Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2020 Constructing and Experiencing the Medieval Waddenland Hugh R. Milner Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Milner, Hugh R., "Constructing and Experiencing the Medieval Waddenland" (2020). Master's Theses. 5184. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5184 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSTRUCTING AND EXPERIENCING THE MEDIEVAL WADDENLAND by Hugh R. Milner A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Medieval Studies Western Michigan University December 2020 Thesis Committee: Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D., Chair Jim Murray, Ph.D. Jana Schulman, Ph.D. CONSTRUCTING AND EXPERIENCING THE MEDIEVAL WADDENLAND Hugh R. Milner, M.A. Western Michigan University, 2020 Part of the intertidal zone along the southeast portion of the North Sea, the Wadden Sea Coast runs from modern Friesland and Groningen in the Netherlands, through Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, and up the west coast of Jutland to just past Ribe. This project seeks to understand medieval responses to an environment in constant contact with the sea via documentary and historical sources. The people of the Wadden Sea Coast defined their landscape and their history in part with earthworks and water infrastructure, negotiating control of both anthropogenic and natural environments. Copyright by Hugh R. Milner 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 Political Disunity ....................................................................................................... 4 Political Ties, Personal Connections, and Spreading Settlement .............................. 8 Clearance, Water, and Consequences ...................................................................... 12 Approaches to Interacting with Nature .................................................................... 19 Chronicling the Wadden Sea and Critical Needs ..................................................... 21 Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 23 II. CONTACT BETWEEN NATURAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS IN THE ANNALES STADENSES................................................................................................. 26 The Palus and the Fluvius ........................................................................................ 27 Founding and Building ............................................................................................ 32 Calamity ................................................................................................................... 36 The Miraculous ........................................................................................................ 41 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 45 III. BOUNTY, DANGER, AND EXPERIENCE ON THE FRISIAN COAST IN THE CHRONICON WERUMENSIUM .................................................................................. 48 Telling Time............................................................................................................. 49 Explaining Weather and People ............................................................................... 52 Floods and Dikes...................................................................................................... 55 Causality and Consequences .................................................................................... 59 Wading into the Wetlands ........................................................................................ 62 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 66 IV. QUANTIFYING AND NEGOTIATING LAND IN THE AVIA RIPENSIS................. 68 Ribe’s Royal Mill ..................................................................................................... 71 Human Valuing of Land .......................................................................................... 74 Changing Landscapes .............................................................................................. 84 ii Table of Contents – Continued Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 90 FINAL THOUGHTS .................................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 95 Glossary ................................................................................................................... 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 98 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................... 98 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................... 98 iii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Wadden Sea Coast and Notable Locations ............................................................................ 3 2. Modern National Borders and Danevirke .............................................................................. 6 3. Avia Ripensis, 8v .................................................................................................................. 70 4. Avia Ripensis, 30v ................................................................................................................. 70 iv 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Wadden Sea Coast (WSC) consists of a series of 39 tidal basins, through which tidal flows are much greater than along the coasts of other portions of the North Sea. The modern UNESCO world heritage region further incorporates the coastal waters, the Wadden Islands, and portions of the estuaries of the Ems, Weser, and Elbe rivers, running from Den Helder in Holland to Varde in southwestern Jutland (see figure 1).1 While each tidal basin is itself a discrete area, the region is unified by the pattern of geological features shared by its constituent units. Along the WSC, salt marshes, peat bogs, and tidal flats dominate, creating an environment that often made agricultural challenging.2 The High and Late Middle Ages saw the widespread clearance and reclamation of land for human use, and the medieval alterations of the WSC need to be evaluated as part of this process. Yet it is not only a change in the physical landscape we must look for, as the period immediately after the twelfth century recorded an increasing number of images of water infrastructure in manuscripts across Europe, a sign of the growing importance of water management systems to medieval society.3 While the WSC can be defined solely by its natural environment, in truth much of it was formed in dialogue with the inhabitants of the region. The modern Waddenland is often described as a “wilderness” environment, but it is critical to recognize that the region is not pristine, possessing not only numerous dikes and their remnants, but an ecology and hydrology 1 “Wadden Sea: Taking Shape,” Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, accessed November 10, 2019, https://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/taking-shape. 2 Dirk Meier, “Man and Environment in the Marsh Area of Schleswig-Holstein from Roman until late Medieval Times” Quaternary International 112 (2004): 55; see glossary for more on peat bogs. 3 Paul Benoit and Joséphine Rouillard, “Medieval Hydraulics in France,” in Working with Water in Medieval Europe: Technology and Resource-Use, ed. Paolo Squatriti (Boston: Brill, 2000), 164. 2 heavily altered by these manmade marks on the landscape.4 Instead, much as the WSC is a contact zone between land and sea, so too is the region a place where varying human interactions and uses of the environment meet. As such, understanding the WSC, along with the urban centers lying within and immediately inland from these tidal regions, requires accepting both surface variation and underlying uniformity, considering both human and natural forces. This process is well underway when considering the WSC as both a geographic phenomenon and as a modern heritage site. Yet while acknowledging the significance of the Middle Ages in defining the human impact upon and relationship with the landscape, it is neglected as a medieval region of study.5 There is therefore a need to deepen an understanding of the medieval Waddenland, its political divisions, and common experiences of and approaches to human interactions with their environment. While an environment that can be clearly defined from a geographic