DOCSLIB.ORG

ANZUS and the Early Cold War: Strategy and Diplomacy Between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ANZUS and the Early Cold War: Strategy and Diplomacy Between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956 Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications Post 2013 2018 ANZUS and the early cold war: strategy and diplomacy between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956 Andrew Kelly Edith Cowan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013 Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Kelly, A. (2018). ANZUS and the early cold war: strategy and diplomacy between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0141 10.11647/OBP.0141 Kelly, A. (2018). ANZUS and the Early Cold War: Strategy and Diplomacy between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956. Cambridge, UK: Open Book. Available here This Book is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/5677 ANZUS AND THE EARLY COLD WAR ANZUS and the Early Cold War Strategy and Diplomacy Between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956 Andrew Kelly https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Andrew Kelly This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Andrew Kelly, ANZUS and the Early Cold War: Strategy and Diplomacy Between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, 1945-1956. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https:// doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0141 Copyright and permissions for the reuse of many of the images included in this publication differ from the above. Copyright and permissions information for images is provided separately in the List of Illustrations. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https://www. openbookpublishers.com/product/781#copyright. Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. openbookpublishers.com/product/781#resources ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-494-7 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-495-4 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-496-1 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-497-8 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-498-5 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0141 Cover image: Photo by Lÿvean Imedecis on Unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/ GhrBhL9kXf4. Cover design: Corin Throsby All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers (Cambridge, UK) Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction: Disharmonious Allies 1 PART ONE: ORIGINS 11 1. Defence Problems in the Pacific 13 2. Japan, ANZAM, and the Bomb 29 3. Movement Toward an Alliance 51 4. ANZUS Negotiations 71 PART TWO: ANZUS IN FORCE 91 5. Post-Treaty Issues 93 6. Crisis in Southeast Asia 117 7. A Horrible Dilemma in the Taiwan Straits 135 8. Suez 157 Conclusion 179 Bibliography 183 List of Illustrations 197 Index 201 Acknowledgements I could not have possibly completed a book of this magnitude alone. Firstly, I must thank Peter Mauch, who originally supervised my PhD thesis and encouraged me to revise its findings into this monograph. His guidance in my academic development has been truly invaluable and it is greatly appreciated. I am also thankful to David Walton, for similar assistance as a supervisor and mentor. Secondly, I have several other people to thank at various research and tertiary institutions. David Jolliffe at the Australian Prime Ministers Centre was helpful in acquainting me with the primary material available at the Australian National Archives and the National Library of Australia. Mary Rickley, Dean Nogle and Michael Johnson at the Eisenhower Foundation were fantastic in their efforts to help me travel around Abilene, especially in very adverse weather conditions. At the Eisenhower Library, Chelsea Millner and Kevin Bailey were very helpful in finding useful material from the Eisenhower Administration. I am in debt to the many archivists I did not know by name at the Australian, New Zealand and United States National Archives who helped guide me through the important archival material. During publication, Lucy Barnes at Open Book Publishers made a time-consuming process feel incredibly easy. She provided great assistance in leading to the creation of this book. Some of the material in this book was derived in part from two previously published journal articles. In 2014, I published “The Australian- American Alliance, Recognition of China and the 1954-55 Quemoy-Matsu Crisis” with the Journal of Northeast Asian History, and in 2017 I published “Discordant Allies: Trans-Tasman Relations in the Aftermath of the ANZUS Treaty, 1951-1955” with the Journal of Australian Studies. The latter article is viii ANZUS and the Early Cold War available online at this address: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/1 4443058.2016.1275744. Finally, I am thankful to a few people in my personal life. A particular mention must go to Caitlin Holmes, who has been extremely supportive throughout all my professional endeavours. My mother and father, Sharon and Mark, have also been very supportive and deserve recognition for all the help they have given me over the years. List of Abbreviations ANZAM Australian, New Zealand and British arrangement for the joint defence of Malaya and Commonwealth interests in Southeast Asia ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States JCS United States Joint Chiefs of Staff NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NSC United States National Security Council PRC People’s Republic of China ROC Republic of China SCAP Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Japan SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation Introduction: Disharmonious Allies In August 1952, delegates from Australia, New Zealand and the United States met in Honolulu for the first formal round of discussions over how the ANZUS Treaty—a defence alliance signed by these countries in September 1951—would work in practice. The treaty required each signatory to “respond to the common danger” in the Pacific, and these powers indeed saw mutual dangers at the time. The Korean War had been raging for over a year and showed no immediate signs of ending. A Communist government in China appeared to have aggressive intentions. Local revolutionaries in Indochina and Malaya had demanded sovereignty from their colonial governments. Framed in this light, a closer strategic relationship between the ANZUS powers should have been cooperative and rather straightforward. This was certainly not the case. In advance of Council meetings in Hawaii, Percy Spender—architect of the ANZUS Treaty and then Australian Ambassador in Washington—accused the Pentagon of purposely “diminishing the importance” of the alliance to avoid serious consultation with Australia. According to Spender, even Australia’s former enemies— Germany, Italy and Japan—had “the opportunity of consultation on vital matters in a manner which so far has been denied to Australia.”1 Without a doubt, refusing to consult seriously with the Australians was an American objective. The US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) had advised Secretary of State Dean Acheson that joint planning with Australia and New Zealand would mean “serious and far-reaching disadvantages to the present and projected 1 Spender to Casey, 18 March 1952, Spender Papers, Box 1, National Library of Australia (hereafter NLA). © 2018 Andrew Kelly, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0141.10 2 ANZUS and the Early Cold War state of United States planning for a global war.”2 This position aggravated the Australians, yet the New Zealanders did not share this view, despite their similar geopolitical circumstances. As one adviser told Head of the New Zealand External Affairs Department Alister McIntosh, New Zealand “did not share the long-standing Australian objective of infiltration into the world’s policy-making hierarchy” after claiming that the Australian delegation almost demanded this outright at Honolulu.3 McIntosh certainly sympathised with this opinion, and even conceded later that New Zealand “never wanted the damn Pacific Pact in the first place.”4 How did three allied powers—which shared a common language, similar historical roots and democratic liberal institutions—leave Hawaii with such competing views about the practicality of an alliance signed less than one year earlier? To some extent, disagreements between the ANZUS powers were symbolic of the challenging and divisive time in which the treaty was conceived. While in broad terms these countries shared similar political objectives in combating Soviet-led Communism during the early stages of the Cold War, the underlying purpose of this treaty was unique for each signatory and often created complex diplomatic tensions in the trilateral relationship. Australia, undeniably the most enthusiastic treaty member, viewed ANZUS as a means to rebalance its traditional ties with Britain by fostering a closer strategic relationship with the United States. The treaty limited the likelihood of future existential threats such as those posed by Japan in late 1942, and it provided an additional avenue for Canberra to voice its concerns about world affairs. Across the Tasman Sea, policymakers in New Zealand were more reluctant to forge a closer political relationship with the United States if it meant damaging relations with Britain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cootamundra War Memorial
    COOTAMUNDRA WAR MEMORIAL ALBERT PARK – HOVELL STREET COOTAMUNDRA WORLD WAR 1 HONOUR ROLL Compilation by Kevin Casey, Breakfast Point 2012 COOTAMUNDRA WAR MEMORIAL – WORLD WAR 1 A marble obelisk and other memorials have been erected in Albert Park in memory of those citizens of Cootamundra and District who served and died in the defence of Australia during times of conflict. The names of many of those who served in World Wars 1 and 2 are engraved and highlighted in gold on the obelisk. This account has been prepared to provide a background to the men associated with the Cootamundra district who served and died in World War 1. While it is acknowledged that an exhaustive list of local men who served in the war has not been compiled, this account briefly highlights the family and military backgrounds of those who did and who are recorded on the obelisk. Other men not listed on the obelisk but who were associated with the district and who also served and died in the war have been identified in the course of the research. They are also included in this account. No doubt further research will identify more men. Hopefully this account will jog a few memories and inspire further research into the topic. An invitation is extended to interested people to add to the knowledge of those who served Those who served came from a wide range of backgrounds. A number of the men had long family associations with the district and many have family members who are still residents of the district.
    [Show full text]
  • A Diachronic Study of Unparliamentary Language in the New Zealand Parliament, 1890-1950
    WITHDRAW AND APOLOGISE: A DIACHRONIC STUDY OF UNPARLIAMENTARY LANGUAGE IN THE NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENT, 1890-1950 BY RUTH GRAHAM A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics Victoria University of Wellington 2016 ii “Parliament, after all, is not a Sunday school; it is a talking-shop; a place of debate”. (Barnard, 1943) iii Abstract This study presents a diachronic analysis of the language ruled to be unparliamentary in the New Zealand Parliament from 1890 to 1950. While unparliamentary language is sometimes referred to as ‘parliamentary insults’ (Ilie, 2001), this study has a wider definition: the language used in a legislative chamber is unparliamentary when it is ruled or signalled by the Speaker as out of order or likely to cause disorder. The user is required to articulate a statement of withdrawal and apology or risk further censure. The analysis uses the Communities of Practice theoretical framework, developed by Wenger (1998) and enhanced with linguistic impoliteness, as defined by Mills (2005) in order to contextualise the use of unparliamentary language within a highly regulated institutional setting. The study identifies and categorises the lexis of unparliamentary language, including a focus on examples that use New Zealand English or te reo Māori. Approximately 2600 examples of unparliamentary language, along with bibliographic, lexical, descriptive and contextual information, were entered into a custom designed relational database. The examples were categorised into three: ‘core concepts’, ‘personal reflections’ and the ‘political environment’, with a number of sub-categories. This revealed a previously unknown category of ‘situation dependent’ unparliamentary language and a creative use of ‘animal reflections’.
    [Show full text]
  • Ben Chifley: the True Believer1
    1 Ben Chifley: the true believer John Hawkins2 Chifley was a ‘true believer’ in the Labor Party and in the role that government could play in stabilising the economy and keeping unemployment low. He was an active treasurer, initially working well with Prime Minister Curtin and then serving as both Prime Minister and Treasurer himself. He managed the war economy competently and achieved a smooth transition to a peacetime economy, although he allowed inflationary pressures to build up in the post-war years. Among his economic reforms were increased welfare payments, uniform income taxation and developing central banking powers (through direct controls rather than market mechanisms) for the Commonwealth Bank. Source: National Library of Australia.3 1 Arthur Fadden served almost a year as treasurer before Chifley, but as Chifley was Treasurer for most of the 1940s and Fadden for most of the 1950s, the essay on Chifley is being presented first in this series. 2 The author formerly worked in the Domestic Economy Division, the Australian Treasury. This article has benefited from comments provided by Selwyn Cornish, Robin McLachlan, Sam Malloy and Richard Grant. Thanks are also extended to the staff of the Chifley Home in Bathurst. The views in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Australian Treasury. 103 Ben Chifley: the true believer Introduction The Right Honorable Joseph Benedict Chifley was a ‘true believer’ in the Labor cause.4 While an idealist, remembered for coining the term 'light on the hill' to capture
    [Show full text]
  • John Curtin's War
    backroom briefings John Curtin's war CLEM LLOYD & RICHARD HALL backroom briefings John Curtin's WAR edited by CLEM LLOYD & RICHARD HALL from original notes compiled by Frederick T. Smith National Library of Australia Canberra 1997 Front cover: Montage of photographs of John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia, 1941-45, and of Old Parliament House, Canberra Photographs from the National Library's Pictorial Collection Back cover: Caricature of John Curtin by Dubois Bulletin, 8 October 1941 Published by the National Library of Australia Canberra ACT 2600 © National Library of Australia 1997 Introduction and annotations © Clem Lloyd and Richard Hall Every reasonable endeavour has been made to contact relevant copyright holders of illustrative material. Where this has not proved possible, the copyright holders are invited to contact the publisher. National Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data Backroom briefings: John Curtin's war. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 10688 6. 1. Curtin, John, 1885-1945. 2. World War, 1939-1945— Press coverage—Australia. 3. Journalism—Australia. I. Smith, FT. (Frederick T.). II. Lloyd, C.J. (Clement John), 1939- . III. Hall, Richard, 1937- . 940.5394 Editor: Julie Stokes Designer: Beverly Swifte Picture researcher/proofreader: Tony Twining Printed by Goanna Print, Canberra Published with the assistance of the Lloyd Ross Forum CONTENTS Fred Smith and the secret briefings 1 John Curtin's war 12 Acknowledgements 38 Highly confidential: press briefings, June 1942-January 1945 39 Introduction by F.T. Smith 40 Chronology of events; Briefings 42 Index 242 rederick Thomas Smith was born in Balmain, Sydney, Fon 18 December 1904, one of a family of two brothers and two sisters.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombs, 'Reds Under the Bed'and the Media
    BOMBS, ‘REDS UNDER THE BED’ AND THE MEDIA THE MENZIES GOVERNMENT’S MANIPULATION OF PUBLIC OPINION, 1949-1957. Erin Ison The University of Newcastle It is often implied the Menzies Government influenced the views of the Australian public for political advantage. Rarely, however, has this claim been substantiated. The objective of this paper is to add credence to this claim by arguing the Menzies Government actively sought to manipulate public opinion in order to ensure the longevity of the British atomic test trials held in Australia between 1952 and 1957. The need for this manipulation arose from the Government’s insistence that the British atomic trials should remain in Australia to guarantee, what it hoped would be, its eventual access to the technology (Cawte 54). Consequently, the Government could neither risk an unfavourable press nor a hostile public, which would jeopardise the atomic test trials. The Menzies Government used the image of the Australian “way of life” as the focus of its manipulation. Suggesting the fabric of Australian society was under threat from the evils of communism, the Government publicly highlighted the need to defend the nation from this foreign threat. It was this need to ‘defend the nation’ that was used to justify the testing of atomic weapons within Australia’s shores, and subsequently the government attempted to inflame an existing fear of communism within the Australian community as a smoke screen to these pursuits. This scheme, however, was a failure as public anxiety surrounding the tests continually rose. This paper will examine the strategies behind the Government’s manipulation of the media and, in a chronological fashion, illustrate the intricacies involved in their implementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory
    Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory Study Item/ Area Arts and Economics Precinct (Buildings 21-27) Acton Campus Precinct KINGSLEY Precinct Building Nos. & Names 21 (Hanna Neumann Building), 22 (Haydon-Allen Building), 23 (Haydon-Allen Lecture Theatre), 24 (Copland Building), 25 (Copland Lecture Theatre), 25A (H.W. Arndt Building), 26 (L.F. Crisp Building), 26A (Manning Clark Centre), 26B (Pap Moran Building), 26C (College of Business and Economics), 27 (John Dedman Building). Figure 1: Location of study area within the ANU Acton Campus site. Heritage Ranking Precinct—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Hanna Neumann Building—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Haydon-Allen Building, Haydon-Allen Lecture Theatre—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Copland Building, Copland Lecture Theatre—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List H.W. Arndt Building—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List L.F. Crisp Building—Low—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Manning Clark Centre—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List Pap Moran Building—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List College of Business and Economics—Neutral—Does not meet criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List John Dedman Building—Moderate—Meets the criteria for Commonwealth Heritage List 1 ANU Acton Campus — Site Inventory — Arts and Economics Precinct (21-27) Australian National University Acton Campus — Site Inventory Heritage Listing The Arts and Economics Precinct is not individually listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL). Condition—Date The condition noted here is at April 2012. The extant buildings and trees of the Arts and Economics Precinct continue to be well maintained for student study and research and are in reasonable condition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Report of the Inquiry Into Unresolved Recognition for Past Acts of Naval and Military Gallantry and Valour
    Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal THE REPORT OF THE INQUIRY INTO UNRESOLVED RECOGNITION FOR PAST ACTS OF NAVAL AND MILITARY GALLANTRY AND VALOUR THE REPORT OF THE INQUIRY INTO UNRESOLVED RECOGNITION FOR PAST ACTS OF NAVAL AND MILITARY GALLANTRY AND VALOUR This publication has been published by the Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal. Copies of this publication are available on the Tribunal’s website: www.defence-honours-tribunal.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2013 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal. Editing and design by Biotext, Canberra. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL INQUIRY INTO UNRESOLVED RECOGNITION FOR PAST ACTS OF NAVAL AND MILITARY GALLANTRY AND VALOUR Senator The Hon. David Feeney Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Parliamentary Secretary, I am pleased to present the report of the Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal’s Inquiry into Unresolved Recognition for Past Acts of Naval and Military Gallantry and Valour. The Inquiry was conducted in accordance with the Terms of Reference. The Tribunal that conducted the Inquiry arrived unanimously at the findings and recommendations set out in this report. In accordance with the Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal Procedural Rules 2011, this report will be published on the Tribunal’s website — www.defence-honours-tribunal.gov.au — 20 working days after
    [Show full text]
  • Upholding the Australian Constitution Volume Twenty-Four
    Upholding the Australian Constitution Volume Twenty-four Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Conference of The Samuel Griffith Society Traders Hotel Brisbane, 159 Roma Street, Hobart — August 2012 © Copyright 2014 by The Samuel Griffith Society. All rights reserved. Contents Introduction Julian Leeser The Fourth Sir Harry Gibbs Memorial Oration Senator the Honourable George Brandis In Defence of Freedom of Speech Chapter One The Honourable Ian Callinan Defamation, Privacy, the Finkelstein Report and the Regulation of the Media Chapter Two Michael Sexton Flights of Fancy: The Implied Freedom of Political Communication 20 Years On Chapter Three The Honourable Justice J. D. Heydon Sir Samuel Griffith and the Making of the Australian Constitution Chapter Four The Honourable Christian Porter Federal-State Relations and the Changing Economy Chapter Five The Honourable Richard Court A Federalist Agenda for Coast to Coast Liberal (or Labor) Governments Chapter Six Keith Kendall The Case for a State Income Tax Chapter Seven Josephine Kelly The Constitutionality of the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act i Chapter Eight The Honourable Gary Johns Native Title 20 Years On: Beyond the Hyperbole Chapter Nine Lorraine Finlay Indigenous Recognition – Some Issues Chapter Ten J. B. Paul Speaker of the House Contributors ii Introduction Julian Leeser The 24th Conference of The Samuel Griffith Society was held in Brisbane during the weekend of 17-19 August 2012. It marked the 20th anniversary of the Society’s birth. 1992 was undoubtedly a momentous year in Australia’s constitutional history. On 2 January 1992 the perspicacious John and Nancy Stone decided to incorporate the Samuel Griffith Society thirteen days after Paul Keating was appointed Prime Minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Government in New Zealand, 1940–511
    4 An Age of the Mandarins? Government in New Zealand, 1940–511 John R . Martin The passage of more than half a century allows us to view the period following the end of the Second World War until the 1950s genuinely as history. Research materials, principally in archives, are supplemented by official histories, and biographies, with a few interviews enriching the story. I have been struck by the number of leading public servants of the period who were still in office during the 1950s and 1960s and who influenced the public service in which I spent 35 years. I was privileged to have known a number of them. In this chapter, after sketching the political and economic situation in New Zealand in 1945, I identify two principal challenges – managing the economy and national development – facing the Labour Government led by Peter Fraser. I also examine changes in organising government business made after the National Government came to office late in 1949. I then describe briefly the state of the public service as New Zealand emerged from the war. I consider the role played by several prominent public servants – a team to set against the Seven Dwarfs – and reflect on what we know about their working relationships with ministers. In essence, the picture is, first, of a group of outstanding and long-serving public servants who worked very closely with Prime Minister Fraser and his deputy, Walter Nash, the minister of finance, through the war and afterwards. With the change of government in 1949, the close, personal and somewhat haphazard methods of working under Labour were succeeded by a more conventional (in the Westminster model) relationship between ministers and officials, conducted within a more formal machinery for the handling of Cabinet business – a change sought unsuccessfully by officials when the Labour Government was in office.2 1 In writing this chapter I have benefited greatly from discussions with Dr Brian Easton, Professor Gary Hawke, Sir Frank Holmes and Mr Noel Lough.
    [Show full text]
  • Reform Or Reaction? Progress Or Struggle: Labor and Liberal Perspectives on History
    Reform or Reaction? Progress or Struggle: Labor and Liberal Perspectives on History Bobbie Oliver Research Institute for Cultural Heritage, Curtin University Introduction as Premier because of industrial conflict with the Waterside Workers' Union at Fremantle - later compiled a history to commemorate the Writers of Australian history - especially prior to the 1970s - were State's centenary in 1929. By the time A Story of a hundred years usually either conservatives who emphasised economic 'progress', was published, hundreds of group settlers had walked off farms in social cohesiveness and harmony, or radicals who majored on the State's south-west, unable to cope with inadequate resources and struggle, divisiveness and attempts at social and political reform. a hostile environment, yet Colebatch wrote without a shade of irony, The history of working class has fallen into the latter category. How 'Australia is a white man's country in which the conquest of nature then has the Australian Labor Party (ALP), which has always regarded is comparatively easy'. Writing three years after the Forrest River itself as the working class party, interpreted history? The paper massacre of a group of Aboriginal people by two police officers, surveys some examples of 'conservative' and 'radical' history, and Colebatch's exclusive phrase 'white man's country' excluded the then examines the ALP's role in preserving and telling its own history. presence of the land's original inhabitants. Surely he could not have It discusses the extent to which Labor Party history fits either model forgotten the first hand experience of having his launch stoned by above, and how this compares with the Liberal Party of Australia's angry wharf labourers and their families in 1919, yet his glib assertion concept of its own history.
    [Show full text]
  • Citation Report
    City of Port Phillip Heritage Review Place Name: Rootes Ltd factory and Citation No: Commonwealth Department of 2366 Munitions (former) Other names: Chrysler Australia, Experimental Tank Depot, Department of Aircraft Production Maintenance Division Address: 19 Salmon Street & 299 Williamstown Heritage Precinct Overlay: None Road, Port Melbourne Heritage Overlay(s): HO472 Category: Industrial Graded as: Significant Style: Interwar Moderne Victorian Heritage Register: No Constructed: 1945, 1955 Designer: Unknown Amendment: C143 Comment: Exhibition Version Amendment C143 Significance What is Significant? The former Rootes Ltd factory is a large complex of steel and timber framed, and fibre cement and corrugated iron clad factory buildings located on Plummer, Tarver, Smith and Salmon Streets in Fishermans Bend. The first stage of the complex was constructed initially in the 1940s for the Department of Munitions as an armoured vehicle factory for the war effort, and was then occupied by the Department of Aircraft Production Maintenance Division from 1943 to 1946. In 1946 British car manufacturer Rootes Ltd leased the complex and began manufacturing cars (Hillman, Humber, Singer, Sunbeam, Talbot, Karrier, Commer). The complex was substantially enlarged in the mid-1950s, and later used for manufacture of Chrysler vehicles. The significant features are the two storey administration and amenities wing with Art Deco elements, large single level sawtooth roof production line buildings, the tall foundry building, parts store and engine plant buildings. The interior of the former administration and amenities wing including all of the original fabric and finishes and the room layout including, on the ground floor, the large square entrance hall, lobby and stairwell and the former typists room, and on the first floor, the former library, board room and telephone equipment room opening off the central corridor.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology of the Automobile Industry in Victoria 1896-2016
    Gary Vines | Biosis Pty Ltd. Archaeology of the Automobile industry in Victoria 1896-2016 This paper presents some preliminary thoughts on the evolution of automotive factory design in Victoria, based on a typological analysis of some surviving and documented buildings. It stems from heritage assessments undertaken for the Fishermans Bend Urban Renewal Area, and earlier studies of Dandenong and Broadmeadows.i This is the first time that a thorough list of automotive factories has been compiled or that an analysis of building types employed for motor manufacture has been presented. The design of automotive factories reflected changes in the nature of the industry, from essentially a backyard workshop pursuit, through large traditional manufacturing, and then purpose- designed buildings serving specialist functions and accommodating the new manufacturing technologies of moving assembly lines. 1| AHA 2016 Conference Proceedings Gary Vines Archaeology of the Automobile industry in Victoria 1896-2016 Introduction - Origins Automobile manufacture in Victoria is around 120 years old. It arose as an extension of the existing transport industry, primarily the carriage builders producing horse-drawn road vehicles but with pollination from bicycle-makers, steam-engineering and electric traction. The first car factories were therefore the blacksmith shops, farriers, coach builders and engineering works. Expansion was achieved by adding more sheds to existing workshops until substantial capitalisation became necessary to avoid bottlenecks in production and led in turn, to purpose-built factories. These first took on the form of the standard masonry commercial buildings, brick and stone facades with timber frames. The south-facing saw-tooth roof was borrowed from textile mills to light the workspaces, and as space became a premium, multi- story factories were built in inner urban areas.
    [Show full text]