimum Number of Vessels by Ware 84 5.2 Number of Sherds as Percent of Ceramic Assemblage 84 5.3 Whiteware Vessel Forms as Proportion of All Whiteware 109 5.4 Ironstone Vessel Forms as Proportion of All Ironstone 109 5.5 Porcelain Vessel Forms as Proportion of All Porcelain 110 5.6 Non-white REW Vessel Forms as Proportion 110 of All Non-White REW 5.7 Coarse Earthenware Vessel Forms as Proportion 111 of All Coarse Earthenware 5.8 Vessel Forms as Proportion of All Ceramics, Feature 101 111 ix 5.9 Feature 101 Time Range Based on Ceramic Ware and 115 Decoration Production Periods 6.1 Detail from Map of Croque Harbour Showing Genille, 1847 179 x List of Plates Page 4.1 EgAw-07 Genille, Site Overview, to South 30 4.2 EgAw-07 Genille, Site Overview, to Southwest 31 4.3 Area A, to North 34 4.4 Area B, to South 35 4.5 Area C, to Northeast 39 4.6 Site Overview, Areas D and F, to Southeast 42 4.7 Site Overview, Areas D and F, to Southwest 42 4.8 Debris Scatter at the Surface of Feature 163, Area D 45 4.9 Feature 181, Chimney Fall, Area D, to Northwest 45 4.10 Feature 182, Fireplace Base, Area D, to North 47 4.11 Feature 183, Subterranean Structure, Privy, Area D, to Northwest 47 4.12 Feature 184, Subterranean Structure, Cellar, Area D, to South 49 4.13 Feature 190, Subterranean Structure, Cellar, Area D, to South 49 4.14 Area E, to East 50 4.15 Feature 155, Stream With Three Pools, Area E, to East 52 4.16 Feature 155, Close-up of Dam at First Pool, Area E 52 4.17 Feature 168, Concrete Steps from Feature 170 (House), Area F, to East 55 4.18 Feature 169, Foundation from Feature 170 (House), Area F, to North 55 4.19 Feature 171, Cellar, Area F, to East 57 4.20 Feature 173, Rock Wall, to East 57 4.21 Feature 167, Cellar Entrance, Area F, to North 58 4.22 Feature 167, Cellar, Area F, Panorama to South 58 4.23 Area H, to East 60 4.24 Feature 174,

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