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Mo on of the Planets on the Celes Al Sphere. the Heliocentric System Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Scenariusz Lesson plan Moon of the planets on the celesal sphere. The heliocentric system. The development of the Copernican concept Source: licencja: CC 0. Ruch planet na sferze niebieskiej. System heliocentryczny. Rozwój idei kopernikańskiej You will learn to explain the differences between geocentric and heliocentric theory. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu Before you start, answer the question. Explain what it means to say about Nicolaus Copernicus that he „stopped the Sun and moved the Earth”. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu Our understanding of the Universe has evolved over time. Most of all the early cosmologic models assumed that the Earth was the centre of the Solar System, and not only this, but of the entire Universe. Aristarchus of Samos proposed the first heliocentric model in the third century B.C., but at this time this model did not play an important role. Path of the planet on the background of the stars observed from the Earth Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu The ancient astronomers observed that planets usually moved east to west against the distant stars, but from time to time they changed the direction and the speed. This motion in the opposite direction was called retrograde motion. Nowadays we know that it is an apparent motion. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy used measurements of the sky to create geocentric model of the Universe. In this model the Earth was at the centre and all the planets and the Sun were orbiting around it. He explained the observed retrograde motion of the planets in such way that each planet moved on a small circle, called an epicycle whose centre moved on a larger circle, called a deferent. The stars revolved on a celestial sphere around the outside of the planetary orbits. Deferent and epicycle in geocentric model Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu The geocentric model was in use over many centuries. In 16th century Nicolaus Copernicus came up with a different model. In 1543, few months before his death Copernicus published his theory in a book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium („On the revolutions of the heavenly bodies”). Copernicus theory stated that the Sun is at the centre of the system and all planets, including the Earth, revolve around it. This theory is named heliocentric, what means that the Sun is at the centre (“helios” in Greek means “Sun”). In Copernicus theory the Moon is the only celestial body in this system which orbits the Earth, and together with the Earth, they orbit the Sun. The planets orbit the Sun in circular paths modified by epicycles. The planet’s speed is uniform. The theory assumed that the stars are immovable and their apparent daily motion was caused by the daily rotation of the Earth. The retrograde motion of the planets was the result of the Earth’s orbital motion. Path of the planet on the background of the stars observed from the Earth Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu Decades later, Johannes Kepler, using very precise data collected by his former mentor Tycho Brahe, found that planets do not move in circles, but in ellipses. With time, the instruments used by astronomers has been developed and allowed to provide more accurate measurements. Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer who used a telescope to study the sky. He made a number of observations that finally helped convince people that the heliocentric model was correct. Galileo discovered spots on the Sun and also saw that the surface of the Moon was rough. He discovered that Venus has phases, much like our Moon does. The heliocentric theory claimed by Galileo had many opponents and officially was banned for a long time. He was also forced to recant this theory and placed under house arrest for the last eight years of his life. Few decades later Newton generalized Kepler laws and showed that the planets and the Sun all revolve around the centre‐of‐mass of the Solar System. Final proof of the heliocentric theory for the Solar System appeared in 1838, when the first measurement of the distance between a star and the Earth was done. Bessel determined the distance to 61 Cygni by measuring its parallax. His measurements were consistent with orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. At present, the knowledge status is such that the Sun is not regarded as a centre of the Universe anymore but a star among many. The Sun lies at the focus of the elliptical orbits of planets revolving around it. And the Solar System is one of thousands of other similar systems in the Universe. Remember Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl nagranie abstraktu The heliocentric theory states that the Earth revolves around the Sun. It replaced the geocentric theory which stated that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. The heliocentric theory gave an input for intensive astronomical observations and calculations which are still ongoing. Exercises Exercise 1 Determine which sentences are true. Galileo advocated the heliocentric model. Ptolemy’s model and many earlier ideas of the Solar System had the Earth at the centre of it. Copernicus discovered moons orbing Jupiter and sunspots. When we observe the sky from the Earth, the planets appear to move from east to west. zadanie Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Exercise 2 Search in the internet and collect some biographical facts about Nicolaus Copernicus. Write them to your notebook. Exercise 3 Explain in English why the heliocentric theory was revoluonary in Copernicus mes. Exercise 4 Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. deferent - deferent epicykl - epicycle ruch - moon teoria geocentryczna - geocentric theory sfera niebieska - retrograde moon ruch wsteczny - celesal sphere zadanie Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Match Polish terms with their English equivalents. epicycle deferent deferent teoria geocentryczna geocentric theory celestial sphere sfera niebieska teoria heliocentryczna epicykl heliocentric theory Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Glossary apparent pozorny Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: apparent celesal sphere sfera niebieska Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: celestial sphere deferent deferent Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: deferent epicycle epicykl Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: epicycle geocentric theory teoria geocentryczna Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: geocentric theory heliocentric theory teoria heliocentryczna Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: heliocentric theory moon ruch Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: motion orbit orbita Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl wymowa w języku angielskim: orbit retrograde moon ruch wsteczny Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0. wymowa w języku angielskim: retrograde motion Keywords celestial sphere deferent epicycle geocentric theory heliocentric theory Scenariusz Temat Ruch planet na sferze niebieskiej. System heliocentryczny. Rozwój idei kopernikańskiej Etap edukacyjny Trzeci Podstawa programowa III. Grawitacja i elementy astronomii. Uczeń: 4) opisuje budowę Układu Słonecznego i jego miejsce w Galaktyce; posługuje się pojęciami jednostki astronomicznej i roku świetlnego. Czas 45 minut Ogólny cel kształcenia Opisuje cechy modelu heliocentrycznego. Kształtowane kompetencje kluczowe 1. Wymienia różnice pomiędzy systemem geocentrycznym i heliocentrycznym. Cele (szczegółowe) operacyjne Uczeń: - odróżnia model heliocentryczny od geocentrycznego, - omawia rozwój modelu heliocentrycznego. Metody kształcenia 1. Dyskusja. 2. Analiza tekstu. Formy pracy 1. Praca indywidualna. 2. Praca grupowa. Etapy lekcji Wprowadzenie do lekcji Uczniowie prezentują stan wiedzy na temat modelu heliocentrycznego. Wyjaśnij, co oznacza powiedzenie o Mikołaju Koperniku, że „wstrzymał Słońce, ruszył Ziemię”. Realizacja lekcji Nasze rozumienie Wszechświata ewoluowało z czasem. Większość wczesnych modeli kosmologicznych zakładała, że Ziemia była nie tylko centrum Układu Słonecznego, ale całego wszechświata. Arystarch z Samos zaproponował pierwszy model heliocentryczny w III wieku p.n.e., ale w tamtym czasie model ten nie odegrał istotnej roli. [Ilustracja 1] Starożytni astronomowie zaobserwowali, że planety poruszały się zwykle ze wschodu na zachód względem odległych gwiazd, ale od czasu do czasu zmieniały kierunek i prędkość. Ruch w przeciwnym kierunku został nazwany ruchem wstecznym. W dzisiejszych czasach wiemy, że jest to ruch pozorny. Grecki astronom Ptolemeusz wykorzystał wyniki pomiarów obserwacji nieba, aby stworzyć model geocentryczny Wszechświata. W tym modelu Ziemia znajdowała
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