Project Physics Teacher Guide 2, Motion in the Heavens
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Notes for Origins-Astro, J. Hedberg © 2018
PHY 454 - origins-astro - J. Hedberg - 2018 The Origins Of Astronomy and Astrophysics 1. Ancient Astronomy 2. A Spherical Earth 3. The Ptolemaic System 1. Ptolemy's Arrangement 4. Retrograde Motion 1. Epicycles 2. Equants 3. Ptolemaic System 5. Heliocentric 6. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric 7. Positions of Celestial Objects 1. The Altitude-Azimuth Coordinate System 2. The Equatorial Coordinate System 3. Basics of the earth's orbit 4. Celestial equator 8. Solar vs. Sidereal Time 1. Special Times of the year 2. Analemma 9. Equatorial System 10. Time 1. Julian Date 11. Summary 12. Bibliography and Further Reading Ancient Astronomy Fig. 1 A selection of ancient cosmologies. a) Ancient Egyptian Creation myth. The earth is the leaf adorned figure lying down. The sun and moon are riding the boats across the sky. b) Ancient Hebrew Conception of the universe c) Hindu: The earth was on elephants which were on turtles. (And of course a divine cobra) (public domain images) Since the earliest recorded histories, humanity has attempted to explain its position in the universe. Societies and cultures have described many varying pictures of the universe. Often, there would be some deity or certain animals involved that were responsible updated on 2018-08-29 Page 1 PHY 454 - origins-astro - J. Hedberg - 2018 for holding various parts aloft or keeping regions separate or moving things like the sun around the earth. Humans and their civilizations were almost aways located at the center of each universe.Generally there was some sorting to do - put the heavy stuff down there, the light stuff up there. -
On the Pin-And-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets*
JHA, xliii (2012) ON THE PIN-AND-SLOT DEVICE OF THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM, WITH A NEW APPLICATION TO THE SUPERIOR PLANETS* CHRISTIÁN C. CARMAN, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, ALAN THORNDIKE, University of Puget Sound, and JAMES EVANS, University of Puget Sound Perhaps the most striking and surprising feature of the Antikythera mechanism uncovered by recent research is the pin-and-slot device for producing the lunar inequality.1 This clever device, completely unattested in the ancient astronomical literature, produces a back-and-forth oscillation that is superimposed on a steady progress in longitude — nonuniform circular motion.2 Remarkably, the resulting motion is equivalent in angle (but not in spatial motion in depth) to the standard deferent-plus-epicycle lunar theory. Freeth et al. gave a proof of this equivalence, which is, however, a very complicated proof.3 One goal of the present paper is to offer a simpler proof that would have been well within the methods of the ancient astronomers and that, moreover, makes clearer the precise relation of the pin-and- slot model to the standard epicycle-plus-concentric and eccentric-circle theories. On the surviving portions of the Antikythera mechanism, only two devices are used to account for inequalities of motion. The first is the pin and slot, used for the lunar inequality. And the second is the nonuniform division of the zodiac scale, which, we have argued, was used to model the solar inequality.4 The second would obviously be of no use in representing planetary inequalities; so a natural question is to ask whether the pin-and-slot mechanism could be modified and extended to the planets, especially to the superior planets, for which the likely mechanical representations are less obvious than they are for the inferior planets. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
The Human Orrery
The Human Orrery APowerfulResourceforRaising Universe Awareness Mark E. Bailey Armagh Observatory http://star.arm.ac.uk/ [email protected] http://climate.arm.ac.uk EU-UNAWE Workshop 2012 March 26–30 – #1 What is an Orrery? The answer brings in History, Culture, Cosmology, Religion, the Develop- ment of Scientific Ideas ... An Orrery is: 1. A dynamic model of the Solar System; 2. A model of the world, dating back to early eighteenth century; 3. A table-top model to illustrate what was then still a new idea: that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and — contrary to immediate experience: the Sun lies apparently motionless at the centre of the Solar System; the Earth spins on its axis and Earth moves through space. 4. An orrery can illustrate some key observations, namely: the planets nearer the Sun show phases, like the Moon; the outer planets retrograde at certain points of their orbits; the Jovian system provides a visual analogue for the structure of the Solar System. Think: How do you know the Earth goes around the Sun? EU-UNAWE Workshop 2012 March 26–30 – #2 Cross-Cutting Links: Use Orrery Science to Teach History Think again: How do you know the Earth moves? Use the extraordinarily slow acceptance of the heliocentric picture to illustrate: 1. Development of scientific ideas; their interaction with society; 2. Key moments in history; key personalities; bringing ‘science to life’, e.g. the labours of Copernicus, who in 1543 (on his death-bed) ultimately produced his famous De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium; Martin Luther’s disparaging remarks: “The fool will overturn the whole science of astronomy. -
Complete Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration with LEGO Orrery
Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration Demonstrates how the Kepler science team will use the Kepler satellite photometer to discover Earth-size planets around other stars by the transit method. © 2006, 2011 by the Regents of Produced for NASA’s Kepler Mission LEGO Orrery Table-top Demonstration—version 2011 p. 1 the University of California Kepler Planet Transit Demonstration including a LEGO orrery* with 4-planets+1moon The Kepler Transit Demonstration illustrates Components: how the Kepler science team will discover A LEGO-orrery model represents a planet Earth-size planets around other stars by system that can be set in motion with the transit method with the Kepler satellite either a hand crank or electric motor. photometer. A light bulb at the center of the orrery represents the star. This document can be downloaded from the A light sensor represents the Kepler Kepler Education website at spacecraft photometer. http://kepler.nasa.gov/education/Modelsand- The light sensor is connected through an Simulations/LegoOrrery/ interface box (which represents NASA Deep Space Network) to… A computer that represents the Kepler Science Office. * An orrery is a model of planets going around a star. p. 2 LEGO Orrery Table-top Demonstration—version 2011 Produced for NASA’s Kepler Mission Setting Up the Demonstration Star Light sensor holder Planets 1. Assemble the LEGO orrery that makes beads (planets) go in orbits (if it’s not already assembled). 2. Position the light (star) near the center of the planet orbits. 3. Mount and aim the light sensor to point at the star. It should be far enough away from the light that the planets do not hit it, but in general, the closer the better, even though Crank this is one of the unrealistic elements of the model. -
Earliest Astronomical Measurements the Relative
Mapping the Universe: Earliest Astronomical Measurements The Relative Sizes & Distances of the Sun, Moon, and Earth Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE) Geometry: • The Sun, Moon, and Earth are spherical objects. • The Moon “shines” by reflected sunlight. • Light travels in straight lines. Observations: • Quarter Moons are 87° from the Sun. (89.8°) • Angular diameters of Sun and Moon are 2°. (1/2°) • Earth’s Shadow covers 2 Moon diameters. (2.7) Results: • Moon distance is 10 Earth Diameters (30) • Moon diameter is 1/3 Earth Diameter (0.27) • Sun distance is 200 Earth Diameters (11,700) • Sun diameter is 7 Earth Diameters (109) Aristarchus’ Methodology: Step 1: Measurement of Sun-Earth- Quarter Moon angle gives relative Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon distances (a ratio of 20:1*) Step 2: Measurement of Sun and Moon angular diameters gives relative Sun and Earth sizes on the same scale (20:1 again*) * these numbers are low by a factor of almost 20. Step 3: Adjust Earth Diameter to give the correct shadow size at the Moon’s distance. Moon Earth Sun Note that this procedure gives only relative distances and sizes. (See Eratosthenes below.) Note that Aristarchus argued for a heliocentric universe! Earliest Astronomical Measurements (continued) Eratosthenes (276-196 BCE): The Size of the Earth Digression: The Alexandrian Library (300 BCE-300 CE?) Observations • The Well at Syene & the Summer Solstice: α = 0 • The Obelisk at Alexandria: α = 1/50 circle Eratosthenes’ Methodology: Measurement • The Alexandria-Syene distance: 1,592 stadia • This corresponds to 1/50 of the Earth’s circumference Results • Earth Circumference is 1,592 x 50 = 79,600 stadia • Earth Diameter is 79,600 ÷ π = 25,337 stadia Conversion factor: 1 stadium is about 2 kilometers • Earth Diameter is 12,732 kilometers (12, 756 km) Note: Posidinius (135-51 BCE) used “simultaneous” observations of the bright star Canopus in the same way to obtain a size for the Earth. -
Solar System Orrery (3D Printed) by Dragonator on July 4, 2016
technology workshop craft home food play outside costumes Solar System Orrery (3D printed) by dragonator on July 4, 2016 Table of Contents Solar System Orrery (3D printed) . 1 Intro: Solar System Orrery (3D printed) . 2 Step 1: Design process . 3 Step 2: Gathering materials . 4 Step 3: 3D printing . 5 Step 4: Optional, Polishing Bronzefill . 6 Step 5: Cleaning The 3D Prints and preparing the Parts . 7 Step 6: Assembling The Base . 9 Step 7: Gears For Saturn To Mercury . 10 Step 8: Motorizing The Sun . 12 Step 9: The Sun . 13 Step 10: Bending Pipes . 16 Step 11: Moon ring assembly . 17 Step 12: Mounting The Planets . 18 Step 13: Appreciate it . 19 Related Instructables . 20 Advertisements . 20 Comments . 20 http://www.instructables.com/id/Solar-System-Orrery-3D-Printed/ Intro: Solar System Orrery (3D printed) "An orrery is a mechanical model of the solar system that illustrates or predicts the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons, usually according to the heliocentric model." -Wikipedia- In this Instructable I will share how to make a fully 3D printed orrery of the sun, with the planets from Mercury to Saturn. The earth has a moon orbiting around it. The orrery is a combination of 3D printed parts, brass tube and miniature bearings. Optionally, the planets Uranus and Neptune are also designed, but it makes the orrery quite large and both planets hardly move. I personally don't think it is wise to make one with the last 2 planets. Most old orreries don't have them. Optionally, using a slipring and leds, the sun can be made to light up. -
Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice
Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice PUBLICATIONS COORDINATION: Dinah Berland EDITING & PRODUCTION COORDINATION: Corinne Lightweaver EDITORIAL CONSULTATION: Jo Hill COVER DESIGN: Jackie Gallagher-Lange PRODUCTION & PRINTING: Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZERS: Erma Hermens, Art History Institute of the University of Leiden Marja Peek, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam © 1995 by The J. Paul Getty Trust All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-89236-322-3 The Getty Conservation Institute is committed to the preservation of cultural heritage worldwide. The Institute seeks to advance scientiRc knowledge and professional practice and to raise public awareness of conservation. Through research, training, documentation, exchange of information, and ReId projects, the Institute addresses issues related to the conservation of museum objects and archival collections, archaeological monuments and sites, and historic bUildings and cities. The Institute is an operating program of the J. Paul Getty Trust. COVER ILLUSTRATION Gherardo Cibo, "Colchico," folio 17r of Herbarium, ca. 1570. Courtesy of the British Library. FRONTISPIECE Detail from Jan Baptiste Collaert, Color Olivi, 1566-1628. After Johannes Stradanus. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum-Stichting, Amsterdam. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Historical painting techniques, materials, and studio practice : preprints of a symposium [held at] University of Leiden, the Netherlands, 26-29 June 1995/ edited by Arie Wallert, Erma Hermens, and Marja Peek. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89236-322-3 (pbk.) 1. Painting-Techniques-Congresses. 2. Artists' materials- -Congresses. 3. Polychromy-Congresses. I. Wallert, Arie, 1950- II. Hermens, Erma, 1958- . III. Peek, Marja, 1961- ND1500.H57 1995 751' .09-dc20 95-9805 CIP Second printing 1996 iv Contents vii Foreword viii Preface 1 Leslie A. -
The Geological Orrery: Using Earth's Sedimentary Record to Map the Chaotic Evolution of the Solar System
The Geological Orrery: Using Earth's Sedimentary Record to Map the Chaotic Evolution of the Solar System The Geological Orrery is proposed as an international program to explore the dynamic evolution and stability of the Solar System by recovering geological records of climate change on Earth to empirically constrain numerical solutions for the gravitational system of the Sun, planets, and smaller bodies. Because of the limitations imposed by the n-body problem, the precision of relevant measurements, and the inherently chaotic nature of Solar System, it is presently impossible to constrain the nearly endless number of solutions beyond about 50 million years; but, because the system’s history is imbedded in climate records extending billions of years into the past it is potentially possible to massively improve the accuracy of the solutions, excluding those that do not conform to history. Here I will detail a proof-of-concept plan grounded in work on the Triassic-Jurassic Newark and Hartford basin (199-225 Ma) lacustrine records of tropical climate where I have previously shown the empirical modulations of climatic precession are inconsistent with the presently favored numerical solutions in period and phase, but not inconsistent with what is possible because of chaotic drift, thus comprising the first part of my proof-of-concept. The second part of the proof-of-concept consists of testing the Triassic part of the time scale by analysis of the recently recovered cores from the Colorado Plateau Coring Project where abundant U-Pb datable levels are being correlated to the Newark by paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy. The time scale for the Early Jurassic age part of the Newark record has already been strongly corroborated by U-Pb dated zircons from interbedded lava flows and associated intrusions, comprising the second part of the proof-of-concept. -
Mo on of the Planets on the Celes Al Sphere. the Heliocentric System
Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Scenariusz Lesson plan Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Source: licencja: CC 0. Ruch planet na sferze niebieskiej. System heliocentryczny. Rozwój idei kopernikańskiej You will learn to explain the differences between geocentric and heliocentric theory. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu Before you start, answer the question. Explain what it means to say about Nicolaus Copernicus that he „stopped the Sun and moved the Earth”. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu Our understanding of the Universe has evolved over time. Most of all the early cosmologic models assumed that the Earth was the centre of the Solar System, and not only this, but of the entire Universe. Aristarchus of Samos proposed the first heliocentric model in the third century B.C., but at this time this model did not play an important role. Path of the planet on the background of the stars observed from the Earth Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu The ancient astronomers observed that planets usually moved east to west against the distant stars, but from time to time they changed the direction and the speed. This motion in the opposite direction was called retrograde motion. Nowadays we know that it is an apparent motion. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy used measurements of the sky to create geocentric model of the Universe. -
Pos(Antikythera & SKA)018
Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism Tony Freeth1 Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 10 Hereford Road, South Ealing, London W54 4SE, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] PoS(Antikythera & SKA)018 Abstract Ever since its discovery by Greek sponge divers in 1901, the Antikythera Mechanism has inspired fascination and fierce debate. In the early years no-one knew what it was. As a result of a hundred years of research, particularly by Albert Rehm, Derek de Solla Price, Michael Wright and, most recently, by members of the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, there has been huge progress in understanding this geared astronomical calculating machine. With its astonishing lunar anomaly mechanism, it emerges as a landmark in the history of technology and one of the true wonders of the ancient world. The latest model includes a mechanical representation of the Cosmos that exactly matches an inscription on the back cover of the instrument. We believe that we are now close to the complete machine. From Antikythera to the Square Kilometre Array: Lessons from the Ancients, Kerastari, Greece 12-15 June 2012 1 Speaker Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism Tony Freeth 1. Ancient Astronomy Astronomy? Impossible to understand and madness to investigate... Sophocles Since astronomy is so difficult, I will try to keep everything as simple as possible! As all astronomers know well, the stars are fixed! When the ancients looked at the sky, they saw a number of astronomical bodies that moved relative to the stars. -
January 09,1902
The Journal. i \ OLUME 74. BELFAST, MAINE, THL'BSDAV, JANUARY •). 1!I02. NUMBER 2. service the Contents of To-Day’s Journal. pastor called the r»:i OBITUARY. Jan. 3d, at and the '^Hgrch eight, interment will be SOME STATE members, who responded b> in Evergreens Cemetery.—The Record. REPORTS. PERSONAL. page l. N. PERSONAL. verses of Scripture. Letters a George H. Carleton, for twenty-five years Brooklyn, Y., Jan. 4, ’02. relies .Newspaper Notes....Wedding The Assess,.™’ number of l.'^Hite1 ir. superintendent of the fire and tele- Report Shows an Increase in .. m Ice absent members police Fred R. Poor societies..The Situation Obit- Eleanor wife of returned to Dartmouth Co Samuel Morse went to Rockland jester of Waldo Countv A. O. alarm of N., Leroy'Marriner, died Population and Wealth. Meeting Orange..City Stoddard, clerk and graph department Oakland, Calif., lege Monday. day. nee t Law Court Decisions Concerning trea'^^^Bimide at her home in East The lltb annual of his annual with and a resident of that for half a Searsmont, Jan. 1st. report the State board it:>mes. .Seme State Reports. Personal, report. Two hav« city nearly She was Miss Eieauor of assessors says, in part: Thomas B. Dinsmore went to Bosto Mr. G. Harvey Self of New York is .imlieial Court....Terrible Railroad the church during the ws.Hi l>ro-* century, died at his home there Dec. 5th of formerly Thomas, visit- past j Monday on business. ing friends in this \.’vnit lit. with daughter of Timothy and Thomas of ‘‘AH things combined to make the year city.