DOCSLIB.ORG

CSIR and Australian Industry: 1926–49 Article Number: HR20012 Year: 2020 Journal: Historical Records of Australian Science URL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CSIR and Australian Industry: 1926–49 Article Number: HR20012 Year: 2020 Journal: Historical Records of Australian Science URL Swinburne Research Bank http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au Author: Garrett Upstill, Thomas H. Spurling and Terence J. Healy Title: CSIR and Australian industry: 1926–49 Article number: HR20012 Year: 2020 Journal: Historical Records of Australian Science URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/458202 Copyright: Copyright © 2020 CSIRO. The peer-reviewed accepted manuscript is hosted here for open access with the permission of the publisher. This is the author’s version of the work, posted here with the permission of the publisher for your personal use. No further distribution is permitted. You may also be able to access the published version from your library. The definitive version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/HR20012 Swinburne University of Technology | CRICOS Provider 00111D | swinburne.edu.au Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) (Accepted manuscript submitted to HRAS August 2020) CSIR and Australian industry: 1926-1949 Garrett Upstill*, Thomas H. Spurling and Terence J. Healy Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology *Corresponding author [email protected] Abstract The primary function of CSIR, founded in 1926, was to promote primary and secondary industries in Australia. In its first decade CSIR developed a successful model for delivering research of benefit to the primary sector. The period from the late 1930s was characterised by the expansion of CSIR, notably into secondary industry research, and its wide-ranging and effective response to the industry and government demands during the Second World War. In the post-war years CSIR placed increasing emphasis on longer term underlying research as the way to benefit Australian industry. This shift raised problems for technology transfer to the secondary industry sector; it also shaped the agenda of CSIR’s successor organisation, CSIRO, in the decades after its formation in 1949. Introduction This is the third paper in a series: previous papers have looked at the relationship between the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Australian industry during the periods 1949 to 19791 and 1980 to 2000.2 The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the immediate predecessor of CSIRO, was established in 1926 as a federal statutory authority. Its primary function, as set out in its Act was: the initiation and carrying out of scientific researches in connexion with, or for the promotion of, primary or secondary industries in the Commonwealth. 3 This wording, from the Institute of Science and Industry Act 1920,4 stayed in the legislation for CSIR and CSIRO until 1978.5 In this paper we discuss how CSIR carried out this function – research to promote Australian industry – over the period till 1949, when CSIRO took over its powers and functions and its research program. 1 Upstill (2019). 2 Upstill and Spurling (2020). 3 Commonwealth of Australia (1926). 4 Commonwealth of Australia (1920). 5 In 1978 the Act was amended to include ‘encouraging or facilitating the application or utilisation of the results of such research’ as a separate function. In the 1986 revision of the Act the first two functions, research and technology transfer, were designated to be CSIRO’s primary functions. 1 We analyse CSIR’s relationship with Australian industry against the background of a changing economic environment and national and international events. This is critical to understanding the way CSIR, heavily dependent on federal government funding, interpreted its legislated mandate, conducted its research program and managed its relationship with Australian industry. We address three slices of CSIR’s history. The next section looks at the period 1926-1936 which covers the formative organisation-building years of CSIR and its almost exclusive focus on primary industries. The following section addresses the period 1937-1945 which covers CSIR’s expansion into secondary industry research and its response to the all-enveloping demands of the Second World War. Then we look at the post- war period and the organisation’s direction-setting before it was reconstituted as CSIRO in 1949. In the final section we draw out the findings of this analysis and the implications for the development of CSIRO. We draw on previous studies of CSIR, notably the commissioned history by Boris Schedvin,6 as well as papers by White,7 Currie and Graham8 and Home9 and CSIROpedia10 and employ new data from the organisation’s annual reports. Our focus is CSIR’s relationship with Australian industry. A model that worked: CSIR and Australian primary industry 1926-1937 CSIR replaced the Institute of Science and Industry, a federal scientific research agency established in 1920. The Institute had achieved modest success, notably through its work on prickly pear, hardwood timbers, and paper from eucalyptus trees but it foundered due to lack of funding and weaknesses in organisational design. By 1926 it was widely agreed that it was time for a durable well-structured replacement. Introducing the CSIR legislation to parliament Prime Minister Stanley Bruce said: Certainly the institute has not been a complete failure, as some people would suggest, but I think everyone recognises that the time has come when it should be reorganized and placed on a different basis. 11 Bruce drove the creation of CSIR. In 1925 he convened a conference of senior academic, industrial and political leaders to discuss the structure and operations of a new federal agency and drew on the advice of the head of the UK Department of Scientific and Industrial Research who visited Australia.12 He also invited two men who were to shape the development of CSIR over the next two decades, George Julius and David Rivett, 13 to help draft the legislation for CSIR. Under its 1926 Act, CSIR was established as a statutory authority administered by a Council comprising ”three members nominated by the Minister and appointed by the Governor-General, one of whom the Governor- General shall appoint to be the Chairman; the Chairman of each State Committee constituted under this Act; 6 Schedvin (1987) 7 White (1976) 8 Currie and Graham (1971) 9 Home (1988) 10 CSIROpedia (2020) 11 Bruce (1926) 12 Heath (1926) 13 William Newbiggin, the third member of the original CSIR Executive Committee was also involved. 2 and such other members as the Council, with the consent of the Minister, co-opts by reason of their scientific knowledge.” The three members appointed by the Governor-General served as the Executive Committee of the Council and were responsible for day-to-day management of CSIR. The Committee comprised George Julius (Chairman of the Council ), David Rivett and William Newbiggin. Newbiggin died in 1927 and was replaced by Arnold Richardson (Table 1). In 1927, Rivett became Chief Executive and the sole full-time member of the Executive Committee 14 and the only member located in Melbourne, where CSIR had its headquarters. The three men had complementary skills. Julius was a successful consulting engineer with well-honed commercial and political skills; 15,16 Rivett, later a Fellow of the Royal Society, was a distinguished scientist and administrator well connected in Australian and British scientific circles,17,18 and Richardson was a proven academic administrator and a leading agricultural researcher. Table 1 about here CSIR was founded at a time when Commonwealth revenue was benefiting from the wool boom of the mid- 1920s. Funds were put aside in a Treasury trust account as a financial buffer for the first few years. Even so it faced financial pressures during the straitened years of the Great Depression and required supplementary injections of funding from government agencies and other sources.19 An early challenge for CSIR related to State-Federal rivalry, namely that under the Australian Constitution responsibilities for agriculture were generally retained by the States. This matter was resolved at a special meeting with State representatives in 1927 which acknowledged a legitimate role for CSIR in rural research because of the size and cross-border nature of many agricultural problems, as well as the benefits of additional concentrated and specialised effort.20 This outcome carried the proviso that ‘State departments accepted exclusive responsibility for dissemination of agricultural and husbandry techniques’.21 (This followed the approach of early advocates for federal government involvement in rural research, 22 based on the US model of a Bureau of Agriculture plus a system of land grant universities and state-based experimental stations.) For CSIR it meant technology transfer23 to rural industries was largely the responsibility of state- funded rural extension agencies The economic setting 14 David Masson, Rivett’s mentor, had advised him at a meeting in March 1926 that he ‘considered the job too big for part time’ notwithstanding Prime Minister Bruce’s view (mindful of state politicians’ views) ‘that appointing three full time Directors was politically impossible’.(Rivett (1926) Julius’s persuasive efforts with both Bruce and Rivett led to the latter becoming full-time Chief Executive on 1 January 1927. 15 White (1976). 16 Currie and Graham (1971). 17 White (1976). 18 Rivett (1972). 19 Schedvin (1987) pp. 117-121. 20 White (1976) p. 634. 21 Schedvin (1987) p. 66. 22 Quick (1901). 23 By the term “technology transfer” we refer to all modes by which scientific knowledge generated in a research organisation may be transferred to industry and the marketplace. 3 In the mid-1920s Australia faced chronic balance of payments pressures, underpinned by its war debt to the United Kingdom and aggravated by swings in commodity prices and the terms of trade (Figure 1). The rural sector dominated Australian exports and wool exports alone accounted for almost 40% of the total (Figure 2). Figure 1 about here Figure 2 about here It was expected that CSIR would give priority to primary industries in its research. Indeed, the notion that science and technology could improve the productivity and scope of Australia’s rural industries had been a driving factor behind the creation of CSIR.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ben Chifley: the True Believer1
    1 Ben Chifley: the true believer John Hawkins2 Chifley was a ‘true believer’ in the Labor Party and in the role that government could play in stabilising the economy and keeping unemployment low. He was an active treasurer, initially working well with Prime Minister Curtin and then serving as both Prime Minister and Treasurer himself. He managed the war economy competently and achieved a smooth transition to a peacetime economy, although he allowed inflationary pressures to build up in the post-war years. Among his economic reforms were increased welfare payments, uniform income taxation and developing central banking powers (through direct controls rather than market mechanisms) for the Commonwealth Bank. Source: National Library of Australia.3 1 Arthur Fadden served almost a year as treasurer before Chifley, but as Chifley was Treasurer for most of the 1940s and Fadden for most of the 1950s, the essay on Chifley is being presented first in this series. 2 The author formerly worked in the Domestic Economy Division, the Australian Treasury. This article has benefited from comments provided by Selwyn Cornish, Robin McLachlan, Sam Malloy and Richard Grant. Thanks are also extended to the staff of the Chifley Home in Bathurst. The views in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Australian Treasury. 103 Ben Chifley: the true believer Introduction The Right Honorable Joseph Benedict Chifley was a ‘true believer’ in the Labor cause.4 While an idealist, remembered for coining the term 'light on the hill' to capture
    [Show full text]
  • Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory
    Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory Study Item/ Area Arts and Economics Precinct (Buildings 21-27) Acton Campus Precinct KINGSLEY Precinct Building Nos. & Names 21 (Hanna Neumann Building), 22 (Haydon-Allen Building), 23 (Haydon-Allen Lecture Theatre), 24 (Copland Building), 25 (Copland Lecture Theatre), 25A (H.W. Arndt Building), 26 (L.F. Crisp Building), 26A (Manning Clark Centre), 26B (Pap Moran Building), 26C (College of Business and Economics), 27 (John Dedman Building). Figure 1: Location of study area within the ANU Acton Campus site. Heritage Ranking Precinct—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Hanna Neumann Building—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Haydon-Allen Building, Haydon-Allen Lecture Theatre—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Copland Building, Copland Lecture Theatre—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List H.W. Arndt Building—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List L.F. Crisp Building—Low—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Manning Clark Centre—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Pap Moran Building—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List College of Business and Economics—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List John Dedman Building—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List 1 ANU Acton Campus — Site Inventory — Arts and Economics Precinct (21-27) Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory Heritage Listing The Arts and Economics Precinct is not individually listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL). Condition—Date The condition noted here is at April 2012. The extant buildings and trees of the Arts and Economics Precinct continue to be well maintained for student study and research and are in reasonable condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Citation Report
    City of Port Phillip Heritage Review Place Name: Rootes Ltd factory and Citation No: Commonwealth Department of 2366 Munitions (former) Other names: Chrysler Australia, Experimental Tank Depot, Department of Aircraft Production Maintenance Division Address: 19 Salmon Street & 299 Williamstown Heritage Precinct Overlay: None Road, Port Melbourne Heritage Overlay(s): HO472 Category: Industrial Graded as: Significant Style: Interwar Moderne Victorian Heritage Register: No Constructed: 1945, 1955 Designer: Unknown Amendment: C143 Comment: Exhibition Version Amendment C143 Significance What is Significant? The former Rootes Ltd factory is a large complex of steel and timber framed, and fibre cement and corrugated iron clad factory buildings located on Plummer, Tarver, Smith and Salmon Streets in Fishermans Bend. The first stage of the complex was constructed initially in the 1940s for the Department of Munitions as an armoured vehicle factory for the war effort, and was then occupied by the Department of Aircraft Production Maintenance Division from 1943 to 1946. In 1946 British car manufacturer Rootes Ltd leased the complex and began manufacturing cars (Hillman, Humber, Singer, Sunbeam, Talbot, Karrier, Commer). The complex was substantially enlarged in the mid-1950s, and later used for manufacture of Chrysler vehicles. The significant features are the two storey administration and amenities wing with Art Deco elements, large single level sawtooth roof production line buildings, the tall foundry building, parts store and engine plant buildings. The interior of the former administration and amenities wing including all of the original fabric and finishes and the room layout including, on the ground floor, the large square entrance hall, lobby and stairwell and the former typists room, and on the first floor, the former library, board room and telephone equipment room opening off the central corridor.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology of the Automobile Industry in Victoria 1896-2016
    Gary Vines | Biosis Pty Ltd. Archaeology of the Automobile industry in Victoria 1896-2016 This paper presents some preliminary thoughts on the evolution of automotive factory design in Victoria, based on a typological analysis of some surviving and documented buildings. It stems from heritage assessments undertaken for the Fishermans Bend Urban Renewal Area, and earlier studies of Dandenong and Broadmeadows.i This is the first time that a thorough list of automotive factories has been compiled or that an analysis of building types employed for motor manufacture has been presented. The design of automotive factories reflected changes in the nature of the industry, from essentially a backyard workshop pursuit, through large traditional manufacturing, and then purpose- designed buildings serving specialist functions and accommodating the new manufacturing technologies of moving assembly lines. 1| AHA 2016 Conference Proceedings Gary Vines Archaeology of the Automobile industry in Victoria 1896-2016 Introduction - Origins Automobile manufacture in Victoria is around 120 years old. It arose as an extension of the existing transport industry, primarily the carriage builders producing horse-drawn road vehicles but with pollination from bicycle-makers, steam-engineering and electric traction. The first car factories were therefore the blacksmith shops, farriers, coach builders and engineering works. Expansion was achieved by adding more sheds to existing workshops until substantial capitalisation became necessary to avoid bottlenecks in production and led in turn, to purpose-built factories. These first took on the form of the standard masonry commercial buildings, brick and stone facades with timber frames. The south-facing saw-tooth roof was borrowed from textile mills to light the workspaces, and as space became a premium, multi- story factories were built in inner urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • John Curtin for Labor and for Australia
    John Curtin for Labor and for Australia LLOYD ROSS AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PRESS CANBERRA This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press. This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy. THE INAUGURAL JOHN CURTIN MEMORIAL LECTURE 1970 John Curtin for Labor and for Australia LLOYD ROSS AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PRESS 1971 © Lloyd Ross 1971 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Printed and manufactured in Australia. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 71-151971 National Library of Australia Card no. and ISBN 0 7081 0163 2 FOREWORD W. D. BORRIE Director, Research School of Social Sciences My first duty, on behalf of the Research School and indeed of the whole University, is to express our gratitude and appreciation to one of our founders, John Dedman, a Bachelor of Arts, a Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa), and a Councillor of the University, for his thoughtfulness and generosity in founding an annual John Curtin Memorial Lecture. John Curtin was Prime Minister during the period of the University‘s effective conception and he gave the event his cordial blessing. We are all in Dr Dedman’s debt for this generous endowment.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonwealth Members of Parliament Who Have Served in War
    Parliament of Australia Department of Parliamentary Services Parliamentary Library RESEARCH BRIEF Information analysis and advice for the Parliament 26 March 2007, no. 10, 2006–07, ISSN 1832-2883 Commonwealth Members of Parliament who have served in war Over the years, many Commonwealth MPs have served their country in times of war. This Parliamentary Library paper refers to some of them, noting where they served, what they endured, and the acknowledgment they received for their service. Martin Lumb, Scott Bennett and John Moremon Politics and Public Administration and Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Sections Contents Abbreviations ....................................................... 1 Honours, orders and decorations ....................................... 1 Parties .......................................................... 2 Serving their country .................................................. 3 Many served ...................................................... 3 The youngest ................................................... 5 The oldest ..................................................... 5 Prime Ministers ................................................. 5 Where they served .................................................. 6 Why they served ................................................... 7 Choosing not to leave Parliament ....................................... 8 Prisoners of War .................................................. 10 The personal impact of war .......................................... 11 For valour
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Government Administration in the Post-War Reconstruction Era
    The Seven Dwarfs and the Age of the Mandarins AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION ERA The Seven Dwarfs and the Age of the Mandarins AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION ERA EDITED BY SAMUEL FURPHY Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: The seven dwarfs and the age of the mandarins : Australian government administration in the post-war reconstruction era / editor Samuel Furphy. ISBN: 9781925022322 (paperback) 9781925022339 (ebook) Subjects: Government executives--Australia--Biography. Civil service--Australia--History. Public administration--Australia--History. Reconstruction (1939–1951)--Australia--History. Postwar reconstruction--Australia--History. Federal government--Australia--History. Australia--Officials and employees--Biography. Australia--Politics and government--1945– . Other Creators/Contributors: Furphy, Samuel, editor. Dewey Number: 352.30994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The ANU.Lives Series in Biography is an initiative of the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University, http://ncb.anu.edu.au/. Cover design by ANU Press Layout by ANU Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents Illustrations . .vii Contributors . ix Acknowledgements . xiii Preface . xv J.R. Nethercote and Samuel Furphy Part I 1 . The Seven Dwarfs: A Team of Rivals . 3 Nicholas Brown 2 . The Post-War Reconstruction Project .
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    1 INTRODUCTION The Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC) came into existence by the passage of an Act of Parliament in 1953 and as an organisation ceased to exist, again by an Act of Parliament, in 1987. It was replaced by a different organisation; the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The AAEC and its successor organisation ANSTO have generated more controversy and have had a greater fluctuation in fortunes than their 'sister1 organisation, the CSIRO. The AAEC was established in a period of excitement in which science and technology were seen to be the vehicle by which nations could achieve the desired riches of high technology that were seen as essential in modern life. This is a short history of the Australian Atomic Energy Commission. The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Agency (UKAEA) and the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) both have official histories. Margaret Gowing's work on the UKAEA is a three volume history" which traces the development of the organisation from both a political and scientific perspective. The USAEC has an even longer and more detailed history which runs to some four volumes, each of which has been written by teams of authors". Both these histories were commissioned by their respective organisations and in both cases the authors of these histories have had access to vast archival material to assist them in their work. A history of the development of nuclear power in France1 has also been written recently and this also is a detailed and long document. ' Gowing, M 'Britain and Atomic Energy; 1939-1945' Macmillan and Co Ltd London 1964, 'Independence and Deterrence; Britain and Atomic Energy' Volumes 1 and 2 Macmillan London 1974 " Hewlett, R and Anderson, O 'The New World.1939-1946, Volume 1, A History of the USAEC Pennsylvania University Press Pennsylvania 1962, Hewlett, R and Duncan, F 'Atomic Shield 1947-1952.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Wax Alkanes and Alcohols As Herbivore Diet Composition Markers
    J. Range Manage. 57:259 -268 May 2004 Plant wax alkanes and alcohols as herbivore diet composition markers MIGUEL N. BUGALHO, HUGH DOVE, WALTER KELMAN, JEFF T. WOOD, AND ROBERT W. MAYES Bugalho is a post- doctoral Research Fellow at Centro de Ecologia Aplicada, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 1349 -017 Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal; Dove and Kelman are Senior Researchers at CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Wood is a statistician who was at CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences, GPO Box 664, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia during the work and presently is at the Statistical Consulting Unit, John Dedman Building, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia; Mayes is a Senior Researcher at The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB1 S 8QH, Scotland. Abstract Resumen The n- alkanes in plant cuticular wax have been used as mark- Los n- alcanos de la cera cuticular de las plantas han sido usa- ers for estimating the species composition of herbivore diets, but dos como marcadores para determinar la composición de the long -chain fatty alcohols (LCOH) of plant wax may also be especies en las dietas de los herbívoros, pero los alcoholes grasos useful. The objective of this research was to assess if LCOH con- de cadena larga (LCOH) también pueden ser útiles. El objetivo tributed extra information to differentiate plant species, com- de esta investigación fue evaluar si los LCOH aportan informa- pared with n- alkanes only. We used 3 data sets consisting of n- ción extra para diferenciar las especies de plantas, comparados alkane and LCOH concentrations of plant species occurring in con los n- alcanos solos.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Child Migration to Australia, –
    PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD UK Child Migration to Australia, – A Study in Policy Failure Gordon Lynch Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood Series Editors George Rousseau University of Oxford Oxford, UK Laurence Brockliss University of Oxford Oxford, UK Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood is the frst of its kind to his- toricise childhood in the English-speaking world; at present no historical series on children/ childhood exists, despite burgeoning areas within Child Studies. The series aims to act both as a forum for publishing works in the history of childhood and a mechanism for consolidating the identity and attraction of the new discipline. Editorial Board Matthew Grenby (Newcastle) Colin Heywood (Nottingham) Heather Montgomery (Open) Hugh Morrison (Otago) Anja Müller (Siegen, Germany) Sïan Pooley (Magdalen, Oxford) Patrick Joseph Ryan (King’s University College at Western University, Canada) Lucy Underwood (Warwick) Karen Vallgårda (Copenhagen) More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14586 Gordon Lynch UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945–1970 A Study in Policy Failure Gordon Lynch University of Kent Canterbury, UK ISSN 2634-6532 ISSN 2634-6540 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood ISBN 978-3-030-69727-3 ISBN 978-3-030-69728-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Australian Dilemma: Economics and Foreign Policy, 1942-1957
    RETHINKING THE AUSTRALIAN DILEMMA: ECONOMICS AND FOREIGN POLICY, 1942-1957 BILL APTER A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences FEBRUARY 2019 1 PRELIMINARY PAPERS a. Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname/Family Name : Apter Given Name/s : John William Badgery (Bill) Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar : PhD Faculty : FASS School : Social Sciences Rethinking the Australian Dilemma: Economics and Foreign Policy, Thesis Title : 1942-1957 Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis explains how and why, between 1942 and 1957, Australian governments shifted from their historical relationship with Britain to the beginning of a primary reliance on the United States. It shows that, while the Curtin and Chifley ALP governments sought to maintain and strengthen Australia’s links with Britain, the Menzies administration took the decisive steps towards this realignment. The dominant feature of the Australian governments’ foreign policy was a search for security. First Japan and then the Cold War in Asia had made the region more dangerous, at the same time as Australia’s traditional protector, Britain, proved less willing and able to meet these threats. However, while military strengths and cultural links were significant, domestic economic reconstruction was at the core of Australia’s search for security. The Menzies government saw development as not just as an economic goal but critical for Australia’s long-term security. This policy served to push Australia towards the dominant United States and its ally, Japan, and away from the weaker Britain. There is broad acceptance that the end of British Australia only occurred in the 1960s and that the initiative for change came from Britain rather than Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • OVER 60S TOURING TEAM 2015 SENIORS CRICKET AUSTRALIA
    SENIORS CRICKET AUSTRALIA OVER 60s TOURING TEAM 2015 Colin Cooke, is the Captain of the Australian Over 60s Touring team to UK in 2015. Nicknamed Cookie or Burra, he was born in Harrisville in country Queensland. Colin and Leah have 2 children. He is a retired Technical Co-ordinator for Queensland Rail and has played with the Valley District Club Brisbane, Waysiders Cricket Club Ipswich and Brothers Cricket Club Ipswich. Colin played for Queensland in the 1970s in the Sheffield Shield as a right arm fast bowler and middle/lower order batsman. He was ‘at the other end’ to the feared Jeff Thomson in the days when Thommo sent shudders through many a good batsman. Colin was selected in the Valleys Team of the Century in 1997. He played 1st Grade Rugby League in Ipswich in 1968 before concentrating on cricket. Later he played representative touch football for Ipswich. Colin toured UK in 2011 and 2012, NZ in 2013 and 2015 and South Africa in 2014 with Australian Over 60s. He still enjoys social tennis. Colin is the only member of the 2012 England touring team to be selected for this tour. His motto: Time marches on, more so when we are in our 60's, so let’s play! Murray Harrison is the Vice-Captain. He was born in Melbourne and lived in Perth before moving to Canberra for work. Murray and his wife, Anne, are retired public servants who enjoy travelling to spend time with their children, one in Jakarta and the other in London. He played cricket in Perth for both Murdoch and Curtin Universities.
    [Show full text]