Appendix: The Canberra Draft and Later Revisions
Deletions from the original draft are shown in er!lstlre t)pe and the subsequent revisions, insisted on by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are shown in italics. Minor changes to American spelling were also made and some letters capitalized.
DRAFf TREATY (For consideration by the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America)
The Parties to this Treaty, Reaffirming their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all Governments, and desiring to strengthen the fabric of peace in the Pacific Area, Noting that the United States already has arrangements pursuant to which its armed forces are stationed in the Philippines, and has armed forces and administrative responsibilities in the Ryukyus, and upon the coming into force of the Japanese Peace Treaty may also station armed forced in and about Japan to assist in the preservation of peace and security in the Japan area, Recognizing that Australia and New Zealand as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations have military obligations outside as well as within the Pacific Area, Desiring to declare publicly and formally their sense of unity, so that no potential aggressor could be under the illusion that any of them stand alone in the Pacific Area, and Desiring further to coordinate their efforts for collective defence for the preservation of peace and security pending the development of a more com• prehensive system of regional security in the Pacific Area, Therefore declare and agree as follows:
ARTICLE I
The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
406 Appendix 407
ARTICLE II
In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty the Par• ties separately and jointly by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.
ARTICLE III
The Parties will consult together whenever in the opinion of any of them the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened in the Pacific.
ARTICLE IV
Each Party recognises that an armed attack in the Pacific area on any of the Parties would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its consti• tutional processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.
ARTICLE V
For the purpose of Article IV, an armed attack on any of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack on the metropolitan territory of any of the Parties, or on the island territories under its jurisdiction in the Pacific or on its armed forces, public vessels or aircraft in the Pacific.
ARTICLE VI
This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as affecting any way the rights and obligations of the parties under the Charter of the United Nations or the responsibility of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security.
ARTICLE VII
The Parties hereby establish a Council on ~">hieh eaeh of thern shall be represented consisting of their Foreign Ministers or their Deputies, to con• sider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty. The Council shall be so organised as to be able to meet ptont!'tl) at an) tinte and ntlt) set ttl' stteh sttbsidiat) bodies as mit) be neeess!lr) to 11eeomplish its l'ttrl'oses at any time. 408 Appendix
ARTICLE VIII
The P!IIties reeognise th!lt this Tre!lt) m!l) be ntore effeeti vel) intl'lemented in !lssoei!ltion ~ ith other St!ltes !lnd grotti'S of St!ltes not l'!lrties to this Treaty. Pending the development of a more comprehensive system of regional security in the Pacific Area and the development by the United Nations of more effective means to maintain international peace and security, [t]he Council, established by Article VII, sh!!ll therefore is authorised to maintain the elos est I'Ossible rel!ltious 11 ith !lnd eonsttlt ~ ith other St!ltes a consultative re• lationship with States, Regional Organizations, Associations of States or other authorities in the Pacific Area in a position to further the purposes of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of that Area. The Cottneil sh!!ll !!lso eo ordin!lte its l'l!lnning so f!lr !IS I'Ossible with th!lt of other region!! I org!ln iS!Itions !lnd !lssoei!ltions of St!ltes of ~hieh one or ntore of the P!lrties !Ire mernbers.
ARTICLE IX
This treaty shall be ratified by the Parties in accordance with their re• spective constitutional processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited as soon as possible with the Government of Australia, which will notify each of the other signatories of such deposit. The Treaty shall enter into force as soon as the ratifications of the signatories have been deposited.
ARTICLE X
This Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely. Any Party may cease to be a member of the Council established by Article VII one year after notice has been given to the Government of Australia, which will inform the Govern• ments of the other Parties of the deposit of such notice.
ARTICLE XI
This Treaty in the English language shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of Australia. Duly certified copies thereof will be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of each of the other signatories. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty. DONE at this __ day of ___ 1951. CANBERRA, 17 February, 1951. Filed with memo. by Ralph Harry, 15 Feb. 1951 in AA: CRS Al838 25017/10 List of Abbreviations and Location of Primary Sources
AA Australian Archives, Canberra CRS Commonwealth Record Series A 462 Prime Ministers department A 621 Southeast Asia A 816 Department of Defence correspondence A 1838 Department of External Affairs correspondence AA 1971 Council of Defence minutes A 2031 Defence Committee minutes A 3094 Pacific Pact A 4311 Canberra Conference A 4638 Cabinet A 4940 Cabinet Agenda A 5954 Shedden defence papers A 5460 Pacific Pact A 5461 Anzus ABC American-British-Canadian meetings AJHR Appendix to the Journals of the [New Zealand] House of Rep• resentatives BDEE British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, The Labour Government and the end of the Empire 1945-51 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1992) ccs Combined Chiefs of Staff [United States and British] Washington CIGS Chief of the [British] Imperial General Staff cos Chiefs of Staff CPD [Australian] Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates DNZER Documents on New Zealand External Relations, 3 vols (Wel• lington: Government Printer, 1972, 1982, 1985) DO British Cabinet Defence Committee papers (see PRO for cor• respondence of the Commonwealth Relations Office DO series) EA [New Zealand] Department of External Affairs and Prime Min• ister's Department records FMM [Commonwealth] Foreign Ministers' Meetings FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, various dates) HJCOS The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: the Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 4 vols (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1979, 1980) JCOSA Joint Chiefs of Staff Australia organization JCS [United States] Joint Chiefs of Staff JFDOHC John Foster Dulles Oral History Collection, Seely G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University Library 409 410 Abbreviations
JPS [United States] Joint Planning Staff JPWC [United States] Joint Post-War Committee JSO [New Zealand] Joint Services Organization files, Defence Head• quarters, Wellington JSPC [United States] Joint Strategic Planning Committee JSPG [United States] Joint Strategic Planning Group JSSC [United States] Joint Strategic Surveys Committee MELF [British] Middle East Land Forces NZMoFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Library, Wellington NZNA New Zealand National Archives, Wellington NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates NSC [United States] National Security Council P&O [United States War Department] Plans and Operations records PM Prime Minister PMM [Commonwealth] Prime Ministers' Meetings PPS Policy Planning Staff, State Department, Washington PRO [British] Public Record Office, Kew, London CAB 21 Cabinet registered files CAB 65 Cabinet conclusions CAB 128 Cabinet conclusions CAB 129 Cabinet memoranda CAB 131 Defence Committee CAB 133 Commonwealth and International Conferences CAB 134 Cabinet Committees DEFE 4 Chiefs of Staff Committee minutes DEFE 5 Chiefs of Staff Committee memoranda DEFE 6 Reports of the Joint Planning Staff DEFE 7 Defence registered files, general DO 35 Commonwealth Relations Office correspondence FO 371 Foreign Office, general correspondence, political WO 216 Chief of the Imperial General Staff papers SANACC [United States] State-Army-Navy-Air Force Co-ordinating Com• mittee SSCR [British] Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations SSDA [British] Secretary of State for Dominion's Affairs SWNCC [United States] State-War-Navy Co-ordinating Committee UKHC United Kingdom High Commissioner UKSLS United Kingdom Services Liaison Staff USNA United States National Archives, Washington, DC RG Record Group RG 59 Department of State decimal files RG 218 Combined Chiefs of Staff and Joint Chiefs of Staff records; papers of the JCS Chairmen RG 319 War Department records Notes
PROLOGUE
I. F.L.W. Wood, 'The Anzac Dilemma', International Affairs, 1953 29(2): 184-192. See also R. Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War I945-I95I (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985).
INTRODUCTION
1. Memo. on Australia-New Zealand co-operation, 10 Dec 1943 in I. McGibbon (Ed.), Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl Berendsen and Alister Mcintosh I943-I952 (Auckland: University Press, 1993), p. 47. 2. See J. Thorn, Peter Fraser, New Zealand's Wartime Prime Minister (London: Odhams, 1952). 3. Memo. by A.M. Lee, 8 June 1948. USNA, RG59: 747H. 00/6-848. 4. C. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences of an Ambassador' (unpublished type• script, Victoria University, and NZMoFAT Wellington), vol. 3, 12/05 (signifying chapter and page). 5. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences', vol. 4, 4/01-02. 6. Ibid., 4/04. 7. A.W. Snelling to F.E. Cumming-Bruce, 13 May 1949. PRO: DO 35/ 2798. 8. NZPD, 1950, vol. 292, p. 3956. 9. B. Gustafson, The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand Na• tional Party (Wellington: Reed Methuen, 1986), pp. 39-41. 10. Memo. by Lee, 8 June 1948. USNA: RG59, 747H.00/6-848. 11. Mcintosh to Berendsen, 6 Mar 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER6/ 50/007; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 216. 12. USNA: RG59, 744.13/1-315!. 13. Perkins to Sec. of State 17 Oct. 1950. Doidge biography, 17 Oct. 1950. USNA: RG59, Box 568,744.13/10-1750. Mcintosh to Berendsen, I Feb. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER6/50/004; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 203. 14. Curriculum vitae in Mcintosh MSS, NZMoFAT; Holland visit briefing papers. USNA: RG459 744.13/1-1351. 15. For his background see 'Reminiscences', vols I and 2. 16. A. Trotter, 'New Zealand in World Affairs: Sir Carl Berendsen in Wash- ington, 1949-1952', International History Review, 1990 12(3): 471. 17. Ibid., p. 469. 18. Ibid., p. 474. 19. Mcintosh to Stevens, 21 Feb. 1948. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, STE2/ 48/098. 411 412 Notes
20. Laking (1985) quoted by Trotter, Ibid., p. 475. 21. A.M. Lee, memo. 8 June 1948. USNA RG59: 747H.00/6-848. 22. Berendscn, 'Reminiscences', vol. 3, p. 109. For Laking's and Corner's careers see M. Templeton (Ed.) An Eye, An Ear and A Voice: 50 Years in New Zealand's External Relations (Wellington: MoFAT, Manatu Aorere, 1993), pp. 29, 65-126. 23. A. Mcintosh et a!., New Zealand in World Affairs, vol. I (Wellington: New Zealand Institute, International Affairs, 1977), p. 30. 24. W.D. Mcintyre, New Zealand Prepares for War: Defence Policy 1919- 1939 (Christchurch: University of Canterbury Press, 1988) pp. 131-3, 178-9, 187-8. 25. Fraser to Minister of Defence, 6 Aug. 1946. NZNA: N2, N022/4/32. 26. J.K. Hunn, Not Only Affairs of State (Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, 1982), p. 116. 27. Mcintosh, 'Origin's of the Department of External Affairs and the For• mulation of an Independent Foreign Policy', in New Zealand in World Affairs, vo!. I (Wellington: NZIIA, 1977), p. 30; Templeton, An Eye, An Ear and A Voice, pp. 33, 35-38. 28. Slim to Alexander of Hillsborough, 21 Nov. 1950; Slim to Stewart, 21 Nov. 1950. PRO: WO 216/720. 29. There had been an earlier Department of External Affairs between 1908 and 1916, but it did not handle diplomatic matters. The External Af• fairs Branch of the Prime Minister's Department was formed in 1921. See A. Watt, 'The Australian Diplomatic Service 1935-I 965', in G. Greenwood and N. Harper, Australia in World Affairs 1961-1965 (Mel• bourne: Cheshire, 1968) and P.G. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplo• mats: The Making of Australian Foreign Policy 1901-1949 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1983). 30. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats, p. I40. 31. C. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences', vol. 4, I4/02-06. 32. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats, p. I 71. 33. Hasluck 'Australia and the formation of the United Nations' quoted in A. Watt, The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938-1965 (Cam• bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp. 78-9. 34. P. Hasluck, Diplomatic Witness: Australian Foreign Affairs 1941-1947 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1980), pp. 24-5. 35. Corner to Mcintosh and Wilson, 27 May I 946. Copy in NZNA: EA I PM 15 3/23/1 Part I. 36. P.G. Edwards, 'Evatt and the Americans', Historical Studies [Melbourne] 1979 18(73 ): 546-560. 37. Watt, Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy, p. 105. 38. See D. McLean, 'ANZUS origins: A Reassessment', Australian His- torical Studies, 1990 24(94): 64-82. 39. P. Spender, Politics and a Man (London: Collins, 1972), p. 71. 40. Ibid., p. 320. 41. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences', vol. 4, 15/08. 42. Berendsen to Mcintosh, 13 July 1951. NZMoFA~: Mcintosh MSS, BER6/5/047; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 268. 43. W.J. Hudson, Casey (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1986). Notes 413
44. Menzies to Harrison, I Nov. 1948. National Library of Australia: Menzies MSS, 4936 Ser. I, Box 14, Folder 19. 45. Jean Spender, Ambassador's Wife (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1968), p. 23. 46. Hudson, Casey, pp. 276-7. 4 7. K. Perkins, Menzies: Last of the Queen's Men (Adelaide: Rigby, 1968). 48. Interview with R.G. Harry, Canberra, 28 Oct. 1986. 49. Lac. cit. 50. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats, p. 106. 51. J.W. Burton, The Alternative: a dynamic approach to our relations with Asia (Sydney: Morgans Publications, 1954). 52. P. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy: the ANZUS Treaty and the Co• lombo Plan (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1969), pp. 30-32. 53. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats, p. 179. 54. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences', vol. 4, 14/08. See also A. Renouf, The Champagne Trail: Experiences of a Diplomat (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1980), pp. 11-12. 55. A. Watt, Australian Diplomat: Memoirs of Sir Alan Watt (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1972), p. 92. 56. Edwards, Prime Ministers and Diplomats, p. 182. 57. Burton, The Alternative, p. 90. 58. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, p. 28. 59. Watt, Australian Diplomat, pp. 162-3. 60. Ibid., p. 190. See also P. Edwards, Crises and Commitments: the Poli• tics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Con• flicts 1948-1965 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992), pp. 53-6. 61. Statement by Australian Prime Minister, 23 Mar. 1945 encl. in Shanahan to COS, 13 Sep. 1945. NZNA: N2, N022/4/32; Australian Higher De• fence Machinery Appdx X to memo. on Strategic Planning, 14 June 1949 encl. in Shedden to Prime Minister, 24 June 1949. AA: CRS A5954 Box 1628. 62. K. Harris, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), pp. 403-4, 408. 63. B. Donoughue and G.W. Jones, Herbert Morrison, Portrait of a Poli• tician (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), p. 176. 64. Harris, Attlee, pp. 264-5. 65. A. Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. I, Trade Union Leader 1881-1940 (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 55. 66. Ibid., vol. III, Foreign Secretary 1945-1951, p. 56. 67. Harris, Attlee, p. 268. 68. Ibid., pp. 247-248. 69. Ibid., p. 362. 70. H. Dalton, High Tide and After: Memoirs 1945-1960 (London: Muller, 1962), p. I 05. 71. See W.L. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 33. 72. Mtg of Cttee Gen. 75, 25 Oct. 1946, quoted in P. Hennessy, Never Again: Britain 1945-51 (London: Cape, 1992), p. 268. 414 Notes
73. See Attlee's exchange with the Cabinet Secretary. A Farrar-Hockley, Official History: The British Part in the Korean War, vol. I, A Distant Obligation (London: HMSO, 1990), p. 33. 74. Harris, Attlee, p. 463. 75. Ibid., p. 472. 76. See below p. 330. 77. First mentioned in a letter to President Truman on 12 May 1945. M. Gilbert, Winston Churchill, vol. 8, Never Despair 1945-f55 (London: Heinemann, 1988), p. 7. 78. Ibid., pp. 321, 355. 79. Ibid., p. 1123. 80. R.R. James, Anthony Eden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986), pp. 3-14. 81. Ibid., p. 157. 82. Foreign Office List and R. Buckley, 'Working with MacArthur: Sir Alvary Gascoigne, UKLIM and British Policy towards Occupied Japan, 1945-52', in I. Nish (ed.), Aspects of the Allied Occupation of Japan (London: Lon• don School of Economics, 1986), pp. I-ll; R. Buckley, 'In Proper Per• spective: Sir Esler Dening (1897-1972) and Anglo-Japanese Relations 1951-57', in H. Mortazzi and G. Daniels (eds) Britain and Japan 1859-1991 (Lon• don: Routledge, 1991), pp. 271-6; Australian War Memorial, Biographical file AWM 43, A207; and Commonwealth Relations Office List. 83. Harris, Attlee, p. 125. 84. For the Post-War Def. Cttee see PRO: CAB 134/656; for a History of the Joint Planning Staff, see Confid 49/475, 15 Dec. 1949. PRO: DO 35/2279; a brief survey in M. Howard, The Central Organization of Defence (London: Royal United Service Institution, 1970), pp. 1-8 and W. Jackson and E. Bramall, The Chiefs: The Story of the United King• dom Chiefs of Staff (London: Brassey's, 1992), pp. 268-9. 85. COS (47) 1st mtg, I Jan. 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/1. 86. JP (49) 36 (0), T. of R., 7 Apr. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/8. 87. See The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman (ed. R.H. Ferrell) (Boul• der: Colorado Associated University Press, 1980), H.S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. I, Years of Decision, vol. II, Years of Trial and Hope 1946-1953 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955, 1956); D.R. McCoy, The Presidency of Harry S. Truman (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984), and D. McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992). 88. Truman, Memoirs, I, p. 118. 89. McCullough, Truman, p. 434. 90. Berendsen, 'Reminiscences', 5, 3113. 91. S.E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 544. 92. McCullough, Truman, pp. 430, 584; Ambrose, Eisenhower, p. 228. 93. Ibid., p. 28. 94. Ibid., p. 537. 95. D.G. Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Depart• ment (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969), p. 16. 96. D.S. McLellan, Dean Acheson: the State Department Years (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1976), pp. 225, 142. Notes 415
97. F.C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Statesman i945-1959 (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 147-8. 98. See W.J. Cohen, Dean Rusk (Totowa, NJ: Cooper Square Publishers, 1980); D. Rusk, As i Saw it (New York: Norton; 1990), ch. 9. 99. Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 431-2. 100. J.M. Allison, Ambassador from the Prairie: Or Allison Wonderland (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973). 101. See the Foreign Service List and The Department of State Classified Directory, 1950-51. 102. G.F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925-1950 (London: Hutchinson, 1968); W.L. Hixson, George Kennan: Cold War iconoclast (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989). 103. Truman, Memoirs, II, pp. 51-9. 104. See J.F. Schnabel, HJCOS, vol. 1, 1945-i947. See also Jackson and Bramall, The Chiefs, pp. 222-4. I 05. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 243. 106. K.W. Condit, HJCOS, vol. 2, 1947-1949, pp. 3-4. I 07. See especially R. W. Pruessen, John Foster Dulles: The R(Jad to Power (New York: Free Press, 1982) and R. Gould-Adams, John Foster Dulles: A Re-appraisal (New York: Appelton Century Crofts, 1962), pp. 3-52; T. Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (London: Deutsch, 1979), pp. 3-88; J.R. Beal, John Foster Dulles i888-i959 (New York: Harper and Broadbent, 1957), pp. 1-114. I 08. Hoopes, pp. 85-8, Pruessen, pp. 435-6. I 09. JFDOHC, Interview with W.W. Butterworth, 8 Sep. 1965. II 0. Ibid., Interview with Rusk, 9 Jan. 1965. Ill. Ibid., Interview with Eisenhower, 28 July 1964. 112. Ibid., Interview with Kennan, 3 Mar. 1967. For more favourable ap• praisals of Dulles see R.H. Immerman (ed.), John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). 113. For a succinct summary see P. Dukes, The Last Great Game: USA versus USSR, Events, Conjunctures, Structures (London: Pinter, 1989), pp. 13-16; and M.L. Dockrill, The Cold War i945-63 (Atlantic Heights, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1988). See also J.L. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War i94i-i947 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1952); G. Warner, 'The Study of the Origins of the Cold War', in D. Armstrong and E. Goldstein, The End of the Cold War (London: Cass, 1990), pp. 13-37. For de• tailed accounts see H. Thomas, Armed Truce: the Beginning of the Cold War 1945-1946 (New York: Atheneum, 1987) and M.P. Leffler, A Pre• ponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1992). 114. V. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War i941-1947 (London: Cape, 1982); Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance; A. Deighton, The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) and Deighton (ed.), Britain and the First Cold War (London: Macmillan, 1990). 115. Kennan, Memoirs, I, 547-59. 416 Notes
116. A.M. Schlesinger (ed.), The Dynamics of World Power: A Documen• tary History of United States Foreign Policy 1945-1973 (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 210-17. 117. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, p. 247; J. Zametica, 'Three Let• ters to Bevin: Frank Roberts at the Moscow Embassy, 1945-46', in J. Zametica (ed.) British Officials and British Foreign Policy 1945-50 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990), p. 71. 118. Ibid., p. 66. 119. Ibid., pp. 71-7. 120. D.H. Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), p. 281. 121. Schlesinger, Dynamics of World Power, 2, pp. 309-13. 122. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 357.
CHAPTER 1: AMERICAN POST-WAR BASES IN THE PACIFIC
I. JCS-183, 1 Jan. 1943. USNA, JCS Files 1942-45. R.G. 218, CCS 360 (12-9-42) Sect. l. 2. Ibid., Sect. 2. 3. Ibid., JCS mtg 15 Nov. 1943. 4. Hickerson to Grew, 10 Feb. 1945. USNA: RG 59, 811. 24500/2- 1045. 5. B.K. MacDonald, Cinderellas of Empire: Towards a History of Kiribati and Tuvalu (Canberra: ANU Press 1982), pp. 153-6. 6. Halifax to Eden, 2 July 1945. PRO: FO 371/44633. 7. Leahy to Sec. of State, II Mar. 1944. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-42) Sect. 18. 8. JCS-944, 12 Aug. 1944. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-45) Sect. 4. 9. See Mcintyre, New Zealand Prepares for War, pp. 195-200. 10. JCS-570/9, 16 Jan. 1945; Memo. for Sec. of State, 9 Mar. 1945. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-45) Sect. 4. II. Ibid., Sect. 5. JCS-570115, 10 May 1945. 12. Ibid., Sect. 6. 13. American News Summary, 10 Feb. 1945. PRO: FO 371144623. 14. Ibid., Halifax to Eden, 2 July 1945. 15. Ibid., Notes by N. Butler, 26 Aug. 1945 and Sir Alexander Cadogan, 27 Aug. 1945 on mins of mtg 23 Aug. 1945. 16. Cttee Report enclosed in Balfour to Bevin, 31 Aug. 1945. PRO: FO 371/46410. 17. JWPC-36115, 4 Sep. 1945. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-45) Sect. 8. For wider service discussions on the lists see J.F. Schnabel, HJCOS, vol. I, /945- 1947, pp. 301-20. 18. Brit. Embassy Washington to FO (450), II Sep. 1945. PRO: FO 3711 46410. 19. SWNCC-38120, 9 Oct. 1945. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-45) Sect. 9 and JCS-570/46, 20 Dec. 1945. Ibid Sect. 12. 20. Drew Pearson column, 15 Oct. 1945 encl. in Halifax to FO (511 ), 22 Oct. 1945. PRO: FO 371/46410. 21. Aide Memoire, 6 Nov. 1945. FRUS, 1945, VI, p. 206. Notes 417
22. Ibid., p. 214. Memo of Conversation, 19 Nov. 1945. 23. SSDA to PM Aust. (2230), 14 Dec. 1945. AA: A 5954, Box 1818. 24. Ibid., PM NZ to PM Aust (219), 17 Dec. 1945. 25. Report by Australian Def. Cttee, 24 Dec 1945. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 16. 26. External to SSDA (22), 12 Jan. 1946. AA: A 5954, Box 1818. 27. DO (46) 4, 12 Jan. 1946. PRO: CAB 13112. 28. SWNCC-249, 17 Jan. 1946; Informal Action, 18 Jan. 1946. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-45) Sect. 13. 29. Memo. for record, 7 Feb. 1946. USNA: War Dept. P and 0 381, TS Sect. I A Part. I . 30. UK Ambass, Washington to FO (834), 7 Feb. 1946. PRO: FO 371/ 57227. 31. Note of meeting in SSDA's room, 22 Jan. 1946. PMM (46)3. PRO: CAB 133/86. 32. Mtg at No. 10 Downing St., 28 Jan 1946. AA: A 5954, Box 1818. 33. Ibid., Beasley to Evatt (946), 9 Feb. 1946; Fraser to Evatt I 0 Feb. 1946. 34. Ibid., External Affairs Officer, London, to External ( 131 ), I Mar. 1946. 35. Ibid., External to Australian Res. Min. (25), 18 Feb. 1946. 36. Ibid., Beasley to External (1144), 19 Feb. 1946. 37. Memo of Conversation, 20 Feb. 1946. FRUS, 1946, V, pp. 3-6; Halifax to FO (1248), 26 Feb. 1946. PRO: FO 371157227. 38. FRUS, 1946, V, p. 13. 39. Australian Legation, Washington, to External (273), 19 Mar. 1946. AA: A5954, Box 1818. 40. Ibid., Council of Defence, 9 Apr. 1946; US Charge Canberra to Sec. of State 9 Apr. 1946. FRUS 1946 V. I. 27. 41. Ibid., p. 27. US Charge Canberra to Sec. of State, 13 Apr. 1946; SWNCC- 292/D 17 Apr. 1946. USNA: SWNCC-292 Series 323-3. 42. See R.J. Bell, Unequal Allies: Australian-American Relations and the Pacific War (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1977), pp. 159- 72; J.D. Dedman, 'Encounter over Manus', Australian Outlook 1966 20 (2): 135-53. 43. USNA: SWNCC-292, 20 Apr. 1946. Series, 323.3. Bases, Pacific. 44. DO ( 46), 16 Apr. I 946. PRO: CAB I 31/2; DO ( 46) 13th mtg, 17 Apr. 1946 CAB I 31/1. 45. PMM (46) 1st mtg, 23 Apr. 1946. PRO: CAB 133/86. 46. Ibid., 3rd mtg, 24 Apr. 1946. 47. Ibid., 5th mtg, 26 Apr. 1946. 48. Acheson to US Ambassador, London. 27 Apr. 1946, FRUS, 1946, V, p. 34. 49. SSFA to PM, 2 May 1946. PMM (46) 27, 4 May 1946. PRO: CAB 133/86. 50. CM (46) 41st conclusion, 3 May 1946. PRO: CAB 128/5 p. 185. 51. PMM ( 46), 12th mtg, 6 May 1946. PRO: CAB 133/86. 52. Evatt to Chiftey (758), 12 June 1946. AA: A 5954, Box 1818. 53. Ibid., Evatt to Chiftey (825), 21 June 1946 and (829), 22 June 1946. 54. Ibid., Australian Legation, Washington, to External (887), 1 July 1946. 418 Notes
55. Memo of CNO, 15 Oct. 1946 in JCS-1619/16, 16 Oct. 1946. USNA: CCS 360 (12-6-42) Sect. 28. 56. Ibid., Sect. 29. SWNCC-59/9, 4 Dec. 1946. 57. Schnabel, HJCOS, I, pp. 321-40. 58. UK COS (47) 68 (0), 27 Mar. 1947. PRO: DEFE 5/3. 59. JPS-684/31, 24 June 1947. USNA: CCS 360 (12-9-42) Sect. 29. 60. Aust. Consul-Gen. NY, to External (E.Il2), 19 Nov. 1947. AA: A 1838, 381/3/3/2. 61. Def. Cttee, 20 May 1948. AA: CRS A5954, Box 1819. 62. Ibid., Sec. External to Sec. Defence, 24 Feb. 1949. 63. JSPC-684/52, 23 Nov. 1949. USNA: CCS 360 ( 12-9-42) Sect. 36. 64. PPS/56, 4 Aug. 1949. FRUS. 1949, I. p. 368. 65. Min. by Shedden 2 May 1950. AA: CRS A5954, Box 1819. 66. JCS-570/132, 6 June 1950. USNA: CCS 360 ( 12-9-42) Sect. 42; AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1819.
PART II: STRATEGY
I. Corner to Mcintosh and Wilson, 27 May 1946. NZNA: EAI, PM 153/23/ I Pt. I. 2. For example, in the fullest account of Anzus until the opening of the archives, J.G. Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1965). The first to give due weight to the strategic back• ground was P. Dorling, The Origins of the An.;:us Treaty: A Reconsidera• tion (Bedford Park, SA: Flinders Politics Monograph, 1989), ch. 2.
CHAPTER 2: AMERICAN POST-WAR GLOBAL STRATEGIC PLANNING
I. JCS-1295/1, 12 May 1945. USNA: JCS files 1942-45: RG 218 CCS 381 (5-13-45) Sect. I. Strategic planning is surveyed in J .F. Schanbel, HJCOS, vol. I, 1945-1947 (1979), ch. 4; K.W. Condit, vol.ll, 1947-1949 (1979), ch. 9; W.S. Poole, vol. IV, /950-1952 (1980), ch. 7. For the Joint Post• War Committee, see SWNCC-235/2, 9 Feb. 1946. USNA RG 319, P & 0, 3348. 2. JPS-633/4, 18 July 1945. USNA: CCS 381 (5-13-45) Sect. I. (Except where otherwise stated all files cited in this chapter are in USNA.) 3. Ibid., JWPC-394/1/M, 13 Aug. 1945 and JPS 215th mtg, 22 Aug. 1945. 4. Ibid., JPS-744, 27 Aug. 1945. 5. JCS-1518/1, I Oct. 1945 and CSA memo. 9 Oct. 1945. CCS 381 (5-13-45) Sect. 2. 6. JPS-789, 2 Mar. 1946. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-4) Sect. I. 7. Ibid., JPS-789, 2 Mar. 1946. 8. Ibid., JPS 240th mtg, 6 Mar. 1946. 9. JPS 252nd mtg, 18 June 1946. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 2. I 0. Memo. for JWPC, 22 Aug. 1946. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 3. II. JIC-250111/M, 19 July 1946. CCS 092 USSR (3-27-45) Sect. 9. Notes 419
12. Ibid., JIS-257, 22 July 1946. 13. Ibid., JCS-1696, 25 July 1946. 14. JWPC-45711, 2 Nov. 1946. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 3 (Pt.l). See also JIS-26711/F, 7 Nov. 1946 in Sect. 4. 15. JIS-207/3 13 Jan. 1947. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 4. 16. Ibid., JWPC-46411, 20 Dec. 1946. 17. JWPC-46511, 8 May 1947. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46). Sect. 5. 18. CCS-323.361 (2-26-45) Sect. 9. 19. JWPC-476/1, 16 June 1947. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 5. 20. JWPC-496, 16 July 1947. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 6. 21. JSPG-49611, 8 Nov. 1947. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 8. 22. JSPC, 20 Nov. 1947. ABC 381 USSR (2 Mar. 46) Sect. 6. 23. Joint Ops Plan, 30 Sept. 1947. ABC 381 US-UK (30 Sept. 1947). 24. JSPG-496/4, II Feb. 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. I 0. 25. JCS-1844/4, 13 Mar. 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 12. 26. Memo. for record, 5 Apr. 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 13. 27. Ibid., JCS-1844/2, 6 Apr. 1948. 28. Ibid., JCS-1844/3, 27 Apr. 1948. 29. Report of JSSC on Planners' Conferences, 29 May 1948. CCS 092 Western Europe (3-12-48) Sect. 2. 30. Notes of ABC mtg, 14 Apr. 1948 and 20 Apr. 1948 (Army Dept. record). P & 0 381, TS Sect. 8a, Case 121. RG 319 Box 112. 3 I. Report of J SSC, 29 May 1948. CCS 092 Western Europe (3-12-48) Sect. 2. 32. JSPC-877/2, 22 Apr. 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 13. 33. Condit, HJCOS, II, p. 288. 34. JCS-1844/4, 6 May 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 13. 35. JCS-1844/8, 8 June 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-12-46) Sect. 16. 36. JSPC-877111. 27 July 1948. CCS 092 Western Europe (3-12-48) Sect. 5. 37. JSPG-499, 20 Nov. 1947. CCS 452 US (8-1-47) Sect. I. 38. JSPG-500/2, 8 Mar. 1948. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. II. 39. JP(48) 106(S) 28 Sep. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/6; COS (48) !60th mtg, 10 Nov. 1948. DEFE 4117; JP (48) 109 (Final), 3 Dec. 1948 DEFE 617. 40. JSPC-877/30, II Nov. 1948. P & 0 381, TS Sect. 8a, Case 121, RG 319 Box 112. 41. JCS-192011, 6 May 1949. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 28. 42. PPS-38/NSC 2011, 18 Aug. 1948 in JCS-190311 27 Aug. 1948. CCS 381 (5-13-45) Sect. 3. 43. JCS-1920/2, 7 Mar. 49, 1920/3, 18 Mar. 1949, and 1920/4, 4 Apr. 1949. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 30. 44. JCS-1920/5, 19 Dec. 1949. CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) BP Part 3. 45. JCS-1844/37, 27 Apr. 1949. CCS 381 (3-2-46) Sect. 31. 46. US/UK COS 2nd mtg, 3 Aug. 1940. CCS 337 (7-22-48) Sect. I. 47. ABCI. 8, 18 Sept. 1949. CCS 337 (8-16-48) Sect. I. 48. Ibid., ABC I. 14/2, 26 Sept. 1949. 49. Ibid., ABCI.14, 20 Sep. 1949. 50. JP (49) 133 (Final), 14 Oct. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6111. 51. Ibid., JP (49) 133 (Final), 14 Oct. 1949. 52. Report by JSPC: CFP 2/5, 27 Oct. 1949. USNA: CCS 337 (8-16-49) Sect. 2. The actual papers were withheld from the files in 1986, but 420 Notes
their import is here constructed from the agenda and drafts in the files. 53. Mins of mtg between JCS and Tedder, 5 Oct. 1949. CCS 337 (7-22-48) Sect. I. 54. FRUS, 1950, I, p. 236. 55. Hixson, George Kennan Cold War Iconoclast, p. 94. 56. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 374. 57. FRUS, 1950, I, pp. 235-92. For a critical analysis see Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, pp. 89- 126 and S.L. Rearden, 'Frustrating the Kremlin Design: Acheson and NSC 68', in D. Brinkley (ed.), Dean Acheson and the Making of US Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martins Press, 1993) pp. 159-75. 58. PM-1095, 7 June 1950. USNA: CCS 381 (1-26-50) Sect. I. 59. JSPC-877/118, 20 June 1950. CCS 381 (1-26-50) Sect. 2. 60. Brief of salient points for US-British COS mtg, 23 Oct. 1950. CCS 337 (7-22-48) Sect. 2. 61. W.S. Poole, HJCOS, 4, 1950-52, p. 176.
CHAPTER 3: BRITISH POST-WAR GLOBAL STRATEGIC PLANNING
I. PMM (44) 9th mtg, 9 May 1944, p. 5; PMM (44) 12th mtg, II May 1944, Appdx II, pp. 10-12, PRO: CAB 99/28. 2. Ibid., PMM (44) 14th mtg, 15 May 1944, pp. 4-5, Annex I, pp. 7-11. 3. Ibid .. PMM (44) 7th mtg, 5 May 1944, p. 7. 4. BCM (45) 7th mtg, 10 Apr. 1945, p. 7. PRO: CAB 99/30. 5. WM (45) 39th conclusion, 3 Apr. 1945. PRO: CAB 65/52. 6. DO (46) 3rd mtg, 21 Jan. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/1. 7. PWD (46) 2nd mtg, 18 Feb. 1946. PRO: CAB 134/656. 8. DO (46) lOth mtg, 5 Apr. 1946, discussing, DO (46) 47. PRO: CAB 131/l. 9. DO (46) 46, 30 Mar. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/2. 10. Ibid., DO (46) 51, 10 Apr. 1946. II. PMM ( 46) I, 20 Apr. 1946. PRO: CAB 133/86. 12. Ibid., PMM (46) I st mtg, 23 Apr. 1946. 13. Ibid., PMM (46) 18th mtg, 22 May 1946. 14. Cmd 6923 'Central Organization for Defence', p. II, in CAB 134/656. 15. DO (46) 102, 10 Aug. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/1. 16. Corner to Mcintosh and Wilson, 27 May 1946. NZNA: EA l, PM 153/23/1 Part I. 17. Ibid. 18. Def. Cttee, 19 Dec. 1946, 513/1946. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 21. 19. Hennessy, Never Again, pp. 262, 271. 20. N. Hamilton, Monty: The Field Marshal 1944-77 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986), pp. 672, 676. 21. DO (47) 44/COS (47) 102 (0), text in Appendix 7 of J. Lewis, Changing Direction: British Military Planning for Post-war Strategic Defence, 1942- 1947 (London: Sherwood Press, 1986), pp. 370-85. 22. COS (47) 35th mtg, 5 Mar. 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/2. 23. DO (47) 23, 7 Mar. 1947. PRO: CAB 131/4. Notes 421
24. Note in Brig. Dove for Gen. Lincoln; notes of conversation between Jebb, Dove and Lincoln, 9 July 1946. USNA: P&O 381 TS, Sect. 16. RG 319, Box 116. 25. Ibid., Gen. Lincoln memos for record, 15 Aug., 16 Aug. 1946 and LN for COS, I 0 Sep. 1946. 26. J. Bayliss, Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-1980: The Special Relationship (London: Macmillan, 1981 ), p. 29; The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The Chief of Staff, ed. Louis Galambos (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978), VII, pp. 979-98; VIII, pp. 1149-150; B. Montgomery. The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (London: Collins, 1958), pp. 440-43; Hamilton. Monty: 1944-1977. pp. 654-9. 27. COS (47) 70th mtg, 4 June 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/4. 28. COS (47) 142 (0), 9 July 1947. PRO: DEFE 5/5. 29. D.R. Devereaux, The Formulation of British Defence Policy towards the Middle East 1948-56 (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 12-73. 30. COS (47) !44th mtg, 21 Nov. 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/8. 31. Gen. Sir William Morgan at COS (47) 153rd mtg, 10 Dec. 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/9. 32. JP (48) 4 (Final), 6 Jan. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/5. 33. COS (48) !60th mtg. 10 Nov. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4117. 34. COS ( 48) 18th mtg, 4 Feb. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/10. 35. COS (48) 34th mtg, 9 Mar. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/11. 36. Ibid., COS (48) 37th mtg, 15 Mar. 1948. 37. Ibid., COS (48) 39th mtg, 17 Mar. 1948. 38. Ibid., COS (48) 41st mtg, 18 Mar. 1948. 39. Devereaux, British Defence Policy Towards the Middle East, pp. 81-6. 40. DO (46) 25th mtg, 19 Sept. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/1. 41. Australian Def. Cttee Min, I Apr. 1947. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 22. 42. COS (47) 103rd mtg, 13 Aug. 1947. DEFE 4/6; Attlee to Chifley, 17 Aug. 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 43. Chifley to Attlee, 16 Sep. 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 44. JP (47) 93 (2nd rev. Final), 16 Oct. 1947. PRO: DEFE 6/3. 45. JP (48) 3 (0) (T. of R.), 2 Jan. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/5. 46. COS ( 48) 45th mtg, 28 Mar. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/11. 47. DO (48) 16th mtg, 13 Aug. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/5. 48. COS (48) !16th mtg, 20 Aug. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4115. 49. CRO to UKHC Canberra (571), 24 Sep. 1948, and UK Acting HC Canberra to CRO (629), 28 Sep. 1948 in DO (48) 70, 7 Oct. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/6. 50. DO (48), 21st mtg, 3 Nov. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/5. 51. COS (48) !24th mtg, 8 Sep. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/16; JP (48) 70 (Final), II Sep. 1948. DEFE 6/6. 52. DO (48) 61, 14 Sep. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/6. 53. COS (48) !58th mtg, 8 Nov. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/17. 54. Ibid., COS (48), !60th mtg, 10 Nov. 1948. 55. COS comments encl. in Attlee to Chifley, 29 Dec. 1948. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1627. 56. DO (48) 22nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/5. 57. UKSLS (Aus) to Min. Def., 3 Feb. 1949. PRO: DO 35/2271; JP (49) 20 (s) T. of R., 2 Mar. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/8. 422 Notes
58. JP (48) 101 (Final Revise), 17 Mar. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/6. 59. JP (49) 40 (0) T. of R., 13 Apr. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/8. 60. JP (49) 53 (Final), 5 July 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/9. 61. JP (49) 159 (S) T. of R., 9 Dec. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/ll. 62. DO (49) 40, 30 May 1949. PRO: CAB 13117; DO (49) 15th mtg, I June 1949. CAB 131/8. 63. JP (49) 97 (Final), 14 Sep. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6110; Edwards, Crises and Commitments, pp. 58-60. 64. COS (50) 55th mtg, 3 Apr. 1950. PRO: DEFE 4/30; Acting UKHC Can• berra to PM, 21 Apr. 1950. AA: A5954, Box 2293. 65. Brief for the Sec. of State CRO, June 1950. PRO: DO 35/2341; CIGS to Min. Def., 22 June 1950. PRO: WO 216/600.
CHAPTER 4: WORLD WAR III IN THE MIDDLE EAST
l. JPS-789, 2 Mar. 1946. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. l. 2. DO (46) 47, 2 Apr. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/2; DO (46) lOth mtg, 5 Apr. 1946. CAB 131/l. 3. PMM (46) 1, 20 Apr. 1946. PRO: CAB 133/86. 4. DO ( 46) 67 (Revised), 25 Mar. 1946. PRO: CAB 131/2. 5. Ibid. 6. Louis, British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951, pp. 209-25. 7. Ibid., pp. 61-73; L.L. Fawcett, 'Invitation to the Cold War: British Policy in Iran, 1941-47', in Deighton, Britain and the First Cold War, pp. 184- 200. 8. JWPC-475/1, 2 Nov. 1946. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46), Sect. 3, Pt. l. 9. Ibid., CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 4. JIS-267/3, 13 Jan. 1947. 10. DO (47) 44/COS (47) 102 (0) text in Lewis, Changing Directions, pp. 370-85. ll. COS (47) 70th mtg, 4 June 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/4. 12. JWPC-496, 16 July 1947. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 6. 13. FRUS, 1947, V, p. 491. 14. Ibid., pp. 485-620. 15. Wedemeyer to Sec. of Army, 20 Nov. 1947; Leahy to Sec. of Def., 19 Nov. 1947; USNA: ABC 381 EM and ME (19 Nov. 1947). 16. JSPG-496/1, 8 Nov. 1947. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 8. 17. JSPG-49912, 3 Dec. 1947. USNA: ABC 381 USSR (2 Mar. 46) Sect. 6. 18. JSPG, 'Flame', 6 Jan. 1948. USNA: ABC 381 USSR (2 Mar. 1946) Sect. 8. 19. JSPG-496/4, 11 Feb. 1948. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. I 0. 20. JCS-1844/1, 13 Mar. 48. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 12. 21. JP (48) 4 (Final), 6 Jan. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/5. 22. Ibid., JP ( 48) 28 (Final), 17 Mar. 1948. 23. COS (48) 46th mtg, 31 Mar. 1948; 49th mtg, 8 Apr. 1948. DEFE 4112. 24. Condit, HJCOS, vol. 2, p. 280. 25. JCS-1844/4, 6 May 1948. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 13. 26. British Note on Future Planning. JSPC 87712, 22 Apr. 1948. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sect. 13. Notes 423
27. JP (48) 61 (S) (T. of R.), 20 May 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/6. 28. The plan, JP (48) 61 (Final), 12 Oct. 1948, was retained by the Ministry of Defence in 1980 and is reconstructed here from JP (48) I 06 (S) (T. of R.), 28 Sep. 1948 and JP (48) 106 (Final), 7 Oct. 1948. DEFE 6/6, and JP (48) 109 (Final), 3 Dec. 1948. DEFE 6/7, and the version given to the Americans, COS (48) 144 (0), 1 July 1948 in Coleridge to Glover 9 July 1948. USNA: P & 0 381 TS Sec. 89, Case 121. RG. 319, Box 112. 29. Draft critique, I July 1948. USNA: P&O 381 TS ( 1 Jul. 1948). RG 319, Box 110. 30. JSPC-883/1, 12 July 1948. USNA: P & 0 381 TS, Sect. 8a. Case 121. RG 319, Box 107. 31. Ibid., Brig. Gen. Timberman to Gen. Wedermeyer, 5 Aug. 58. 32. Ibid., Box 112. Note from Wedermeyer to Schuyler n.d.[Scp. ?] 1948. 33. Ibid., R/Adm. Glover to Adm. Broome, Gen. Shuyler and Gen. Ritchie, 3 Nov. 1948. 34. Ibid .. R/Adm. Glover to Adm. Broome and Gens. Schuyler and Ritchie, 3 Nov. 1948. 35. Ibid .. JSPC-877/30, II Nov. 1948. 36. Capt. W .G. Lalor to JSPC, 13 Oct. 1948. USNA: CCS 092 WE (3-2-48) Sect. 9. 37. COS (48) 79th mtg, 9 June 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/13. 38. COS (48) !60th mtg, 10 Nov. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/17. 39. JP (48) 109 (Final) 3 Dec. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/7. 40. Maj.-Gen. Ryman (COS MELF) to Slim, 27 May 1949. PRO: WO 216/ 312. 41. UK-US COS Discussions, London, 2nd mtg, 3 Aug. 1949. USNA: CCS 337 (7-22-48) Sect. I. 42. Gruenther to Lalor, 4 Aug. 1949. USNA: CCS 092 WE (3-2-48) Sect. 24. Pt. I. 43. JP (49) 85 (Final), 5 Sep. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/9. 44. JP (49) 126 (Final), 3 Nov. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/10. 45. COS (49) 17lst mtg, 16 Nov. 1949. PRO: DEFE 4/26. 46. JP (49) 134 (Final), I Mar. 1950. PRO: DEFE 6/11. 47. JP (49) 66 (Final), 7 July 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/9. 48. JP (49) 133 (Final), 14 Oct. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/11. 49. DO (49) 20th mtg, 15 Nov. 1949. PRO: CAB 131/8. 50. COS (51) 4th mtg, 5 Jan. 1951. PRO: DEFE 4/39. 51. JP (51) 82 (Final), May 1951; JP (51) 40 (Final) 4 June 1951. PRO: DEFE 4/43. 52. CW Air Force Conference, 4th mtg, II Dec. 1951. PRO: DEFE 7/34.
CHAPTER 5: AUSTRALIAN POST-WAR STRATEGIC PLANNING
l. DNZER, vol. I, The Australian-New Zealand Agreement, 1944, ed. by R. Kay (Wellington: Government Printer, 1972), pp. 141-2. 2. Watt, The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy, p. 55. 3. Annex I, PMM (44) 14th mtg, 15 May 1944. PRO: CAB 99/29. 424 Notes
4. R. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War 1950-53, vol. I, Strategy and Diplomacy (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1981), pp. 32-3. 5. Def. Cttee, 24 Dec. 1945. AA: CRS A2031, vol. 16. 6. See above pp. 80-1. 7. Def. Cttee, 2 Apr. 1946. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 17. 8. Gov.-Gen. statement, 6 Nov. 1946. AA: 1971/216. 9. Def. Cttee, 19 Nov. and 19 Dec. 1946. AA: CRS A2031. vol. 21. 10. Council of Def.. 6 Mar. 1947. AA: 1971/216. II. Ibid., Council of De f., 12 Mar. 194 7. 12. Def. Cttee, 24 June 1947. AA: CRS A2031, vol. 23. 13. Council of Def., Strategic Position of Australia. Review by COS Cttee, Sep. 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 14. Min. by Def. Cttee, I Apr. 1947. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 22. For diver• gent views of politicians, officials and chiefs of staff see Edwards, Cri• ses and Commitments, pp. 5-17. 15. Council of Def. conclusion, 20 Apr. 1948. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 16. Ibid., Boase to Shedden, 6 July 1948. 17. JP (48) 71 (Final), 3 July 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/6. 18. DO (48) 62, 14 Sep. 1948. PRO: CAB 131/6. 19. PMM (48) I, 23 Sep. 1948 and annex. PRO: CAB 133/88. 20. PMM (48) lith and 12th mtgs, 20 Oct. 1948. NZNA: EAI/PM 153/26/4 Part I. 21. Ibid., PM (48) 13th mtg, 21 Oct. 1948. 22. COS (48) !50th mtg, 22 Oct. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4117. 23. Def. Cttee, II Nov. 1948. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 24. Ibid., Box 1627. JPC 22 Nov. I 948. 25. Ibid., Box 1628. Joint Intel!. Cttee, 24 Nov. 1948 endorsed by JPC, 6 Dec. 1948. 26. Ibid., COS (49) 49, 9 Feb. 1949. 27. Ibid., Collins to Shedden, 22 Feb. 1949. 28. Ibid., Shedden to PM, 26 July 1949. 29. Ibid., Box 1627. Notes on discussions, Melbourne 22-26 Aug. 1949. 30. Record of mtg at Temple Trees, Colombo, 13 Jan. 1950. PRO: DO 35/ 2772. 31. See above p. 137. 32. Def. Cttee, 27 Apr. 1950. AA: A 5954, Box 2293. 33. Ibid., Draft Cab. Agendum, 28 Apr. 1950. 34. Ibid., Aide memoire, 3 May 1950. 35. Ibid., Shedden to Acting Min., 19 May 1950. 36. Ibid., Def. Secretariat to Sec., 26 May 1950. 37. Ibid., Box 2293. Statements on Malaya 30 and 31 May 1950. 38. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War, 1, pp. 36-7. 39. JPC, 22 and 26 May 1950. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1627. 40. Ibid., Def. Cttee report on Basic Objectives, 15 June 1951. 41. Ibid., Def. Cttee, 8 & 15 June 1950. 42. CRO to UKHC Canberra (456) 10 May 1950. PRO: WO 216/600. 43. Notes by Gen. Rowell, 21 June 1950; Council of Def. Min. 21 June 1950. AA: 1971/216. Notes 425
CHAPTER 6: NEW ZEALAND POST-WAR STRATEGiC PLANNING
I. A useful introduction in I.C. MacGibbon, 'The Defence of New Zealand 1945-1957', in A. Mcintosh et al., New Zealand in World Affairs, vol. I (Wellington, NZIIA, 1977), pp. 143-76. 2. DNZER, I, pp. 56-64. See above p. 170. 3. Ibid., pp. 216-22. 4. Isitt to COS, 30 Oct. 1945. NZNA: N2 022/4/32. 5. See above p. 125. 6. COS (46) 12, 3 July, 1946. NZNA : N2 022/4/32. 7. COS (47) 1, General Staff Appreciation, 4 Dec. 1946. NZNA: Nl 020/1114. 8. Ibid., COS (47) P.2, 12 Feb. 1947. 9. Ibid., 4th mtg, Council of Defence, 23 June 1947. 10. Personal views of CIGS, 21 July 1947. PRO: WO 216/225. II. COS (47) P.IO, Sep. 1947. NZNA N2 020/1/14. 12. Council of Def. 5th mtg, 6 Oct. 1947. NZNA: N2 022/4/32. 13. Cab, 4 Feb. 1948. NZNA: N2 020/1/14. 14. Statement on Defence, 6 Apr. 1948. NZNA : EAI PM 85/1/1 Part 3. 15. 'Collective Security, Regional Pacts etc.' Memo by Corner, July 1948. Courtesy of Frank Corner; printed in 'Frank Corner' in Templeton, An Eye, An Ear and A Voice, pp. 121-22. 16. Mcintosh to Rive, 23 Aug. 1948. NZNA: EA I PM 153/26/5 Part I. 17. L. Curtis, Civitas Dei: The Commonwealth of God (London: Macmillan, 1938), p. 933. 18. COS (48) P.IO, 24 Sep. 1948. NZNA N I 028/4/28 Part 4. 19. Mcintosh to Stevens, 5 Oct. 1948. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, STE 2/48/135. 20. No date for the pencilled comment is provided - probably a later reader. 21. PMM (48) 12th mtg, 20 Oct. 1948. NZNA: EAI PM 153/26/4 Part I. 22. Ibid., PMM (48) 13th mtg, 21 Oct. 1948. 23. Min. by Hollis, 22 Oct. 1948 with JP ( 48) 115 (S) T. of R. 25 Oct. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/7. 24. Enclosure to COS (48) !50th mtg, 22 Oct. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/17; War Office memo, Nov. 1948. PRO: WO 216/225. 25. UK COS (48) !79th mtg, 15 Dec. 1948. NZNA: EAI PM 851111 Part I. 26. COS (49) P.l, 24 Feb. 1949. NZ Def. HQ: JSO 113/4-1 Part 1. 27. Fraser statement, 10 Sep. 1948. NZNA: EAI PM 851111 Part 3. 28. COS Cttee, II Mar. 1949. NZNA: N2 022/4/28 Part 4. 29. CD (49) 2, 26 Feb. 1949. NZNA: EAI PM 81/14/5 Part I. 30. Thirty-third Annual Conf. Report, 1949, quoted in Speeches and Docu• ments on New Zealand History, p. 425, New Zealand Official Year Book, 1950, p. 896. 31. I.C. McGibbon, 'The Reorganisation of New Zealand Higher Defence Machinery 1945-71', p. 31a. 32. Maj.-Gen. Stewart to Fd Mar. Slim, 27 Oct. 1950, PRO: WO 216/720. 33. Appreciation 611949 encl. in Shanahan to CAS, Naval Sec. and CGS, 19 Jan. 1950. NZNA: EAI PM 156/2/41 Part I. 34. See below pp. 261-2; DNZER, III, pp. 522-36. 426 Notes
35. JPC (50) 4, 18 Apr. 1950. NZ Def HQ: JSO 1/8/2/ Part I. 36. Ibid., JPC (50) 4. Note, 28 Apr. I 950. 37. Ibid., JPC (50) 2, 16 May 1950. 38. COS (50) 82nd mtg, 31 May 1950. PRO: DEFE 4/31. 39. UKSLS (Wellington) to Min. Def. (NZ 33), 9 June 1950. PRO: WO 216/812. 40. See above pp. 141-2. 41. COS (50) 197. Mins of mtg with Slim 23 June 1950. NZ Def. HQ: JSO 1/3/3 Part 2.
CHAPTER 7: THE ANZAM ARRANGEMENTS
I. Min. by A.H. Joyce, 4 May 1953; Daily Express clipping, 30 Apr. 1953. PRO: DO 35/6119. Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 171 credits Menzies with the first public use of Anzam, but this was not until 7 April I 955. 2. NZPD, 1953, 299, p. 308. Anzam was mentioned twice. 3. UKHC Wellington to CRO (183) and (184), 4 May 1953 and (191), 8 May 1953; Daily Express, 10 Sep. 1953. PRO: DO 35/6119. 4. Ibid., Min by Rumbold, 23 Sep. 1953. 5. Ibid., Selby to Rumbold, 12 Oct. 1953. 6. Ibid., The Times, 13 Oct. 1953; Min. by Pritchard, 7 Nov. 1953; A.S. Brown (Sec to PM) to B. Cockram (UK High Commission, Canberra), 24 Dec. 1953. 7. Wood, 'The Anzac Dilemma', pp. 184-92. 8. DO (46) 3rd mtg, 21 Jan. 1946, PRO: CAB 13111. 9. PWD (46) 2nd mtg, 18 Feb. 1946. PRO: CAB 134/656. I 0. See above pp. 66-83. I I. Min. of Def. Cttee, I Apr. 1947. AA: CRS A2031, vol. 22. 12. Co-operation in British Commonwealth Defence, 23 May 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box I 628. 13. Chifley to Attlee, 29 May 1947 in COS (47) 123 (0), 9 June 1947. PRO: DEFE 5/4. 14. COS (47) 77th mtg, 18 June 1947; 78th mtg, 27 June 1947; 83rd mtg, 2 July 1947. DEFE 4/5. I 5. Attlee to Chifley, 17 Aug. 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 16. Attlee to Chifley, 19 Aug. 1947 in COS (47) !34th mtg, 31 Oct. 1947. PRO: DEFE 4/8. 17. Chifley to Attlee, 16 Sep. 1947. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 18. Def. Cttee, 18 Dec. 1947. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 25. Def. Cttee, 15 Jan. 1948. A 2031, vol. 26. 19. Council of Def. conclusion, 20 Apr. 1948; Chifley to Attlee, 24 May 1948. AA: CRS A 5954 Box 1628. 20. COS(48) !16th mtg, 20 Aug. 1948. PRO: DEFE 4/15. 21. DO( 48) 70, 7 Oct. 1948. PRO: CAB 13 l/6; Edwards, Crisis and Com• mitments, pp. 47-9. 22. JP(48) 114 (Final), 3 Nov. 1948. PRO: DEFE 6/7. 23. D0(48) 22nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1948. CAB 131/5; Attlee to Chifley, 29 Dec. 1948. AA: CRS, A 5954, Box 1627. Notes 427
24. Chi ftey to Attlee (and Fraser), I 0 Dec. 1948. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 25. Ibid., Attlee to Chiftey, 31 Jan. 1949; Chifley to Attlee, 16 Feb. 1949. 26. Chifley to Attlee, 7 Feb. 1949. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1627. 27. JP (49) 20 (S) (Final), 18 Mar. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/8. 28. Attlee to Chifley. 4 Apr. 1949; Chifley to Attlee, 5 May 1949. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1628. 29. JP(49) 40 (Final), 24 May 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/8. 30. JP ( 49) 53 (Final), 5 July 1949. DEFE 6/9. 31. COS (49) 103rd mtg, 18 July 1949. DEFE 4/23. 32. Au st. De f. Cttee min., 16 Aug. 1949. NZNA: EA I PM 156/2/4 Part I. 33. Notes of Discussion, Melbourne, 22-26 Aug. 1949. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1627; NZNA: EA1 PM 156/2/4 Part I. 34. JP (49) 159 (Final), 22 Dec. 1949. PRO: DEFE 6/11. 35. Ibid., JP (49) 160 (Final), 22 Dec. 1949. 36. See above pp. 141-2. 37. JCS-215117, 13 Dec. 1950. USNA: CCS 337 Aust. (7-12-12) Sect. I; JP (51) 68 (Final) 4 May 1951. PRO: DEFE 6117.
PART III: DIPLOMACY
I. H. Nicholson, Diplomacy (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 7 and 50. 2. Kennan, Memoirs, 2, pp. 321-3.
CHAPTER 8: COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND THE PEACE TREATIES
I. New Zealand: AJHR, 1936, A-5A, pp. 2-3. 2. United Nations Conference on International Organization, Dept. of Ex• ternal Affairs, Wellington, 1945, pp. 164-7. 3. R.G. Neale (ed.), Documents on Australian Foreign Affairs 1937-49, vol. I, 1937-8 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1975), pp. 90-96, 123-6, 141-4. 4. Statement in House of Representatives, 14 Oct. 1943; discussions with Berendsen, 20 Oct. 1943. DNZER, I, p. 47. 5. Ibid., pp. 141-2. 6. Watt, Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy, p. 85. 7. Evatt to Makin, 23 June 1945. Documents on Australian Foreign Policy /937-49, vol. III: 1945, pp. 230-2. 8. J.A.S. Grenville (ed.), The Major International Treaties 1914-1973 (Lon• don: Methuen, 1974), pp. 254-5. 9. Ibid., pp. 226-30; Schlesinger, Dynamics of World Power, II, pp. 58-66. 10. Grenville, Major International Treaties, pp. 231-4. II. Entry of 27 July 1944 quoted in Deighton, Impossible Peace, p. 20. 12. Ibid., pp. 81-102. 13. Grenville, Major International Treaties, pp. 398-9. 14. T.P. Ireland, Creating the Entangling Alliance: The Origins of the North 428 Notes
Atlantic Treaty Organization, (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1981 ), pp. 40-41. I 5. Hennessy, Never Again, p. 348. 16. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, pp. 442-3. 17. Ibid., pp. 454-5. 18. Scheslinger, Dynamics of World Power, vol. I, pp. 126-33. 19. Ibid., p. 133. 20. Ibid., pp. 140-3. 21. Thomas, Armed Truce, pp. 417-22. 22. J. Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nichols, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement after the Second World War (London: Macmillan 1972), pp. 487-506; see also F.S. Dunn, Peace-making and the Settle• ment with Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963). 23. A. Trotter, New Zealand and Japan, pp. 93-106. See also R.N. Rosecrance, Australian Diplomacy and Japan 1945-1951 (Melbourne: Melbourne Uni• versity Press, 1962), pp. 72-93. 24. Report of Director of PPS, 25 Mar. 1948. FRUS, 1948, VI, p. 691. 25. See Takeshi Igarashi, 'Dean Acheson and the Japanese Peace Treaty', in Brinkley, Dean Acheson and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy (1993), pp. 133-55. 26. DNZER, III, p. 465. 27. Ibid., p. 906.
CHAPTER 9: A PACIFIC PACT?
I. DNZER I, pp. 140-8. 2. Recent proposals for a conference of Southeast Asian countries to form a regional organisation. S.E. Asian Section, External, for Min., 27 Apr. 1950. AA: A 1838, 3831112/8 Part 3. 3. McNeil (FO) to Addison (DO), 24 June 1947. PRO: D035/2464. 4. Report by Director of the PPS, 25 Mar. 1948. FRUS, 1948, VI, p. 691. 5. PMNZ to UKHC, Wellington, 6 July 1948. DNZER, III, p. 477. For a brief survey of 'Pacifc Pact' proposals from 1949 see Darling, Origins of the Anzus Treaty, ch. I and D.W. Mabon, 'Elusive Agreements: The Pacific Pact Proposals 1949-5 I,' Pacific Historical Review, 1988 57(2): 147-77. 6. Mcintosh to Rive, 23 Aug. 1940: NZNA: EA I PM I 53/26/5 Part I. 7. Ibid., COS (48) P.IO, 24 Sep. 1948. 8. Ibid., PMM (48) lith and 12th meetings, 20 Oct. 1948. 9. Fraser's statement, Ottawa, 8 Jan. 1949. DNZER, III, p. 478. 10. Australian Ambass., Nanking, to External (8), II Jan. 1949. AA: A 1838, 532111/Part 1. II. US Ambass., China, to Sec. of State, 8 Mar. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 1119-23. 12. Ibid., p. 1128. PPS, 51, US Policy toward Southeast Asia, 29 Mar. 1949. 13. NSC-51, I July 1949: US Policy towards Southeast Asia. USNA: NSC Box 4. Notes 429
14. Davies draft, 7 July 1949. Encl. in memo. by Kennan, 8 July 1949, FRUS, 1949 VII (2), p. 1148-51. 15. Moscow Daily Press Summary, 22 Mar. 1949. AA: CRS A 5954 (Shedden) Box 1418; Min. External to NZHC., Canberra, 15 Mar. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 480-81. 16. US Ambass., London to Sec. of State, 29 Mar. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 1133-34. 17. Memo. of conversations, 4 Apr. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VI, p. 50 and VII(2), pp. 1138-41. 18. Ibid., pp. 1123-27. US Charge d'affaires, Manila, to Sec. of State, 21 Mar. and 24 Mar. 1949. 19. Ibid., p. 1155. US Charge d'affaires, Manila, to Sec. of State, 12 July 1949. 20. Baguio Communique in Official Sec. Aus. HC, Wellington to Sec. Ex• ternal (269), 25 July 1949. AA: A 1838, 370/1112. 21. US Ambass., S. Korea, to State Dep., 8 Aug. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), p. 1184. 22. Ibid., p. 1160-64. Fisher to Butterworth, 15 July 1949. 23. Ibid., p. 1176. Douglas to Sec. of State, 26 July 1949. 24. Acting Official Sec. NZHC, Canberra, to Sec. External, 9 Aug. 1949; PM to Chinese Consul-Gen., Wellington, 9 Aug. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 494-5. 25. Romulo to Quirino, 7 July 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 1164-65; Manila, D22/1949, 15 Aug. 1949. AA: CRS A 5954 (Shedden) Box 1418. 26. Australian Consul-Gen., Manila, to External (22), 15 Aug. 1949. AA: A 816, 19/301/1104. 27. NZ Ambass. Washington, to Min. External, Wellington, 13 Aug. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 502-503. 28. O.L. Davies to Makin, 12 Aug. 1949. AA: A 1838, 38311/2/8 Part I. 29. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 15 Aug. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 502-503. 30. Memo. of conversation, 15 Aug. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 1187-88. 31. Ibid., p. 1191-2. Bishop to Rusk, 24 Aug. 1949. 32. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 15 Aug. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 502-503. 33. Memo. of Anglo-American Official talks, 12 Sep. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), p. I 197-204. 34. Ibid., p. 858-9. Memo. of conversations, 13 Sep. 1949. 35. Makin memo., DD 28/49, 26 Sep. 1949. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part I; Counsellor, NZ Embassy, Washington, to Sec. External, 28 Sep. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 504-505. 36. NSC-49, 15 June 1949. USNA: NSC Box 4. 37. State Dep. comment on NSC-49, 30 Sep. 1949. FRUS, 1949 VIII (2), pp. 871-3; USNA: NSC Box 4. 38. Dep.-Sec. External to Sec. External, 18 Nov. 1949. DNZER, III, pp. 291-7. 39. Butterworth to Sec. of State 18 Nov. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 901-902. 40. JCS-1380175, 30 Nov. 1949. USNA: CCS 388.1 Japan (9-1-47), Sect. I. 41. NSC-48/1, 23 Dec. 1949. USNA: NSC Box 4. 430 Notes
42. Memo. of conversation, 24 Dec. I 949. FRUS, I 949, VII (2), pp. 924-6. 43. Ibid., pp. 933-4. Memo. of conversation, 27 Dec. 1949. 44. NSC-48/2, 30 Dec. 1949. FRUS, 1949, VII (2), pp. 1215-20. 45. Memo. of conversation, 4 Feb. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI (2), pp. 1412-16. 46. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 9 Feb. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 507-508. 47. A.A. Graves to P.W.S.Y. Scarlett, 14 Feb. 1950. PRO: FO 371/83011. 48. Min. External to NZ Ambass., Washington, 18 Feb. 1950; NZ Ambass. to Romulo, 18 Feb. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 510-11. 49. Ibid., p. 514, NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 22 Feb. 1950. 50. Mins by Tomlinson, 24 Feb., Shattock, 27 Feb. and Scott, 27 Feb. I 950. PRO: FO 371183011. 51. FMM (50) I st mtg, 9 Jan. I 950. PRO: DO 35/2773. 52. Ibid., 2nd mtg, 9 Jan. 1950. 53. Ibid. Record of mtg, between Bevin, Spender and Doidge, 13 Jan. I 950. There were separate mtgs with the S. African delegate over the Middle East. 54. Ibid., PMM (50), 9th mtg, 13 Jan. 1950; AA: A 1838, 8811/4. 55. Mcintosh to Berendsen, I Feb. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, BER/ 6/50/004; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 205. 56. Staff talk by Mcintosh on Colombo Conference, 3 Feb. 1950. NZNA: EAI PM 153/2811 Part I. 57. Mcintosh to Berendsen, I Feb. 1950. Mcintosh MSS, BER/6/50/004; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 203. 58. Official Sec., NZHC, Canberra, to Sec. External 22 Feb. 1950. DNZER, III, p. 5!5. 59. Australian news summary, 20 Feb. 1950. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part I; UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (120), I Feb. 1950. PRO: FO 371/83011. 60. US Ambass., Canberra, to Sec. of State, 24 Feb. I 950. FRUS, 1950, VI (2), p. 26. 61. Ibid., pp. 26-7. 62. Aide memoire, I Mar. I 950. AA: A 1838, 38311/2/8 Part 3; External to Consul-Gen., Manila (49) 2 Mar. 1950. A 1838, 25017110 Part I. 63. CRO to UKHC, Wellington (I 14) 2 Mar. 1950. PRO: FO 371/8301 I. 64. Howard to Butterworth, 9 Mar. 1950. FR US, I 950, VI (2), pp. I I 38-49. 65. CPD, 1950, 206, p. 621; US Ambass., Canberra, to Sec. of State, 10 Mar. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, p. 45. 66. Ibid., pp. 46-51. Record of conversations, II Mar. I 950; Record of mtgs at FO, I I Mar. 1950, PRO: DO 35/2768. 67. Encl. in Australian Ambass., Washington to External (185), 13 Mar. 1950. AA: A 1838, 25017/10 Part I. 68. See Mcintyre, New Zealand Prepares for War, pp. 141-168 and above pp. 9-1 I. 69. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 14 Mar. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 522-36. 70. Berendsen to Mcintosh, 20 Jan. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, BER/ 6/50/003; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, pp. 200-201. 71. Ibid., pp. 209-210; Berendsen to Mcintosh, 6 Feb. 1950. BER/6/50/005. 72. Ibid., Mcintosh to Berendsen, 24 Mar. I 950. BER/6/50/008; I 2 Apr. I 950. BER/6/50/009; McGibbon, pp. 221-225. Notes 431
73. Australian Ambass., Washington, to External (213) 18 Mar. 1950. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part I; Sec. of State to Australian Embass., 21 Mar. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI (2), pp. 63-4. 74. Ibid., pp. 65-7. US Ambass., Canberra to Sec. of State, 24 Mar. 1950. 75. Cohen, Dean Rusk, p. 44. 76. See especially Pruesson, John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power and above pp. 52-4. 77. Howard to Bohlen, 31 Mar. 1950. FRUS, 1950 (2), VI, pp. 1157-60. 78. Ibid., pp. 1161-66. Memo. of conversations in New York: Dulles, Butterworth, Howard, 7 Apr. 1950. 79. Ibid., pp. 1172-73. Draft of Security Agreement, 19 Apr. 1950. 80. Memo. for JSSC, 19 Apr. 1950. USNA: CCS 388.1 Japan (9-1-47) Sect. 2; Sec. of State to US Ambass., Canberra, 19 Apr. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, p. 81. 81. JCS-1380/87, 20 Apr. 1950. USNA: CCS 888.1 Japan (9-1-47) Sect. 2. 82. Memo. of conversation, 24 Apr. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI (2), pp. 1175-82. 83. JCS-2126. Memo by CNO, 2 May 1950. USNA: JCS files 1948-50. CCS 370 Pacific Area (5-I-50). 84. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 25 Apr. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 350-52; Memo. of conversation, 24 Apr. 1950. USNA: RG59 Box 3006, 694.00114-2450. 85. CMJ (50) 7th mtg, 10 May 1950. PRO: CAB 133/28. 86. Corner to Shanahan, 29 Apr. 1950 NZNA: EAI PM 102/9/4 Part 4. 87. CMJ (50) lith mtg, 17 May 1950. PRO: CAB 133/28. 88. JPC-28 Apr. 1950; Ass.-Sec. COS to Min. External, 28 Apr. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 536-45. 89. Ibid., pp. 545-6. 90. P.W. Nicol to Sec. External, 9 June 1950. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1418. 91. Majoribanks to Metcalf, 16 June 1950. PRO: DO 35/2768. 92. Draft resolutions in AA: A 1838, 383/1/2/8 Part 4.
CHAPTER 10: IMPACT OF THE KOREAN OUTBREAK
I. See E. O'Ballance, Korea 1950-1953 (Londqn: Faber, 1969); D. Rees, Korea: the Limited War (London: Macmillan, 1964); F.H. Heller (ed.), The Korean War: A 25 Year Perspective (Lawrence: Regents Press, 1977); J.C. Goulden, Korea: the untold story of the war (New York: Times Books, 1982); M. Hastings, The Korean War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987); C. Blair, The Forgotten War: America in Korea 1950- 1957 (New York: Times Books, 1987). 2. J.F. Schnabel and R.J. Watson, HJCOS: vol. III, The Korean War (Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1979), pp. 57-171; Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 402-13. 3. COS (50) 96th mtg, 27 June 1950. PRO: DEFE 4/32. 4. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, vol. III, pp. 790-91. 5. Statement, 20 June 1950. AA: 1838, 532/111/Pt.l. 6. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War, vol. 1, pp. 48-55. 432 Notes
7. I. McGibbon, New Zealand and the Korean War, vol. I, Politics and Diplomacy (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 73-85. 8. Schnabel and Watson, HJCOS, III, p. ISO 9. COS (50) 96th mtg, 27 June 1950. PRO: DEFE 4/32. I 0. Ibid., COS (50) I OOth mtg, 30 June 1950. II. COS (50) 101 st mtg, 3 July 1950, PRO: DEFE 4/33. 12. Ibid., COS (50) I 03rd mtg, 6 July 1950. 13. CM (50) 46th Cone!., 17 July 1950. PRO: CAB 128/18, p. 145. 14. FRUS, 1950, VII, p. 463; Farrar-Hockley, British Part in the Korean War, vol. I, pp. 103. 15. CM (50) 50th Cone!., 25 July 1950 PRO: CAB 128/18, p. 175. 16. Memo of conversation, 19 July 1950. USNA: RG 59 Lot 53D 444. Box 13. 17. McGibbon, New Zealand and the Korean War, pp. 88-98. 18. Memo of conversation, 28 July 1950. USNA: RG 59 Lot 53D 444. Box 13. 19. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War, I, pp. 62-70; Dorling, Origins of the Anzus Treaty, pp. 49-56; Watt, Australian Diplomat, p. 175; Spender, Politics and a Man, pp. 280-85. 20. Berendsen to Mcintosh, 15 Aug. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER6/ 50/025; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 24-2. 21. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War, I, p. 224; D. Stairs, The Diplo• macy of Constraint: Canada, the Korean War, and the United States (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1974), pp. 75-6. 22. O'Neill, vol. I, pp. 78, 80-81. 23. COS (50) 123rd mtg, 4 Aug. 1950. PRO: DEFE 4/33. 24. COS (50) !59th mtg, 2 Oct 1950. DEFE 4/36. 25. 0' Neill, vol. I, pp. 224-6. 26. Schnabel and Watson, HJCOS, III, pp. 160-75; McGibbon, New Zea• land and the Korean War, I, pp. 380-81. 27. Australian Ambass., Washington, to External (481), 29 June 1950 AA: A 1838, 250/7/10 Pt I. 28. Australian Ambass., Washington, to External (524), 12 July 1950. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6, Pt I. 29. Australian Ambass., Washington, to External (551), 21 July 1950 AA: A 1838, 270/7/10 Pt I. 30. Menzies to Fadden, 30 July 1950. O'Neill, vol. I, p. 80. 31. Dulles to Acheson, 19 July 1950. USNA: RG 59 Box 3006, 694.001/7- 1950. 32. Hamilton and Allison to Dulles, 10 July 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, p. 123. 33. Ibid., p. 125. 34. Dulles to Thorp, 9 Aug. 1950. USNA: RG 59, Box 3006. 694.001/8- 1950. 35. Australian Ambass., Washington, to External (622), 3 Aug. 1950. AA: A 1838, 250/7/10 Pt I. 36. Menzies to Fadden, 3 Aug. 1950. O'Neill, vol. I, p. 87. 37. Garner to Liesching, 19 Sep. 1950. PRO: DO 35/2775. 38. O'Neill, vol. I, p. 87. Notes 433
CHAPTER II: DULLES AND AN AMERICAN GUARANTEE
I. See above p. 52-4. 2. Memo for President, 7 Sep. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 1293-96; NSC Action 358, 8 Sep. 1950. USNA: NSC Box 1; NSC-6011, 8 Sep. 1950. NSC Box 5; Draft treaty, 11 Sep. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 1267-303. 3. Ibid., pp. 212-13. Memo of conversation, 13 Sep. 1950. 4. Ibid., pp. 214-17. 5. Spender-Jessup conversation, 15 Sep. 1950. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part I. 6. Perkins to Sec. of State, 15 Sep. 1950 FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 218-22. 7. Ibid., pp. 222-23. Memo of conversation, 18 Sep. 1950. 8. Memo. of conversation, 22 Sep. 1950. USNA: RG 59 Box 3007, 694.001/ 9-2250. 9. Allison interview, 20 Apr. 1969. JFDOHC; John M. Allison, Ambassador from the Prairie or Allison Wonderland (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 151-2. I 0. Australian UN mission to External (523), 22 Sep. 1950. AA: A 1838, 532/11 Part I. II. Discussion at UN, 7 Oct. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 1320-21. 12. Emmerson to Rusk, 9 Oct. 1950. USNA: RG 59 Box 4130, 790.5/10- 950. 13. Rusk to Matthews, 9 Oct. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 147-8. 14. Ibid., pp. 148-9. Sec. of State to US Rep. at UN 12 Oct. 1950. 15. Ibid., pp. 149-52. Memo of conversation, 12 Oct. 1950; Note of talk concerning Pacific Pact, 13 Oct. 1950. AA: A 1838, 250/7110 Part I; Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, pp. 58-60. 16. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 224-5. Enclosure in Perkins to Acheson, 27 Oct. 1950. 17. Merchant to Emmerson, 19 Oct. 1950. USNA: RG 59 Box 4130, 790.5/ 10-1950. 18. Ibid., 790.5110-2650. Emmerson to Merchant and Rusk, 26 Oct. 1950. 19. Spender to Watt (154), 2 Nov. 1950. AA: CRS A5460, 217/6 Part I. 20. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, p. 66. 21. Spender to Watt (154) (152), 1 Nov. 1950. AA: CRS A 1838/2, 532111 Part I and 2 Nov. 1950. CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part I; UK UN deleg. to FO (557), 2 Nov. 1950. PRO: FO 371/84537; Dorling, Origins of the Anzus Treaty, pp. 83-4. 22. 0' Neill, Australia in the Korean War, vol. I, p. Ill; Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, pp. 40-67. 23. Deputy Sec. External to PM, 27 Oct. 1950 DNZER, Ill pp. 406-11; New Zealand Discussions, 19 Oct. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 1322-3. 24. Mcintosh to A.D.P. Heeney, 29 Oct. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, MIS 2/50/049. 25. NZ Delegate to UN to Min. External, I Nov. 1950. DNZER, III, pp. 551-2. 26. Wellington Embassy to State Dept. (168), 14 Nov. 1950. USNA: RG 59 Box 3007, 694.001/11-1450. 27. Mcintosh to Berendsen, 24 Nov. 1950. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, BER 6/50/027; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 246. 434 Notes
28. Dulles to Acheson, 8 Dec. 1950. FRUS, 1950, VI, pp. 1359-60. 29. Ibid., pp. 1360-63, Memo. by Regional Planning Adviser in the Bureau of Far East Affairs, 12 Dec. 1950. 30. Acheson to Marshall, 13 Dec. 1950. FR US, 1950, VI, pp. 1363-66. 31. Berendsen to Doidge, 23 Dec. 1950. DNZER, III, p. 417. 32. Ibid., pp. 424-5. Counsellor NZ Embassy, Washington, to External, 5 Jan. 1951. 33. Text in Memo. by Allison to Jessup, 4 Jan. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (I), p. 132-4; Dulles's exegesis in Dulles to Jessup, 4 Jan. 1951. FRUS, I95I, VI (!), pp. I34-47. 34. Ibid., pp. 788-9. Truman to Dulles, IO Jan. 1951. 35. PMM (5 I) 5, 2 Jan. I 951. DNZER, III, pp. 425-31. 36. Ibid., pp. 436-7. PMM (51) 6th mtg, 9 Jan. I951. 37. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 12 Jan. I951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, SHA 4/5I/014. 38. Spender to Menzies (42), 3 Jan. 1951. AA: CRS A43 I I, Box 493. 39. External to Australian Embassy, Washington (8), 9 Jan. 1951 AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 40. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (48), 9 Jan. 1951. AA: A 1838, 532/11/Part I. 41. Memo. of conversation, II Jan. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (I), p. 138; Aus• tralian Embassy, Washington, to External (66). II Jan. 1951. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 42. Franks to FO (129), 12 Jan. 1951. DO 35/2927; Memo. of Conversation, 12 Jan. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 792-7. 43. Ibid., pp. 140-41. Perkins to Dulles, 15 Jan. 1951; Marshall to Acheson, 16 Jan. 1951. 44. US Aide-memoire, 16 Jan. 1951. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 45. Franks to FO, 17 Jan. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 46. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (96), 17 Jan. 1951. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 47. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 19 Jan. 1951. DNZER. III, pp. 438-40. 48. Ibid., pp. 444-5. NZ Delegate UN to Min. External, 20 Jan. 1951. 49. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External, 21 Jan. 1951. AA: A 5954, Box 1819. 50. PMM (50) 6th mtg, 9 Jan. 1951. DNZER, III, p. 436. 51. External to Australian Embassy, Washington (37), 18 Jan. 1951. AA: CRS A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 52. Ross to Butler-Bowden, 25 Jan. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 53. Annex to JP (51) 14 (Final), COS (51) 21st mtg, 29 Jan. 1951. PRO: DEFE 4/39. 54. Gascoigne to FO (108), 29 Jan. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92530. 55. Meeting of Dulles, Allison and Gascoigne, 29 Jan. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 825-7. 56. Garner to Liesching, 29 Jan. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 57. Ibid., UK High Commiss., Wellington, to CRO (54), 31 Jan. 1951. 58. Gascoigne to FO (126), 2 Feb. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92530; Dulles to Rusk, 2 Feb. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 143-4; Sebald to Sec. of Notes 435
State, 2 Feb. 1951, p. 145; Australian HC, London, to External (656) 2 Feb. 1951. AA: A 1838, 25017/10; UKHC, Wellington, to Shanahan 2 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 569-70. 59. Gascoigne to CRO (144) 7 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927; Notes on con• versation between Dulles and British Ambass., 6 Feb. 1951. USNA: RG 59 Lot 54D 423, Box 13. Sir Alvary Gascoigne file. 60. Dulles to Rusk, 2 Feb. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (!), p. 145. 61. UKHC, Wellington, to CRO (68) 2 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 62. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (67) 2 Feb. 1951. 63. NZHC, Canberra, to Min. External, 5 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, p. 572. 64. UKHC, Ceylon, to CRO (70), Dening to FO, 4 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/ 2927. 65. Australian HC, Colombo, to External (49) 6 Feb. 1951. AA: A 1838, 25017/10. 66. Mins by Pritchard and Ogmore, 6 Feb. 1961. PRO: DO 35/2927. 67. Ibid., CRO to UKHC, Pretoria, (66) 6 Feb. 1951. 68. Background memo. for Holland visit, 31 Jan. 1951. USNA: RG 59. 744.13/ 1-3151. 69. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 7 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, p. 574; Memo of conversation, 6 Feb. 1951. USNA: RG 29, Lot 53D 444. 70. Holland visit to Washington, 8 Feb. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI(!), pp. 147-9. 71. Franks to FO (387), 7 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 72. Rusk to Dulles, 8 Feb. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (I), pp. 150-51. 73. NZ Ambass., Washington, to Min. External, 8 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 582-4; Holland to Doidge, 9 Feb. 1951, p. 586. 74. Ibid., pp. 558-63. Japanese Peace Treaty. Note on defence aspects, 30 Jan. 1951. 75. Ibid., pp. 564-8. Mtg of COS and External. COS (51) M.2. 6 Feb. 1951. 76. Cab. Min. 9 Feb. 1951. NZNA: EAI PM 102/9/4 Part 6. 77. Min. External to NZ Ambass., Washington, 10 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 587-8. 78. DNZER, III, p. 586. 79. Franks to FO (419), 9 Feb. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92071. 80. CRO to UKHC, Canberra (Ill) and Wellington (68), 9 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 81. Min. by Johnston, 9 Feb. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92071. 82. Min. by Garner, 10 Feb. on Cab. paper CP (51) 47, NP, 10 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 83. CM (51) 13th conclusion, 12 Feb. 1951. PRO: CAB 128/19. Printed in BDEE, Series A, vol. 2, Part III, pp. 414-15.
CHAPTER 12: THE CANBERRA TALKS, FEBRUARY 1951
I. Watt to Ass. Sec. of Defence 5 Feb. 1951. AA: A 5954, Box 1819. 2. Ibid., Note for file, 5 Feb. 1951. 3. Ibid., Acting Sec. for Defence to Min., 5 Feb. 1951. 4. Ibid., Acting Sec. for Defence to Min., 7 Feb. 1951. 5. Defence Cttee, 8 Feb. 1951. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 34. 436 Notes
6. Note on Discussions between NZ and Australian Mins of External Af• fairs, 13 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 590-91. 7. Harry to Sec. External, 13 Feb. 1951. AA: A 1838, 532/11/Part 2; 13 Feb. 1951. A 1838, 250/7/10 Part I; 15 Feb. 1951. A 1838, 250/7/10. 8. Min. by R.H. Scott, 23 Feb. 1951 on Harris memo, 22 Feb. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92072; Australian HC, London, to External (1153), 27 Feb. 1951. AA: A 1838, 250/7/10. 9. Williams to Fadden, 8 Feb. 1951. AA: A 5954, Box 18 I 9; UKHC, Wel• lington, to Min. External, 8 Feb. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 578-81; British Embassy, Washington, to State Dep., 14 Feb. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 154-5. 10. Sec. of State, CRO, to Liesching, 13 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. II. FO to Washington (551), 10 Feb. 1951. PRO: FO 371192071; CRO to UKHC, Canberra (124) Wellington (76), 12 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 12. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra (96) to CRO 15 Feb. 1951. 13. DNZER, III, p. 615. 14. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, pp. 112, 117. 15. FRUS, 1951 (1), pp. 155-75. 16. In AA: CRS, A5954. Box 1819. 17. Williams to Gordon Walker, 9 Mar. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928. 18. DNZER, III, pp. 593-14, 625-50; private information by Mr. R. Miller, Dec. 1992. 19. Remarks at Canberra, 15 Feb. 1951. Seely Mudd Library, Princeton Uni• versity, Dulles Papers, Box 52. 20. DNZER, III, pp. 593-600. 21. Typescript notes by Ralph Harry, Saigon, 26 Oct. 1969. By courtesy of Mr. Harry; Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, p. 117. 22. Cab. Agendum 266. Japanese Peace Treaty, 15 Feb. 1951. AA: CRS 4940 XRI; Memo by Spender, 15 Feb. 1951 CRS A43ll, Box 493. 23. Cab. Agendum 265, 15 Feb. 1951. Pacific Defence Pact. AA: CRS A 4940/XRI; Spender memo, 15 Feb. 1951. A 4311, Box 493. 24. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, p. 119. 25. Ibid., pp. 123-4. 26. UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (101), 16 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 27. Ibid., Dening to Strang, 22 Feb. 1951. 28. Typescript notes by Ralph Harry, 26 Oct. 1965. 29. Harry draft, 15 Feb. 1951. AA: CRS Al838, 250/7110; for an analysis (written in 1952) see R.L. Harry, 'Treaty between Australia, New Zea• land and the United States of America', Australian Outlook 1981 35(2): 201-12. The most detailed analysis of the text may be found in Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance, pp. 76-160. 30. DNZER, III, pp. 614-15. 31. Ibid., p. 616. 32. Spender, Exercises in Diplomacy, p. 159. 33. DNZER, III, pp. 464-72. 34. Franks to FO (479), 15 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 35. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO ( 10 I), 16 Feb. 1951. 36. Ibid., UKHC, Pretoria, to CRO (77), 16 Feb. 1951. 37. Ibid., Liesching to Sec. of State, 21 Feb. 1951. Notes 437
38. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (I 05), 18 Feb. 1951. 39. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (112), 20 Feb. 1951. 40. Ibid., UKHC, Wellington to CRO (110), 20 Feb. 1951. 41. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO (119), 22 Feb. 1951. 42. Ibid., UKHC, Canberra, to CRO ( 118), 22 Feb. 1951. 43. Ibid., Memo. handed to PM, 22 Feb. 195 i. 44. Mins by Johnston and Scott, 23 Feb. 1951, on FO copy of Harrison memo of 22 Feb. PRO: FO 371/92072. 45. Garner for Liesching, 23 Feb. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2927. 46. Australian HC, London, to External ( 1153), 27 Feb. 1951. AA: A 1838, 25017/10. 47. COS (51) 37th mtg, 26 Feb. 1951 Item 5. PRO: DEFE 4/40. 48. CP (51) 64, 27 Feb. 1951. PRO: CAB 129/44. 49. CM (51) 16th Cone!., I Mar. 1951. PRO: CAB 128119. BDEE, A(2) III, pp. 415-17. 50. Mins by Garner and Ogmore, 5 Mar. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928. 51. Harrison to Gordon Walker, 6 Mar. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92072. 52. Min. by Garner, 5 Mar. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928. 53. Ibid., CRO memo. for Cabinet, 3 Mar. 1951. Suggested interpolations in italic. 54. Mins by Johnston and Scott, 7 Mar. 1951 on Bishop to Johnston 6 Mar. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92072. 55. Brook to Garner, 7 Mar. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928. 56. External to Australian HC, London, in External to Australian Embassy, Washington (174), 9 Mar. 1951. AA: A 5460, 217/6 Pt. 2. 57. Note by Pr. Sec. to Sec. of State, CRO, 9 Mar. 1951. PRO: FO 371/ 92072; Australian HC, London, to External (1394), 9 Mar. 1951. AA: A 1838, 25017/10. 58. Min. by Johnston, 9 Mar. 1951; G. Walker to Bevin, 9 Mar. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92072. 59. CP (51) 76, 9 Mar. 1951. PRO: CAB 129/45; CM (51) 19th Cone!., 12 Mar. 1951. CAB 128119. BDEE, A(2) III, pp. 417-19. 60. Gordon Walker to Menzies in CRO to UKHC, Canberra (238) and Wel• lington (144), 13 Nov. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928. 61. Ibid., Gordon Walker to Menzies, 13 Mar. 1951, 14 Mar. 1951. A 1838, 25017/1 0; IS Mar. 1951. DNZER, Ill, pp. 658-60. 62. Msg. from Australian Min. External to Gordon Walker, 22 Mar. 1951; Conversation between S. of S. for CRO and Australian Min. Res., 22 Mar. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2928.
CHAPTER 13: SIGNING THE TREATIES
I. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (331 ), 7 Nov. 1951. AA: A 5460, 217/6 Part 2; NZ Ambass. Washington to Min. External, 5 Nov. 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 654-5. 2. Ibid., p. 660-61, Australian Min. External to NZ Min External, 16 March 1951. Mcintosh to Berendsen, 16 March 1951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER 6/51/035; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 255. 438 Notes
3. NZHC., Canberra, to Min. External, 12 March 1951. DNZER, III, pp. 655-6. 4. Mcintosh to Berendsen, 16 Mar. 1951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER 6/51/035; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, p. 255. 5. Discussions at External with Watt, 19 Nov. 1951. DNZER, Ill, pp. 662- 5. For the inference about Indonesia, see McLean, 'ANZUS Origins: A Reassessment', pp. 77-8. 6. Ibid., pp. 673-4. Cabinet, 22 Nov. 1951. 7. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (468), 30 Mar. 1951. AA: A 5460, 217/6 Part 2; Franks to FO (934), 30 Mar. 1951. FO 371/92073. 8. Berendsen to Mcintosh, 2 Apr. 1951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, BER 6/51/037; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, pp. 257-258. 9. Franks to FO (969), 2 Apr. 1951. FO 371/92073; Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (488), 2 Apr. 1951. AA: A 5460, 217/6 Part 2. 10. FO to Washington Embassy (1277), 3 Apr. 1951. PRO: FO 371/92073. II. Ibid., Franks to FO (1029), 6 Apr. 1951. 12. Acheson to Marshall, 5 Apr. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 183-5. 13. JCS-2180/10, 7 Apr. 1951. USNA RG 218, JCS files 1951-53, CCS 381 (2-18-51) Sect. I. 14. Joint Secretaries to Sec. of Defense, 10 Apr. 1951. USNA: 092 Japan ( 12-12-50) Sect. 2. 15. JCS/State Dep. discussions, II Apr. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 192- 201. 16. JCS-2180/12, II Apr. 1951. USNA: 092 Japan (12-12-50) Sect. 2; CCS 381 (2-18-51) Sect. I; Bradley to Sec. of Defense, II Apr. 1951. FR US, 1951 VI (!), pp. 201-202. 17. Ibid., pp. 202. Dulles to Acheson, 13 Apr. 1951. 18. Ibid., pp. 203-204 for Dulles draft; final text in DNZER, Ill, p. 70 I. 19. Ibid., pp. 702, 704, 707, 713, 714. 20. Harry draft, Canberra, 15 Feb. 1951. AA: CRS A 1838, 250/7/10. 21. JCS-2180/11, 17 Apr. 1951. USNA: 092 Japan (12-12-50) Sect 2; JCS to Sec. Defense, 17 Apr. 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), p. 207. 22. Ibid., p. 210. Allison to Rusk, 18 Apr. 1951. 23. Ibid., p. 215. Hamblen to Allison, 15 May 1951. 24. Ibid., p. 216. Dulles re-draft of Art. 8, I June 1951; Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (991) I June 1951. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1418; DNZER, pp. 722-4. 25. Memo of conversation by Dulles, 25 June 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 219-20 stress added; Australian Embassy, Washington to External (1122) 25 June 1951. AA: A 5460, 217/6 part 2; DNZER, III, pp. 731-2. 26. Dulles to Marshall, 27 June 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 220-22. 27. JCS-2190/2, 9 July 1951; Bradley to Sec. of Defense, 9 July 1951. USNA: CCS 381 (2-18-51) Sect. I. 28. Marshall to Sec. of State, 20 July 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (1), pp. 226-7. 29. Ibid., p. 222. Memo by Acheson for Truman, 10 July 1951; Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (1216), 10 July 1951. AA: CRS A 5954, Box 418; DNZER, III, pp. 737-9. 30. Berendsen and Mcintosh, 25 June 1951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, BER 6/511044; McGibbon, Undiplomatic Dialogue, pp. 265-266. Notes 439
31. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (1216), 10 July 1951. AA: CRS A 5959, Box 1418. 32. Corner to Mcintosh, I July 1951. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, CORI/51/ 020. 33. Ibid., BER 6/51/047. Berendsen to Mcintosh, 13 July 1951. 34. Australian Embassy, Washington to External (1227 and 1228), 12 July 1951 AA: CRS A 5954, Box 1418. 35. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS BER 6/51/047. 36. US Ambass., Manila, to Sec. of State, 17 July 1951. FRUS, 1951, VI (I), p. 223. 37. Ibid., p. 225. Sec. of State to US Embassy, Manila, 18 July 195 I. 38. Ibid., p. 225. US Ambass., Manila, to Sec. of State, 19 July 1951. 39. Ibid., p. 230. US Ambass., Manila, to Sec. of State, 20 July 1951. 40. Ibid., pp. 238-9. Memo of JCS to Sec. of Defense, 8 Aug 195 I. 41. Ibid., p. 250. 42. DNZER, III, pp. 768, 771. 43. N. Harper, 'Australian Foreign Policy', in W.S. Livingston and W.R. Louis (eds), Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands since the First World War (Canberra: ANU Press, 1979), p. 90; G. Bolton, '1939- 51 ', in F.K. Crowley (ed.), A New History of Australia (Melbourne: Heinemann, 1974), p. 500; J.D.B. Miller 'Australasia and the World Outside', in K. Sinclair (ed.), Tasman Relations (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1988), p. 189. 44. Rosecrance, Australian Diplomacy and Japan 1945-1951, pp. 211-12; F. Alexander, Australia Since Federation (Melbourne: Nelson, 1967), p. 210; A. Burnett The A-NZ-US Triangle (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, 1988), p. 5; M. Boyd, 'Australian-New Zealand Relations', in Sinclair (ed.), Tasman Relations, p. 55. 45. C.S. Sissons, 'The Pacific Pact', Australian Outlook, 1952 6(1 ): 20-6; Wood, 'The ANZAC Dilemma', p. 191; K. Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (London: Penguin, 1959), p. 309; W.H. Oliver, The Story of New Zealand (London: Faber, 1960), p. 242; N. Harper, 'The American Alliance in the 1970s', in J.A.C. Mackie (ed.), Australia and the New World Order (Melbourne: Nelson, 1976), p. 29; A. Renouf, The Fright• ened Country (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1979), p. 58; M. McKinley, The Anzus Alliance and New Zealand Labour (Canberra: Department of In• ternational Relations, ANU, 1986), p. 9; C. Bell, 'ANZUS in Australian Foreign and Security Policies', in J. Bercovitch (ed.), ANZUS in Crisis (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1988), pp. 138-9. 46. Casey's views quoted in Starke, ANZUS Treaty Alliance, p. 64 and McLean, 'ANZUS Origins: A Reassessment', p. 79; T.B. Millar, Australian Foreign Policy (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1968), p. 120; M. Goot and P. King, 'ANZUS Reconsidered: the domestic politics of an alliance', in Bercovitch, ANZUS in Crisis, p. 106; N. Harper, Great and Powerful Friend (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1987), p. 347 sees the anti-communist motive superseding the anti-Japanese motive by 1954. The Indonesian issue is recognized by Millar and McLean. 47. FRUS, 1951 VI (I) (published in 1977), and especially DNZER, III (pub• lished in 1985) both used by Dorling, Origins of the Anzus Treaty, who 440 Notes
goes as far as suggesting that the Middle East commitment was 'perhaps the most important factor which underpinned the conclusion of the ANZUS Treaty'. (p. 2). The commitment was noted briefly in W.B. Harland, 'New Zealand, the United States and Asia: the Background to the ANZUS Treaty', in P. Munz (ed.), The Feel of Truth (Wellington: Reed, 1969), p. 188. See also McGibbon, New Zealand and the Korean War, pp. 209-10; D. Lee, 'Australia, the British Commonwealth, and the United States 1950- 1953', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 1991 20(3): 454. 48. Burton, The Alternative, p. 91; L.G. Churchward, Australia and America 1788-1972: An Alternative History (Sydney: APCOL, 1979), pp. 165-6; G. Brown, Breaking the Anzus Alliance: An Independent National Security Policy for Australia (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, 1989), p. 14; J.A. Camilleri, Australian-American Relations: the Web of Independence (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1980), p. II.
PART IV: AFTERMATH
I. See R. Murray, The Split: Australian Labor in the Fifties (Melbourne: Cheshire, 1970). 2. See M. Bassett, Confrontation '51: the 1951 waterfront dispute (Welling• ton: Reed, 1972); D. Scott, 151 Days (Auckland: NZ Waterside Workers Union [Deregistered], 1952). 3. See D.R. Devereaux, The Formulation of British Defence Policy Towards the Middle East, 1948-56 (London: Macmillan, 1990). 4. M. Gowing, Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945-1952, vol. 1, Policy Making (London: Macmillan, I974), p. 44I; J. Bayliss, Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-/980: The Special Re• lationship (London: Macmillan, I981 ), pp. 50-51. 5. Devereaux, British Defence Policy, p. 154. 6. Speech, 24 Mar. 1955. Speeches and Documents on New Zealand His• tory, p. 394.
CHAPTER 14: THE ANZUS COUNCIL AND THE BRITISH
I. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (339), IO Mar. 1952. AA: A 1838, 25017/ I 0-1. 2. Ibid., Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (367), 14 Mar. I952; NZ Permt. Rep. UN to External, 17 Mar. 1952. DNZER, III, pp. 776-8. 3. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (470), 3 Apr. 1952. AA: A 1838, 25017/I0-1; Munro to PM, 18 Mar. 1952. DNZER, Ill, pp. 779-80. 4. Ibid., pp. 782-3. Min. External to PM, 7 Apr. 1952. 5. Mcintosh to Watt, 2I Apr. I952. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, MIS 2/52/ 014. 6. Mcintosh to UKHC, Wellington, 21 Apr. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5451. 7. Sec. of State and Sec. of De f., 4 Apr. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54 XII (I), pp. 75-7. 8. Ibid., pp. 80-5. State-JCS discussions, 23 Apr. 1952. Notes 441
9. Ibid., pp. 86-7. Memo by Perkins for Sec. of State, 9 May 1952. I 0. Min. External to NZ Ambass., Washington, 8 May 1952. DNZER, III, pp. 793-4. II. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (760), 3 June 1952. AA: A 1838, 25017/10-1. 12. Laking to Sec. External, 18 June 1952; Min. External to NZ Ambass., Washington (190), 9 July 1952. NZNA: EAI PM 111/3/3. 13. Mcintyre to Mcintosh, 26 June 1954. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, MIS 2/52/017. 14. External to Australian Embassy, Washington (768), 5 July 1952. AA: A 1838,3004/1117-1. 15. Australian Def. Cttee, 4 Sep 1952. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 38. 16. Acheson to President, 30 July 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), p. 160. 17. Ibid., pp. 170-71. Memo of Conversation, 4 Aug. 1952. 18. Ibid., pp. 172-83. US mins of I st ANZUS Council, 6th Session, 6 Aug. 1952. 19. Ibid., p. 202. Acheson to Truman, 7 Aug. 1952. 20. UK SLS, Wellington, to War Office (23), 20 Aug. 1952. PRO: DO 35/ 5967. 21. Memo. for Col. H.E. Gilbert, Dir. of Plans, Army HQ, 28 Oct. 1952 NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, SHA 4/52/016. 22. Army, Melbourne, to Troopers, London, 20 Oct. 1952. PRO: DO 35/ 5968. 23. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 12 Sep. 1953. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS SHA 4/53/031. 24. US mins of 2nd ANZUS Council, 4th Session, I 0 Sep 1953. FRUS, 1952- 54, XII (I), pp. 346-9. 25. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 10 Aug. 1955. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS SHA 4/55/057. 26. Eden: record of conversation, 5 Nov. 1951. PRO: DO 35/2929. 27. Ibid., Mins by Bishop, 8 May, and Pritchard, 9 May 1952. 28. MY (52) I st mtg, 27 May 1952. AA: A 1838, 532/13/1 A; MY (52) 5th mtg, 3 June 1952; Franks to FO (I 098), 6 June 1952. PRO: DO 35/5967. 29. FO to UK Embassy, Washington (2273), 4 June 1952. PRO: DO 35/5967. 30. Australian HC, London, to External (2230), 5 June 1952. AA: A 1838 532/13/111 A. 31. Franks to FO (1202), 23 June 1952. PRO: DO 35/5967. 32. Ibid., Mtg Eden and Acheson, 28 June 1952. 33. J.P. (52) 80 (Final), 14 July 1952; COS (52) 103rd mtg, 17 July 1952. PRO: DEFE 4/55. 34. Casey to Eden, 18 July 1952. AA: A 1838, 532/13/ I II A. 35. Casey to Eden, 7 Aug. 1952; UKHC, Wellington, to CRO (478) 13 Aug. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5967. 36. Ibid., FO to UK Embassy, Washington (3482 and 3483), 29 Aug. 1952. British Embassy to State Dep., 2 Sep. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), p. 213. 37. Mins by Harry and Casey, I Sep. 1952. AA: A 1838, 532/13/1/IA. 38. Ibid., Acheson to Eden, 18 Sep. 1952; UK Embassy, Washington, to FO (970), 20 Sep. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5968. 442 Notes
39. Ibid., Salisbury to Eden, 25 Sep. 1952. 40. CC(52) 81st Cone!., 26 Sep. 1952. PRO: CAB 128/25; Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, Never Despair 1945-1965, p. 763; FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 232. 41. Churchill to Holland, 26 Sep. 1952; Churchill to Menzies, 30 Sep. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5968. 42. Holland to Churchill, 12 Oct 1952; Menzies to Churchill, 12 Oct 1952. DO 35/5969. 43. US Ambass., Canberra, to State Dep., 7 Oct 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 228. 44. Ibid., p. 229. Memo of Conversation, 13 Oct. 1952. 45. Australian Embassy, Washington, to External (1404), 13 Nov. 1952. AA: A 5461, 1/4/2A Part 2; UK Delegation UN to FO (806), 15 Nov. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5969. 46. COS( 52) 641, 24 Nov. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5969. 47. Ibid., COS (52) 641, 24 Nov. 1952; COS (52) !59th mtg, 20 Nov. 1952. DEFE 4/57. 48. Churchill min., 10 Dec. 1952; mtg at No. 10, 12 Dec. 1952; Press Re• lease, 15 Dec. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5970. 49. Memo on Churchill-Eisenhower talks, Jan 1953. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 256-7. 50. COS (53) 8, 7 Jan. 1953. PRO: DO 35/5970; COS (53) 3rd mtg, 8 Jan. 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/59. 51. See below pp. 368-73. 52. Draft brief for PM' s discussions with Menzies and Holland on ANZUS and ANZAM, May 1953. PRO: DO 35/5956. 53. COS (53) 6lst mtg, 12 May 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/63. 54. CRO to UKHC, Canberra (402) and Wellington (221), II June 1953. PRO: DO 35/5956. 55. Acting Sec. of State to Sec. of Def., 12 Aug. 1953. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 336-337. 56. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 12 Sep. 1953. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS, SHA 4/53/031. 57. US mins, 2nd ANZUS Council, 4th Session, I 0 Oct 1953. FRUS, 1952- 54, XII (I), pp. 344-50. 58. Ibid., pp. 715, 762. 4th ANZUS deputies mtg, 10 Apr., 19 Apr. 1954.
CHAPTER 15: COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
I. O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War, I, pp. 228-9. 2. JP (51) 114 (Final), 27 Aug. 1951. PRO: DEFE 6117. 3. JP (51) 193 (Final), 14 Nov. 1951. PRO: DEFE 6119. 4. Truman-Churchill talks, 8 Jan. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), p. 7. 5. Notes of tripartite conversations, II Jan. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 8-22; COS (52) 8th mtg, 15 Jan. 1952. PRO: DEFE 4/51. 6. State/JCS mtg, 23 Jan. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 35. 7. Ibid., pp. 37-9, Adm. Davis to JCS, 5 Feb. 1952. 8. Ibid., pp. 96-7. Bi-lateral talks, 26 May 1952. 9. Ibid., pp. 101-105. Tripartite talks, 28 May 1952. Notes 443
10. Ibid., p. 115. Franks to Acheson, 19 June 1952. II. COS (52) 77th mtg, 5 June 1952. PRO: DEFE 4/54. 12. Australian De f. Cttee, 29 July 1952. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 38. 13. Acheson to Eden, 18 Sep. 1952. AA: A 1838, 532/13/l/IA; British Em• bassy, Washington, to FO (970), 20 Sep. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5968. 14. Ibid., Casey to UKHC, Canberra, 29 Sep. 1952. 15. Five Power conference, SE Asia, 17 Oct. 1952. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), p. 230. 16. COS (52) !58th mtg, 18 Nov. 1952. PRO: DEFE 4/57. 17. Liesching to UKHC, Canberra and Wellington, 23 Oct. 1952. PRO: DO 35/5969. 18. CRO to High Commissioners, 2 Jan. 1953. PRO: DO 35/5937. 19. COS (53) I st, mtg, I Jan. 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/59. 20. Ibid., COS (53) 13th mtg, 27 Jan. 1953. 21. De f. Cttee, 6 Mar. 1953. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 39; De f. Comm., 26 Mar. 1953. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 40. 22. External to Australian Embassy, Washington (Sav. 13), 2 Apr. 1953. AA: A 5461, l/4/2A-3. 23. Australian De f. Comm., 3 Sep. 1953. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 40. 24. Corner to Mcintosh, 3 Mar. 1953. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS COR l/53/ 081; Mcintosh to Corner, 24 Mar. 1953. CORI/53/084 and 30 Mar. COR!/ 53/085. 25. Australian Def. Cttee, 13 Aug. 1953. AA: CRS A 2031, vol. 40. 26. COS (53) 105th mtg, 15 Sep. 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/65. 27. Ibid., JP (53) 117 (Final), 1 Oct. 1953 in COS (53) I 13th mtg, 6 Oct. 1953. 28. Ibid., JP (53) Ill (Final), 23 Sep. 1953. 29. COS (53) !30th mtg, 17 Nov. 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/66. 30. Knowland to Dulles, 16 Nov. 1953; Dulles to Knowland, 18 Nov. 1953. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 357. 31. Ibid., p. 357. US Ambass. London to State Dept., 8 Dec 1953. 32. Radford: Memo to Pres., 24 Mar. 1954. USNA: RG 218. Records of JCS Chairmen: Radford, Box 10, 091 Indo-China (March) 1954; See P.B. Davidson, Vietnam at War: 1946-1975 (Novata: Presidio Press, 1988), pp. 262-8; Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, pp. 207-2; M. Billings-Yun, Decision Against War: Eisenhower and Dien Bien Phu (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 55-6. 33. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 400. 34. Radford to Sec. of Def., 31 Mar. 1954; Gen. Shepherd memo. 2 Apr., Gen. Ridgway memo. 2 Apr., Gen. Twining memo. 2 Apr. USNA: Radford Box I 0, 091 Indo-China (April) 1954. 35. Billings-Yun, Decision Against War, pp. 77-102. 36. JP (54) 36 (Final), 9 Apr. 1954; COS (54) 42nd mtg, 10 Apr. 1954. PRO: DEFE 4/69. 37. Memo: Discussions on the situation in SE Asia, March 29 to May 22, 1954, p. 5, in Eden to Makins, 12 June 1954. PRO: FO 37l/111865. 38. CC(54) 30th Cone!., 28 Apr. 1954. PRO: CAB 128/27; CH(54) 155, 27 Apr. 1954 CAB 129/68; Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, Never Despair, p. 973. 39. Memo. of conversation, 2 May 1954. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 434. 444 Notes
40. Ibid., pp. 466-7 Sec. of State to US Deleg., Geneva, 9 May 1954; Bedell Smith to Eden, 10 May 1954. PRO: FO 3711111867. 41. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1 ), pp. 492-3. 42. Ibid., pp. 529-531. 43. Ibid., pp. 554-9. Report of 5 Power military conference, 3-11 June 1954 and in PRO: FO 3711111866. 44. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), p. 569. 45. Ibid., pp. 574-6. 46. COS (54) 83rd mtg, 16 July 1954. PRO: DEFE 4/71. 47. Memo. of discussions, 23 July 1954. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 653-7. 48. Ibid., pp. 665-71. Mins of mtg on SE Asia, 24 July 1954. 49. Ibid., pp. 685-6. Memo of conversation, 30 July 1954. 50. Ibid., p. 713. US Ambass., New Delhi, to State Dep., 9 Aug. 1954; UKHC Colombo to CRO (302), 9 Aug. 1954. PRO: DO 35/6128. 51. UK Embassy Paris to FO (314) 12 Aug. 1954. PRO: DO 35/6129. 52. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (I), pp. 739-40, Sec. of Def. to State, 17 Aug. 1954; Dulles to Wilson, 25 Aug. 1954. 53. UKHC Karachi to CRO (1117), II Aug. 1954. PRO: DO 35/6129; Min. by J.G. Tahourdin, 29 July 1950. FO 3711111825. 54. Shanahan view quoted by UKHC Wellington to CRO (313), 28 Aug. 1954. PRO: FO 3711111838. 55. UKHC Canberra to CRO (651), I Sep. 1954. PRO: DO 35/6132. 56. SEATO: Acceptance by HM Govt in principle, 20 Aug. 1954. PRO: FO 3711111883. 57. For analysis of the drafts, FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 686-94; Report on Manila Conference by Lord Reading, 15 Sep. 1954. PRO: FO 371/ 111888. 58. Memo. by MacArthur to Sec. of State, 25 Aug. 1954. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), p. 791. 59. Ibid., p. 740. Memo by Ass. Sec. for European Affairs to Sec. of State, 18 Aug. 1954; A.A.A. Stark (FO) to A.D. Montague Browne (Pr Sec. No. 10), 13 Aug. 1954. PRO: FO 3711111879. 60. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1), pp. 901-902. US Ambass., Colombo, to Sec. of State, 9 Sept. 1954. 61. UKHC Delhi to CRO (Pol 54/33/3), 13 Sept. 1954. PRO: FO 371/111888. 62. US Policy Towards the Far East, 12 Nov. 1954. FRUS, 1952-54, XII (1 ), pp. 961-2. 63. Ibid., pp. 921-3. Memo of Conversation by MacArthur, I Oct. 1954. 64. Ibid., pp. 939-96. US mins. of ANZUS mtg, II Oct 1954. 65. Ibid., p. 951. Horsey to Goodyear, 18 Oct. 1954. 66. Min. by M. Weir, 18 Nov. 1954. PRO: FO 3711111893. 67. SeeM. Pearson, Paper Tiger: New Zealand's Part in SEATO 1954-1977 (Wellington: NZ Institute of International Affairs, 1989), pp. 38-48. 68. JP (53) Ill (Final), 23 Sep. 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/65. 69. JP (53) 134 (Final), 17 Dec 1953. PRO: DEFE 4/68. 70. Ibid., COS (54) I st mtg, 5 Jan. 1954; COS (54) 26th mtg, I 0 Mar. 1954. PRO: DEFE 4/69. 71. COS (54) 88th mtg, 6 Aug. 1954. PRO: DEFE 4/72. 72. Ibid., Cos (54) 92nd mtg, 27 Aug. 54. Notes 445
73. COS (54) l09th mtg, 20 Oct. 1954. PRO: DEFE 4173. 74. Shedden to Harding, 4 Nov. 1054. AA: A 5954, Box 2293. 75. JP (54) 94 (Final), 22 Nov. 54. PRO: DEFE 4174. 76. JP (55) Note I (Final), 18 Jan. 1955. PRO: DEFE 4175. 77. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 2 Feb. 1953. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS. SHA 41551050. 78. COS (55) 13th mtg, 23 Feb. 1955. PRO: DEFE 4175. 79. COS (55) 86, 16 Apr. 1955. PRO: DEFE 7/20. 80. Ibid., Annex. B to JP(55) 38 (Final), 23 May 1955; COS (55) 121, 31 May 1955. PRO: DO 35/6086. 81. Mcintosh to Shanahan, 1 Oct. 1955. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS. SHA 4/ 55/077. 82. COS (55) 85th mtg, 18 Oct. 1955./JP (55) Note 20 (Final), 11 Oct. 1955. DEFE 4/80. 83. See W.R. Louis and R. Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Conse• quences (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989) and W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US and the Suez Crisis (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991). 84. Corner to Mcintosh, 5 Feb. 1957. NZMoFAT: Mcintosh MSS. COR 2/ 57/029. 85. Ibid., COR 2/57/030. Mcintosh to Corner, 19 Feb. 1953.
CONCLUSION: THE TRANSFER OF POWER IN THE PACIFIC
I. N. Tarling, 'Wars of British Succession', New Zealand Journal of His• tory, 1981, 15 (I): 24-34, and The Sun Never Sets: An Historical Essay on Britain and its Place in the World (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 1986), pp. 5-7. 2. Wood, 'The Anzac Dilemma', International Affairs, 1953 29(2): 184-92. 3. Kennan, 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct by X', Foreign Affairs, 1947, 25(4): 575; JCS 1920/3, 18 Mar. 1949. USNA: CCS 381 USSR (3-2-46) Sec. 30. 4. Address by Dulles at Whittier College, 31 Mar. 1951. DNZER, Ill, p. 856. 5. Corner memo. Mar. I 948. See above p. I 97. Doidge speech, 9 May 1950. DNZER, Ill, pp. 546-7. 6. Memo. handed to UKPM by Aust. Resident Min., 22 Feb. 195 I. DO 35/ 2927. See above pp. 317, 325. 7. Gordon Walker to Menzies, 13 Mar. 195 I. PRO: DO 35/2928. 8. R. Kennaway, New Zealand Foreign Policy 1951-71 (Wellington: Hicks, Smith, 1972), ch. 2. 9. Tarling, 'Wars of British Succession', p. 29. 10. Mcintyre, The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base, 1919-1942 (London: Macmillan, 1979), and New Zealand Prepares for War, 1919- 39 (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1988). II. Wood, 'Anzac Dilemma', p. 184. I 2. Edwards, Crises and Commitment, p. 168. 13. SeeM. Templeton, Ties of Blood and Empire: New Zealand's Involvement 446 Notes
in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis 1947-57. (Auckland: Auck• land University Press in association with NZIIA, 1994). 14. Edwards, Crises and Commitment, p. 263. 15. McLean, 'Anzus Origins', p. 91. 16. F.H. Corner, 'Anzus EtCetera- June 1991' p. 10. Unpublished paper, by courtesy of the author. 17. New Zealand: AJHR, 1966, A-8, p. 6. 18. Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 380. 19. Corner, 'Anzus EtCetera', p. 19. INDEX
Abadan, 33, 93, 95, 148, 158, 274, Anglo-American strategic differences, 350 110-3 ABC meetings, Washington, 102-4, Ankara, 94, 153 110-13, 132, 154, 158, 159, Antigua, 67 160,162, 165 Anzac dilemma, 2, 21, 46, 211, 269, Acheson, Dean 394,395,396-7,399,402,405 Anzus Council, 354, 357, 362, Anzam 364 Canberra talks ( 1951 ), 311 Bevin, meeting with, 252 Chiefs of Staff organization, 143 disengagement from Asia Chi ftey-Attlee correspondence, speech, 65 187 Evatt's pact proposals, 80 definition of, 141, 207 Holland visit, 304 Holland makes public, 210 Island Chain, 291, 292, 300 Melbourne planners' conference Japanese Peace Treaty, 240, 253, (1949), 205, 219-22, 267 264-6, 283, 290 origins of, 212-9 Korean War, 269, 271, 276, 281 relationship with Anzus, 354, 355, life of, 46-8 361' 362, 365, 366, 368, 372, Secretary of State, 238 388, 389, 390, 391, 392 security guarantees, 336, 338 ANZIM area, 141, 217, 219 Southeast Asian defence, 369, 371 Anzus Council, 353-67, 37 I, 388 Spender visit, 284-8 Anzus Treaty Under-secretary of State, 61 acronym, 286, 287, 356 Adak, 68, 72 drafted, 315-22 Aden, 95, 124 keystone of Australian and New Admiralty Islands, 71, 72 Zealand defence, 400-2 see also Manus motives for, 346-7 Afghanistan, 95, 136, 250 Seato comparisons, 385-7 Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord, 78, signed, 345-6 86,122-3,229 text, 406-8 Aleppo, 94, 97, 100, 149, 153, 155, Arab Legion, 156, 166-7 166 Arabian Gulf, 91, 99, 100, 102, 117, Aleutian Islands, 68, 72, 88, 301 123, 132, 145, 152, 153, 158, Alexander, A.V., 202,213 183 Allen, Denis, 388 Ardahan, 56, 94 Allison, John Arnold, General Hap, 51, 80 Bureau of Far East Affairs, Ascension Island, 67 director, 250 Atlantic Charter, 55, 56 Canberra talks (1951 ), 316, 318 Atomic bombs Island Chain, 292 Bevin insists on British bomb, 33 Japanese Peace Treaty 54, 254, British deterrent, 350- I 281, 285, 292 British vulnerability, 119 life, 48 Churchill and British hydrogen security guarantees, 335, 361 bomb, 41 447 448 Index
Soviet bomb, 65, 92, Ill, 112, Committee, Australian; Defence 113, 115, 175 Committee, Melbourne Strategic air offensive, I 00, 129 Azerbaijan, 56, 61, 95 US Joint Staff Planners and, 89 Azores, 101 Attlee, Clement Anzam, 141, 179, 181, 187, 211, Babcock, Colonel Stanton, 289, 291, 215 316 Australian defence co-operation, Baker, Philip Noel, 215 140 Baghdad, 94, 148, 155, 166 Korean War, 272 Baghdad Pact, 351, 391 life of, 30 Baguio, 249, 250, 251, 255, 256, Middle East defence, 127-8, 146, 259,260,267-8 159 Bahamas, 67 Pacific bases, 75, 78 Bahrein, 93, 95, 148, 154, 158, 166 Prime Ministers' Meetings (1946), Balboa, 72 79, 121-7 Bandar Abbas, 93, 95, 148 post-war Labour government, 29, Bases 120, 349 Australian, at Manus, 68, 71, 72, reaction to Anzus, 327-8 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 172, 173, regional security, 246 178, 215, 220 Australia British, in Middle East, 123-4, Canberra Pact, 170 129- 30, 146, 156 Commonwealth Far East Strategic British in Southeast Asia, 135 Reserve, 389 New Zealand, islands to north, decision-making machinery, 14-28 192-3,201 Department of Defence, 15, 27, US at Cairo-Suez, 93, 97, 98, 100, 28, 82 103, 105, 108, 110. 130, 147, Dien Bien Phu, 378 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 157, diplomatic posts, 15 159, 160, 161 Embassy, Washington, 20, 26 US at Casablanca-Port Lyautey, External Affairs Liaison Officer, 100, 109, 153, 158, 159, 160 14,27 US global chain, 66-74, 81-3, 88 High Commissioner, London, 15, US at Karachi-Lahore, 95, 100, 136 101, 103, 151, 153, 154, 158, 165 Island Chain, 291-303 US at Okinawa, 68, 71, 72, 140, Labor Party, 16, 24, 349 151, 164, 240, 241, 253, 254, Middle East defence, 40, 118, 138, 255, 266, 286, 339 157, 159, 165 Basra, 95, 97, 149, 152 Paci fie Pact proposal, 265 Bathurst, Brigadier-General Robert, Post-war defence policy, 173-9 105 Prime Ministers' Meetings (1944, Beasley, John A., 75 1948), 181-4 Bedell Smith, Walter, 380, 381 Seato, 381-8 Belem, Brazil, 67 Security Intelligence Organisation, Belgium, 234, 235, 280 18 Benelux, 133, 234 Southeast Asian defence, 140-2, Berendsen, Sir Carl 185-90 Anzus Council, 353 Vietnam War, 402-3 Anzus draft 340-1, 342, 343, see also Chiefs of Staff 344-6 Index 449
Burton, view of, 24, 42, 44 Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Commonwealth Ministerial 161, 239, 254, 275 Meetings (1945), 121 'discriminate' containment line, Evatt, view of, 16 108, 134, 397 Head of NZ Prime Minister's Dulles and Japanese Peace Treaty, Department, 8 338 High Commissioner, Canberra, 227 Five Power staff talks, Washington, Island Chain proposal, 301 369 Japanese Peace Treaty, 289, 290, Barten, Dr. Hugh, 237-8 298 British Borneo, 305 Korean War, 273, 276, 278, 280 British Commonwealth of Nations life of, 9-11, 14 ABC Meetings, Washington, !02-4, Paci fie Pact proposal, 261-4 110-13, 132, 154, 158, 159, Pacific Union plan, 250, 251 160, 162, 165 Philippines and Anzus, 332 Australian support, Middle East Tripartite treaty proposal, 305-6 or Southeast Asia, 185-90 Berlin blockade, 64, 235, 257, 399 Churchill and English-speaking Betio, 70 peoples, 60 Bevin, Ernest Canberra Conference on Japanese alliances system proposed, 134 Peace Treaty (1947), 244 Anglo-American secret talks, 239 Defence Co-operation ( 194 7), Anzus, view of, 327, 329-30 212 Colombo Conference (1950), Imperial Conference ( 1937), 226 184-5, 257-60 Imperial defence, 119 Island Chain, 308 Korean War, 272-82 Japanese Peace Treaty, 252 Middle East defence, 118, Korean War, 272 164-8 life of, 31-2 Ministerial Meetings (1945), 171 Middle East, 33, 40, 41, 128, !50 New Zealand defence, 196-209 North Atlantic Treaty, 239 Pacific bases dispute with US, 71 Pacific bases, 73, 78 post-war American bases, 73-80 Prime Ministers' Meetings, 122-7 post-war strategy, 122 Secretary of State for Foreign Rusk's views on, 48, 54 Affairs, 29-30 South Pacific defence 191-5 Southeast Asia, 248 strategy paper (1947), 128-31 Bidault, Georges, 233 World powers, 89 Big Three, 55-6, 228-30 see also Commonwealth Defence Bishop, Major-General Alec, 39, 360 Ministers' Conference ( 1951 ); Boase, Major-General A.J ., 179 Division (UN Forces) Korea; Bohlen, Charles, 370 Economic Conference ( 1952); Bolt the back door, I, 317, 325, 330, Foreign Ministers' Conference 346,350,352,399-400,404 ( 1950); Far East Strategic Bonin Islands, 66-67, 68, 72, 242, Reserve; Occupation Force, 254, 292 Japan, and Prime Ministers' Bradley, General Omar, Meetings Anglo-American differences over British Commonwealth Occupation the Middle East, 112-3 Force, Japan, 121, 126, 171, Anzus Council, 354-5 186, 190, 212, 213, 218, 237, Army Chief of Staff, I 04, I 08 272, 277 450 Index
British Defence Co-ordinating Canada Committee (Far East). 125, 135. ABC meetings, Washington, 369 102-4,110-13,132,154,158, British Empire 159, 160, 162, 165 Commonwealth, 54, 89 American-Canadian defence decline of. 32. 87, 91. 93, 114, relations as model for Australia, 145 76, 79, 172. 185. 306 Menzies view of, 21 Canadian High Commissioner. power of, 101 Wellington. 197 Secretariat proposal, 171 Caribbean interests, 123 see also Anzac dilemma Commonwealth defence British High Commissioner, co-operation, 119, 137, 174 Canberra, 137,310, 312, 324 Commonwealth Division. Korea. British High Commissioner, 279 Wellington, 5, 210, 276, 299. Far East Commission. member of. 324, 354, 362 237 British Liaison Mission Japan, 38, hemisphere defence, 151 296 Hong Kong defence question British North Borneo, 300 (1949), 141 Brook, Sir Norman, 328 Island Chain proposal, 291 Brownjohn, Lieutenant-General, 274, Japanese Peace Treaty. 265 279, 327 Middle East defence. interest in, Bruce, Stanley M., 15 II I. 113 Brunei, 300, 402 Nato. 64. 199, 235. 245. 369 Brussels Pact, 63, 127, 133, 179. US sphere of interest, in, 323 196, 225, 234, 244 Canary Islands. 67 Bulgaria, 229, 230 Canberra Pact ( 1944 ), 16, 70. 170, Bureau of European Affairs. State 175. 178. 192, 194, 226. 244 Department, 48 Canberra talks ( 1951 ), 300. 30 I, 302. Bureau of Far East Affairs, State 308.310-22 Department, 48, 334 Canton Island. 68. 71. 72. 81 Burma, 135, 174. 175, 182, 217. Cape Verde Islands. 67 246, 299, 337, 360, 375. 379, Caroline Islands. 67, 68, 70. 192. 381 193. 230. 241' 284 Burns, General, 254 Casablanca, 100, 109, 153. 158. 159 Bush, Dr. Vanevar, 89 Casey. Reginald G .. 19-20. 28, 142, Burton, Dr. John, 22, 23-5, 28. 267, 343. 356, 357, 360, 362. 364. 335 367. 371, 387, 401 Bushire, 93, 95 'Cauldron', 93. 147 Butterworth, W. Walton, 48, 53, Cayenne. 67 251' 252, 253, 254, 264, 266 Centre strategy. 109, 110, 395. Byrnes, James, 72-3, 75, 78, 79 397-8 Ceylon. 135. 137. 141, 165. 181, Cabinet Secretariat, British, 14-15, 27 20 I, 237, 250, 256-60. 268. Cairo-Suez, 93, 97, 98, 100, 103, 294, 302, 379, 381' 386 105, 108, 110, 130, 147, 148, Chiang Kai-Shek, 65, 227, 246, 249 149, 151, 152. 153, 157, 159, Chief of the Imperial General Staft· 160, 161 Alanbrooke, 78. 86. 122-3. 229 Cambodia, 38 I. 386 Harding. 371-2. 374-5. 382, 389 Index 451
Montgomery. 195, 213 Chifley, Ben, 18, 21, 42, 77, 125-6, Slim. 14, 138, 142, 187-90,221, 135, 178-9, 187,213-14,217 273, 274, 275, 327, 358 China, 65, 96, 98, 99, 1 13, I 16, 174, Chiefs of Staff, US Joint 176, 192, 196, 237, 246, 250, Anzus Council, 355, 367 291' 368, 372 Anzus draft, 336-8, 339-43 Christmas Island, 69, 71, 81, 220 Centre strategy. I 12 Churchill, Sir Winston Spencer China, attitude to, 65 Anzam, 210 containment, I 08- I 0 Anzus, attempt to enter, 29, 359, flexibility, desire for, 223 362-3,401 Island Chain proposal, 292, 296 Big Three, 55, 170, 228 Japanese Peace Treaty, 240, 252, Commonwealth Far East Strategic 254 Reserve, 390 Korean War. 274, 279 Fulton speech, 59-60 Middle East oil-fields, 100-1 life of, 34-6, 40, 45 Middle East plans. 154 Menzies view of, 2 I origins of, 50-I Prime Ministers' Meetings (1944), Pacific Pact proposal, 265-6 120-1, (1955), 390 Pentagon talks ( 194 7), 13 I, 149 Southeast Asian defence, 369, 379, post-war bases in the Pacific, 381 66-7, 7~ 72, 7~ 81,91 Clipperton Island, 66-7, 69, 72 Southeast Asian defence, :no, 382 'Cockspur', 93 Chiefs of Staff Committee, Cold War Australian, 28, 76, 126, 175, Anzac commitments in Southeast 185, 187, 310 Asia, 347 Chiefs of Staff Committee, London Anzus context, I, 2 Anzam, 216, 221 atmosphere at UN, 1 I, 17 Anzus, reaction to, 325, 327, 328, Australian position, 23, !89-90 361, 366 Azerbaijan crisis, 61, 147 British deterrent, 350-1 Berendsen's view of, 206 founding of, 39 Containment, 397-8 Island Chain, 299, 302 Czech coup, 63, 87 Joint Services Mission, Dulles fears loss of Japan, 319 Washington, 50 history of, 54-65, 223-4 Korean War, 272 impact on Australian and New Middle East planning, 155-7 Zealand politics, 349-50 New Zealand and the Middle East, Korean War, 270-1 202-4,208 New Zealand views, 196-200 Southeast Asian defence, 369, 376, NSC-68, I 14-18 382, 388-9, 392 US stance, 42 strategic review ( 1946), 121 -3 Collective Security threat to resign over Attlee's League of Nations, 225 Middle East ideas, 33 United Nations, 226 US bases in the Pacific, 77, 172 Collins, General J. Lawton, 112, 1 13, Warning to government (1947), 337-8, 355 130-l Collins, Rear Admiral, J.A., 182-3, Chiefs of Staff Committee, New 219, 221, 222 Zealand, 13-14. 191-5, 199, Colombo Conference of 201,204,207,208,245,267,306 Commonwealth Foreign 452 Index
Ministers (1950), 7, 142, 165, describes Peter Fraser, 3 184, 239, 252. 254, 256, 260 Japanese Peace Treaty, 266, 289, Colombo Plan, 25, 26, 41, 256, 260, 299 313 life of, 12, 14, 17 Colonial Office, 40, 71, 325, 328 Maginot line mentality, on, 201 Combined Chiefs of Staff, Middle East commitment, 374 Washington, 50-1, II 0, 119, Pacific Union pact, 250, 255 122, 170, 180, 211 Prime Ministers' Meetings (1946), Commander-in-Chief, Pacific, US 125-6,349 (CINCPAC), 341, 355, 357, US guarantee, proposes, 197, 206 358, 389 Coronation of Elizabeth II ( 1953), Commissioner-General for Southeast 210, 365, 366 Asia, British, 372 Council of Foreign Ministers, 53, 63, see also Special-Commissioner for 64, 72, 97, 229, 230, 231' 232, Southeast Asia 233, 242, 377 Commonwealth Defence Ministers Cowen, Myron, 353 Conference ( 1951 ), 166 Crete, 93, 94, 148 Commonwealth Division Cuba, 67 (UN Forces), Korea, 269, 278, Cunningham, Admiral of the Fleet 279-80 Lord, 40, 128, 133, 134 Commonwealth Economic Conference Curtin, John, 17-18, 27, 40, 120-1, (1952), 41, 364 170-2,212 Commonwealth Foreign Ministers' Cyprus, 93, 94, 97, 129, 131, 148, Conference, Colombo (1950), 7, 156, 160, 350, 389 142,184,239,256-60 Cyrenaica, 94, 124, 129, 130, 131, Commonwealth Far East Strategic 146 Reserve, 41, 373-6, 388-91, 402 Czechoslovakia, 63, 230, 234 Commonwealth Relations Office, 38-9, 139, 210, 298, 303, 323, Dakar, 67 325, 326, 328, 36~ 366 Dakota transports, 141, 142, 185, Commonwealth Working Party on 190, 221 Japanese Peace Treaty, 240, Dardanelles, 92. 94, 147, 153 266 Declaration on Liberated Europe Communist insurgency, Southeast (1945), 55 Asia Defence Committee, London. 39, 86, Malaya, 118, 136, 185, 239, 402 123, 136, 139 Vietnam, 368, 381, 402 Defence Committee, Melbourne, 15. Confrontation, 402 28, 73, 86, 127, 172, 174, 178. Containment, I, 108-10, I 09, 395, 182, 187, 212, 216, 219, 273, 397-8 311, 374 Cook Islands, 69, 71, 170, 192, 220, Defence Committee, Wellington, 14, 227 273, 276 Corner, Frank H. Defense Department, Washington, 5, allied strategy, comments on, 393 51-2,265 Anzus, comments on, 40 I, 403, Denfeld, Admiral, I 0 I, I 02, I 08 405 Denmark, 235, 280 Anzus draft, 342 Dening, Sir Esler, 37, 38, 248, 251, Collective Security, analysis of, 261' 266, 285, 300, 302, 314. 196-200 315,318,319,323,324 Index 453
Department of External Affairs, Eniwetok, 68, 72 Canberra, 15, 17, 22, 27 Ethiopia, 225. 280 Department of External Affairs, Espiritu Santo, 68, 72 Wellington, 8, 10, II, 13 Erzurum, 94, !53 Dhahran, I 02, 166 European Recovery Programme, 232 Dien Bien Phu, 54, 373, 376-9, 380 Evatt, Dr. Herbert Vere Diplomacy, 223 American post-war Pacific bases, Doidge, Frederick, 7-8, 184,257, 73, 74 262, 264, 266, 267, 282, 289, Australian support in Malaya, 290, 302, 307' 310, 316, 320, 136 322, 33~ 333,339,401 Canberra Pact (1944 ), 170, 226-8, Dual Dependence, 395, 397, 400-1 244 Dulles, John Foster Commonwealth Ministerial Anzus Council, 359 Meetings (1945), 121 Canberra talks (1951 ), 310-22 life of, 16-17 Consultant to State Department, Manus base, 173 240, 265, 283, 284 Minister of External Affairs, 15, Island Chain, 29 I -303 28 Japanese Peace Treaty, 289-90 Prime Ministers' Meetings: 1946, Korean War, 269, 281 77-80,82,121-7.335, 349; life of, 52-4 1948, 181-2 Manila Pact, 384, 390 Spender's contemporary at law most important maker of Anzus, 2 school, 19 New Zealand Cabinet, meets, 349 tripartite Pacific defence proposal, Philippine membership of Anzus, 76 332-9 External Affairs Liaison Officer, Secretary of State, 42, 367 Australian, London, 14, 27 Southeast Asian defence, 370, 376, 377, 382 Fadden, Sir Arthur, 277 Special Representative of the Fanning Island, 220 President, 241 Far East Commission, II, 64, 237, Spender visit to Washington 241, 281 ( 1950), 285-8 Far East Fleet, RN, 272, 274 Dum barton Oaks. I 0 Fearey, Robert, 48, 292, 3 16 Dunn, James, 75 Fechleter, Admiral, 355 Fiji, 67, 68, 192, 193 Easter Island, 67, 69 Finland, 228 Eastern Europe, 55-6 Five Power Defence Arrangements Eden, Anthony, 34,36-7,40, 120, (1971), 403 360, 361, 362, 370, 371, 379, Five Power Staff Agency, 366, 367, 383 368-73,378,380,387,400 Egypt, 91, 96, 129, 130, 146, 151, Five Power staff talks, 357, 359, 366 155, 350, 398 Foreign Office, 37-8, 210, 231, 298, Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 303,308,325,328,400 21,35,42,44-6, 54,364,365, Forrestal, James, 72 376, 377, 379, 380, 390 Foulkes, Lieutenant-General, 279 Ellice Islands, 68, 71 France, 234, 235, 237, 265, 280, Emmerson, John K., 48, 287 296, 305, 362, 367, 369, 376, Enderbury Island, 68, 71 378, 381 454 Index
Franks, Sir Oliver, 254, 275, 296, Gruenther, General, 160. 162 297, 308, 323, 334, 335, 336, Guadalcanal, 68, 72 361 Guam, 68, 72 Fraser, Admiral of the Fleet Lord, Gulf War ( 1991). 405 140, 309 Fraser, Peter Habbanyia air base, 94, 156 Anzam, 216, 221 Halifax, Lord, 70,71 foreign policy, interest in, 3 Hamblen, Brigadier A.L., 340 Japanese Peace Treaty, 245-6 Hankey. Sir Maurice, 27 life of, 3-4,14,15,42 Harding, Field Marshal, Sir John, Middle East commitment, 142 371-2,374-6,382,389 Ministerial Meetings ( 1945), 121 Harrison, Eric. 294, 325. 328, 329, National Service, 203-5 331 New Zealand defence policy, 195, Harry. Ralph, viii, 17, 22. 23, 26, 197, 202 312, 316, 317, 320, 323, 362 Pacific bases, 73, 75 Has luck, Paul, 17, 24 Pacific Union proposal, 249 Hawaii, 67, 68 Prime Ministers' Meetings: 1944, Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, 72 120-1; 1948,138,181-2,184 Hickerson, John D .. 70, 74. 80, San Francisco Conference on 286 UNO, 226, 227 Himalayas, 108 Fuchs, Klaus, 262 Hiss, Alger, 262 Fulton speech, 59-60 Ho Chi Minh, 368 Funafuti, 68, 71, 72, 81 Hodgson, Colonel W. Roy, 22-3, 24 Holland, Sidney Galapagos Islands, 67, 69 anti-communism, 350 Gardner, Rear-Admiral Matthias, Anzam, 210, 220 105 Anzus Council, 353 Garner, Joe, 39, 299, 308, 326 Anzus draft. 332 Gascoigne, Sir Alvary, 38, 296, 299, British attempt to enter Anzus, 300, 302, 310 363,365,366-7 Geneva Conference (1954), 37, Commonwealth Far East Strategic 378-9,380,388 Reserve, 390-1 Georgetown, British Guiana, 67 foreign policy, attitude to, 7 Germany, 61, 64, 88, 93, 97, 228. Japanese Peace Treaty, 294, 298, 229, 230, 233, 237, 395 299, 302 Gibraltar, 96, 99, 102, 109, 110, 112, Korean War, 275 153, 160-2 life of, 6 Goose Bay, 67 Middle East commitment, 205-9 Gordon Walker, Patrick, 34, 303, Suez crisis (1956). 401 314, 323, 328, 329-31' 400, Washington visit, 7. 14, 42, 142, 401 303-7 Graves, Hubert, 296 Holt, Harold, 189 Greece, 93, 129, 130, 132, 133, 147, Hong Kong, 118, 141-2, 176,221, 148, 150, 155, 164, 166, 228, 274, 275, 278. 279, 292. 299, 232, 280, 343 327, 365, 372, 375. 381. 388, Greenland, 67 401 Gromyko, Andrei, 346 Howard, John B., 260 Groves, General Leslie. 89 Hungary. 229, 230 Index 455
Iberian Peninsula, 92, 93, 96, 122, Joint Chiefs of Staff, see Chiefs of 124, 133, 164 Staff, US Joint Iceland, 67, 235 Joint Intelligence Committees Imperial defence, I 19 London, 39. 164 Imperial Defence College, London, Melbourne, 28 27, 192, 200 Washington, 51 Inchon landings, 270 Wellington, 14 Indo-China, 37. 116, 123, 182, 205. Joint Post-War Committee, 217. 297, 351, 360, 362, 368, Washington, 87 370, 371, 372. 375, 376, 380 Joint Services Organization, Indonesia, 139, !40, 174, 217, 244, Wellington, 13 268, 291. 297, 30 l, 334. 378, Joint Planning Committees 379, 381 London, 39-40, 119, 132, 140, India, 122, 130, 135, 137, 140. 141, I 55, I 79, 375, 39 I -2 152, 153, 165, 174, 176, 181, Melbourne, 28, I 78, 2 I 2 201, 211, 213, 246, 247, 250, Washington, 51. 81, 87, 89, 266 268, 279, 294, 337, 379, 381 Wellington, 13-14 Inner Ring. Middle East defence, 166-7 Joint Strategic Surveys Committee, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Washington, 51, 66, I 14. 336 Assistance ( 1947), see Rio Pact Joint War Plans Committee. International Monetary Fund, 5, 58 Washington, 89, 91, 96, 145, 149 Iran, 56, 61, 91, 93, 99, 128, 132, Jones, Fred, 195 147. 150, 158, 166, 230, 274, Jordan Rift line. I 00, !53 337, 341, 350, 392 Juin, Marshal, 369 Iraq. 93, 99. 128. 156, 158, 350. 351, 392 Karachi, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103. 153, Iron Curtain. 59 154, 158, !65 Isitt, Air Vice-Marshal, 193 Kars, 56, 94, 147, 153 Iskenderan Pocket. 94, 100 Kayforce, 304 Island Chain, 88, 291-303, 310, 3 I 3 Kennan, George, 49, 58-9, 60, 106, Israel, 113, 163 1!4, 223, 231, 235, 238, 244-5, Italy, 93, !32. 133, !50, 280, 396 397 Kenya, 33, 123, 129 Jamaica, 67 Khartoum, 94, !54, !58, 159, 160 Japan. 88, 121. 192, 205. 207, 217, King, Admiral Ernest, 44, 51, 66 228,237-43.381,387 Kodiak, 72 Japanese Peace Treaty, I, 9, 12, 29, Korea, 67, 68 33,41, 50. 54,237-43,252, Korean War. I, 14, 21, 29, 33, 42, 258. 264-7, 343 45, 87, 117. 143, 190, 205, 209, Jarman, Ambassador, 259. 261, 264 222, 268, 269-82, 291. 334, Jayawardene. Julius, 258 347, 349. 368 Jericho, !56 Kra Isthmus, I 17, 371, 381 Jerusalem, 94, !56 Kurile Islands. 56, 68, 72, 88, 175, Jessup, Philip, 49, 261, 275 228, 242, 283 Johnston, Charles H., 37, 308, Kuwait, 95, !58 325-6, 329 Kwajalein, 68, 72 Johnson Island, 67, 68-9, 72 Joint Chiefs of Staff Australia Labour Government, British, 29 (JCOSA), 127, 135, 212-4 Labouisse, Henry R., 286 456 Index
Labuan,300 Southeast Asia, 374, 393 Lahore, 95, 98, 100, 151, 153 Pacific bases issue, 74, 75 Laking, Sir George, viii, 11-12, 14, relations with Sid Holland, 7 252, 266, 297, 356 Tripartite pact proposal, 305-6, Lamb, Admiral Sir Charles, 389 333 Laos, 381, 386, 402 Mcintyre, Laurence, 22 League of Nations, 3, 10, 48, 225, McNicol, David, 285, 297 226 Mafraq air base, 94, 156 Leahy, Admiral, 51, 67, 70, 101, 151 Main support areas, 122, 124 Leninakan, 95, 153 Makin, Norman, 280, 285, 295 Liberal-Country Party, Australia; 20, Malaya 25, 184, 221 Anzam, 141, I 82, 220-2 Libya, 94, 146, 350 Australian bombers. 2 I 5 Liesching, Sir Percivale, 38-9, 323, Australian planning responsibility, 372 139, 143, 176, 185 Lincoln bombers, 185, 190, 215, 272 communist insurgency, I I 8, I 85, Lincoln, General, 92, 131 239, 402 Lindsay, Major-General Richard, 105 communist threat, 299 Line Islands, 69, 71 defence of, 365, 369 Listowel, Lord, 248 Far East Strategic Reserve, 375, Long Telegram, George Kennan's, 404 58-9 Governor-General, 125 Luxembourg, 234, 236, 280 nationalism, I 74 Lyons, Joseph, 226 Malta, 94, I 60, I 90 Manchuria, 64-5, 98, 99, 228, 230 MacArthur, General Douglas, 14, 17, 270 45, 237, 239, 270, 271, 277, Mandates, League of Nations, I 0 283, 398 Manila Pact, see Seato; Southeast McBride, Sir Philip, 188 Asian Collective Defence Treaty McCarthy, Senator Joe, 46, 262, 349 Manus, 68, 7 I, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, MacDonald, Malcolm, 218, 372 80, 82, I 72, I 73, I 78, 2 I 5, 220 McGrigor, Admiral Sir Roderick, Mao Tse Tung, 65, 368 131, 369 Maori, 5, 6 Macgruder, Major-General Carter, Marcus Island, 67, 68, 72, 241, 284 240 Mariana Islands, 67, 68, 70, 72, 192, Mcintosh, Alister 193, 241, 284 Anzus Council, 353-4, 355, 356, Marquesas Islands, 67, 69 359, 367 Marshall, General George Anzus draft, 342 Anzus draft, 336, 338 Berendsen correspondence with, appointed Eisenhower, 45 I I, 14,262 Army Chief of Stalf, 5 I defence policy, 197-201 China mission, 65 Colombo Conference ( 1950), Harvard speech (1947), 62-3, 232 258-9 Island Chain, 292 Fraser and world affairs, 4, 245-6 Middle East plans, I 50 Japanese Peace Treaty, 289, 295 North Atlantic Treaty. 233 Korean War, 273, 276 Secretary of State, 47, 61 life of, 7, 8 War plans. views of, 91 Middle East commitment versus see also Marshall Plan Index 457
Marshall Islands, 67, 68, 70, 72, New Zealand commitment, 305, 182, 192, 193, 230, 241' 284 318, 327, 341, 343, 374 Marshall Plan, 44, 46, 50, 63, 105, New Zealand planning for, 200-9 196, 249 NSC-68, 117-18 Matthews, H. Freeman, 286 Pentagon talks ( 1947), 13 1-2 Mediterranean, 96, 99, I 02, 124, Soviet threat, 91 128, 130, 145, 150, 151' 161' World War III expected in, 144--68 163, 191 Midway Island, 68, 72 Menzies, Robert Miller, Roderik, viii, 315,316 anti-communism, 349 Minister of External Affairs, New Anzam, 221 Zealand, 4, 7 Anzus Council, 356 Molotov, V.M., 233 Anzus Treaty, 322, 332 Monroe Doctrine, 87, 232, 235, 293, British attempt to enter Anzus, 297, 310, 320, 338, 385, 399 360,363,366-7 'Moonrise', 96 Canberra talks ( 1951 ), 314, 318 Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Commonwealth Far East Strategic Bernard, 40, 128, 131, 133-4, Reserve, 390-I 136, 195,213-14 Japanese Peace Treaty, 295, 297, Morrison, Herbert, 30, 31, 33-4, 339 302 Morganthau, Henry, 229 Korean War, 272, 275, 276, 277, Mosul, 94-5, 97, 100, 149, 153, 279, 281' 282 155, 156, 166 life of, 20-1 Mudaliar, Sir Rameswami, 268 Pacific Pact, 284 Munro, Leslie, 353, 367, 378 Prime Minister, 18, 19 Mustang squadron, Australian, 186, Southeast Asian defence, 142, 184, 190,272-3 186 Suez crisis (1956), 401 Nanpo Shoto, 68, 241, 284 Merchant, Livingstone T., 287 Nansei Shoto, 68, 71, 284 Middle East Nash, Walter, 10, 12, 77 Anzac commitments to, 346-7, Natal, Brazil, 67 355, 358 National Security Act ( 1947), Attlee-Bevin differences over, 128 American, 50-I Attlee's ideas, 32-3 National Security Council, Australian commitments, 312, 318, Washington, 51-2,86, 105, 107, 341' 343 114-17,158,238,247,254, Australian planning for, 178, 182-3 281,386-7 Australian, New Zealand and National Service referendum, New South African help sought, 138 Zealand, 203-4 bases in, 90, 122-3 Nato, 44, 45, 50, 108, 110, 162, 163, Bevin's three-tier alliance system, 168, 184, 217, 225, 236, 286, 134 . 289, 295,297, 306, 316, 338, British 1947 defence paper, 339,340,341-2,343,357, 379, 128-30 381' 393, 399 Canadian interest in, Ill, 113, 165 Nauru, 220 Centre strategy, I I 0- 13 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 256, 257, 260, Colombo Conference ( 1950) 383, 386 discussed at, 142, 257-9 Netherlands, 234, 236, 237, 244, imperial role, 32 265, 273, 28~ 296, 305, 362 458 Index
Nevill, Air Vice-Marshal, 183, 220 Northern tier, Middle East defence, New Caledonia, 67, 68, 72, 176, 192, 146-7 193 Norway, 236 New Guinea, 15, 176, 193, 333 Noumea, 68, 72 New Hebrides, 67, 68, 72, 176, 193 Nuclear-free New Zealand, viii, New Zealand 404-5 Anzam, 141,214-15 Collective Security, 196-200 Occupation forces, 46, 50, 61, 97, Commonwealth Far East Strategic 103, 121, 126, 229 Reserve, 389 Ocean Island, 220 Council of Defence, 13, 14, 86 Office of British Commonwealth and Dien Bien Phu, 378 North European Affairs, State Embassy, Washington, II, 12 Department, (BNA). 49, 286, External Affairs Department, 8- I I 288, 295, 305, 310, 323, 334, First World War, 3 356 Fraser as Prime Minister, 4-6 Office of Northeast Asian Affairs, High Commissioner, Canberra, 8, 10 State Department, 48 Holland as Prime Minister, 4-6 Ogmore, Lord, 303, 328 Hong Kong, defence of, 141 Oil-fields, Arabian Gulf, 91, 98, 100, Island Chain, 291-303 102, 103, 104, 110, I 1 I, 123, Korean War, 273-82 145, 147, 148, 154, 157, 158, League of Nations, 3 166, 176, 350 Liaison Officer, Melbourne, 214 Oman, 93, 95 Middle East defence, 118, Organization for National Security, 138-4~ 157,159,165,200-4 Wellington, 8, I 0, 13 National Service, 203-5 Organization for European Economic Pacific Pact proposal, 265 Co-operation (OEEC), 63 Pacific Union, 251 Outer Mongolia, 228 post-war defence policy, 191-5 Ottawa, 21, 288 Prime Minister's Department, 8-9 snap election ( 1951 ), 350 Pacific air routes, 66, 67 Suez crisis ( 1956) and cruiser Pacific Island bases issue, 70-83 Royalist, 401-2 Pacific Defence Council, 300-1, 302, Vietnam War, 402-3 305, 308, 341 Waterfront strike ( 1951 ), 349 Pacific Ocean Council, 293 New Zealand Labour Party, 4, 5, Pacific Ocean Pact Declaration, 204-5,404 292-8 Newfoundland, 67 Pacific Pact Nile Valley, 146 Australian proposal ( 1937), 226 Nimitz, Fleet Admiral, 80 Berend sen proposal, 206-7, 261-4 Nitze, Paul, 114 Churchill's ideas, 364-5 Nixon, Vice-President Richard, 382 Nato sparks proposal, 236 Norfolk Island, 192 Pacific Union proposal, 249 North Atlantic Treaty, 31, 53, 64, Spender's advocacy, 19, 261 105, 127, 160,206,232-7,244, US bases proposal, 137 245, 257, 263, 28~ 293, 31~ various ideas for, 244-5 315,317, 320, 321, 331 Pago Pago, 68, 72 North Borneo, 178, 206, 215, 220, Pakistan, 132, 135, 137, 141, 151, 305, 401, 404 152, 153, 165, 181, 201, 247, Index 459
268, 294, 337, 379, 381' 383, Phoenix Islands, 67, 68 386, 392 Piave River, 108, 117, 160 Palau Islands, 67, 68, 72 'Pincher' plans, 91-6, 145 Palestine, 93, 94, 130, 146, 148, 155, Pitcairn Island, 67, 69 166, 217 Pizey, Rear Admiral, C.T.M., 214, Palmyra Island, 67, 69, 72 219 Panama Canal Zone, 72 Planning and Operations Division, Paramibo, Surinam, 67 US War Department, 49 Peace treaties Plimsoll, James, 254 Germany, 228-32 Poland, 57, 59, 121, 228 Japan,237-43,264-7 Policy Planning Staff, US State Minor Axis (Italy, Rumania, Department, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland), Japanese Peace Treaty, 244-5 229 Kennan, director, 49, 65, 82, 106, Peace of Reconciliation, see Japanese 235, 238 Peace Treaty Nitze, director, 14 Pearl Harbor, 68-9, 72 Pacific Pact, 247 Penrhyn, 69, 71 Port Lyautey, 109, 158, 159, 160 Pentagon talks (1947), 97, 131-2, Portugal, 236, 296, 305 149-51, 179 Post-War Defence Committee, People's Republic of China, 24, 65, London, 39, 122, 211 Ill, 205, 242, 253, 257, 270, Potsdam Conference ( 1945), 32, 58, 271' 273, 334, 349, 368, 398 229-30,242 Perkins, George W., 48-9, 284, 296 Price, Sir Roy, 276, 299, 301, 324, Pescadores, 230 354 Philippines Prime Minister's Department, American post-war bases in the Canberra, 15, 23, 27 Pacific, 67, 68 Prime Minister's Department, anti-communist pact proposals, Wellington, 8, 10, 12, 13 246, 247 Prime Ministers' Meetings (PMM), Australian strategic interests, 139, Commonwealth 176, 182, 187, 215 (1944)27,40-2, 120-1 Baguio Conference ( 1950), 260, (1946) 17, 41,77-80, 121-7, 178 267-8 (1948) 137-40, 179-84,200-3, Far East Commission, member of, 238, 245 237 (1951) 294, 298 Island barrier off Asia, 88 (1955) 390 Island Chain proposal, 291, 30 I Pritchard, Neil, 39, 302, 360 Korean War contribution, 280 Puerto Rico, 67 Manila Pact, 378, 381, 386-7 Pusan, 275, 276, 278 New Zealand avoids commitment Pyrenees, 96, 99, II 0, 112, 398 to, 306 New Zealand strategic lines, 193 Qatar, 95, 100, 153, 158, 160 possible Anzus member, 315, 319, Quirino, President, 247, 249, 250, 329, 332, 367 255, 344-5 US and defence of, 90, 116, 207, 216, 24~ 241, 271, 361 Rabaul, 72 US-Philippines Security Treaty Radford, Admiral, 82, 222, 358, (1951 ), 344-5 . 377-9, 382, 390 460 Index
Rajapakse, Senator, 258 San Francisco Conference on UNO Ramallah line, 94, 156-7 (1945), 5, I 0, 16, 23, 27, 40, Ras Tanura, 95, 158, 166 53, 58,171,225, 22~ 227,401 Rhee, President Syngman, 249 Sarawak, 300 Rhine, River, 102, 105, 108, I 10, Satterthwaite, Livingstone L., 49, 112, 117, 133, 154, 160, 163, 280, 295, 316 398 Saudi Arabia, 94-5, 147, 155,337 Ridgway, General, 377 Savage, Michael Joseph, 4 Rio Pact, 232, 233, 235, 263, 312, Scales, Sid, cartoonist, viii 338,339,340,341-2,381 Scott, Robert H., 37, 256, 327, 329, Rive, Dr. Alfred, 197, 245 360, 382 Roberts, Frank, 60-1, 231 Seato, I, 37,225,367,381,384-8, Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 393, 400 66-70, 170,228,229, 306 Second World War, 191, 396-7 Romulo, Brigadier Carlos, 250, 255. Secretary for External Affairs, 256, 260, 268 Canberra Ross, J.C., 285 Burton, 23-5 Ross, Robert, 39, 298 Hodgson, 22-3 Rourke, Brigadier H.R., 315 Watt, 25-6 Rowell, Lieutenant-General Sydney, Secretary of State for 274, 358-9 Commonwealth Relations, 136, Royal Australian Regiment, 3rd 215, 245 Battalion, 272, 278 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Rumania, 228, 229, 230 Bevin. 31-2 Rusk, Dean Eden, 36-7 Assistant Secretary of State for Morrison, 31 Far East Affairs, 240, 254, Secretary of State, United States. 46 264-5,286 Senanayake, Don Stephen, 256 Commonwealth relations, 22, 26, Senate Foreign Relations Committee. 48, 281 344 Dulles, view of, 54, 284 Services Liaison staffs, 122, 140, Franks, meeting with, 335 180, 211, 213, 214, 219, 272 Island Chain, 292, 300 Shanahan, Foss, 7, 13-14,252, 299, Holland, meeting with, 304-5 301, 316, 387 life of, 48 Shann, K.C.O., 285 Tripartite treaty idea, 287-8, Shattock, John S.H., 37. 256 305-6,307,310 Shedden, Sir Frederick, 27, 28, 82. Ryukyu Islands, 72, 88, 96, 101, 183, 216 140, 238, 242, 252, 254, 284, Sheehan, Major-General, 389 291,292, 301, 320, 339, 387 Shepherd, General, 377 Sherman, Vice-Admiral, 80 Saipan, 68, 72 Shullaw, J. Harold, 49 Samoa, 67, 68, 72 Singapore, 125, 135. 175. 178, 215, 'Sandown', I 04 373, 389 San Francisco Conference for signing Sino-Soviet alliance, 255 Anzus Treaty (1951), 345-6 Slessor, Air Marshal Sir John, 142 San Francisco Conference on Slim, Field Marshal Sir William, 14, Japanese Peace Treaty (1951), 138, 142, 143, 159, 187-90,208-9, 242-3, 345-6 221, 273, 274, 275, 327, 358 Index 461
Smuts, Field Marshal Jan, 123-4 Ambassador in Washington, 353 Snelling, A.W., 5 Anzus Council, 356, 367 Solomon Islands, 67, 68-9, 193 Anzus draft, 342, 343, 344, 346 Songkla line, 371,381 Australia not a colony, insists, South Africa, 119, 135, 137, 138, 401 142, 157, 159, 165, 168, 174, British reaction to Anzus, 323, 280 331 South Korea, 249 Canberra talks (1951), 310-22 South Pacific, American bases issue, Colombo Conference (1950), 142, 70-4 184- 5, 256-60 South Seas Commission, 244 Dien Bien Phu, 378 Southeast Asian Collective Defence Japanese Peace Treaty, 295 Treaty (1954), 381, 383, 384-8 Korean War, 269, 272, 276-8, Southeast Asian Union proposal, 280,281-2 250 life of, 18-19 Southern Rhodesia, 165, 168 major role in achieving Anzus, 15 Southern Sakhalin, 56, 175, 228, 242, Manus base, 82 283 Middle East versus Southeast Southwest Pacific Command, 14 Asian commitment, 189-90 Soviet Union Minister of External Affairs, 22, 42 ABC appreciations, 132-3 Pacific Pact proposal, 261 atomic bomb, 112-13 'Percy Spender's Baby', pact as, 21 Australian view of, 175-8 Truman announcement of Anzus. British defence review ( 1948), 339 137-40 US guarantee, 305 British Middle East plan Washington visit (1950), 284-9 'Sandown', 155-7 St. Lucia, 67 British post-war strategy, 122-7 Stalin, Joseph, 36, 55, 58, 64, 170, Brussels Pact, 233-5 228, 229 containment, 397-8,400 State Department, United States co-operation with, 88 Anzus Council, 355 Far East Commission, on, 237 Australia New Zealand intentions seen as enigmatic, 89 partnership, 403 Japanese Peace Treaty, 239-43 Dulles appointed Consultant to, Kennan's views of. 49, 58-9, 265 106-7 Japanese Peace Treaty, 238-43, Kurile Islands, 242 252, 398 Long Telegram, 58-9 Kennan's position, 49 New Zealand view of, 200-1, 207 Middle East planning, 150-1 Southern Sakhalin, 242 move to Foggy Bottom, 46 threat to Gibraltar, 161-2 New Zealand Prime Minister's threat to Middle East, 158-60 visit, 7, 9 Yalta concessions to, 55-6, 121 Pacific Pact, 247, 260, 267 Spanish Civil War, 225 Policy Planning Staff, 106, 235 Special-Commissioner for Southeast security guarantees, 336 Asia, 123, 125 Southeast Asian defence, 381 see also Commissioner-General for State-Army-Navy-Air Force Southeast Asia Co-ordinating Committee Spender, Sir Percy (SANACC), 52, 86 462 Index
State-War-Navy-Co-ordinating Subic Bay, 68, 72 Committee (SWNCC), 51, 76, Sudan, 94, 146, 350 77, 78 Suez Canal, 21, 91, 93, 102, 145, Stevens, Major-General, 200 146, 147, 155, 157, 184, 202, Stewart, Major-General Keith, 142, 350 208 Suez Crisis (1956), 21, 120,401-2 Stop line, Admiral Cunningham's, 134 Supreme Commander Allied Powers, Strategic Air Command, 10 I, 134, Japan (SCAP), 237 152, 163, 164, 168 Sweden, 280 Strategic air offensive, 116, 129 Strategy Tahiti, 67, 69, 72 Anglo-American co-operation, Taiwan, 67, 68, 96, 116, 193, 230, 149-51, 155-9 241, 271,291, 351, 367, 381 Anglo-American differences, 159-64 Tange, Arthur, 22, 26, 316 Australian post-war strategy, 174-9 Tarawa, 68, 70, 71, 72, 79, 81 British post-war concept, 121-7 Tassigny, Marshal de Lattre, 368-9, British Future Defence Policy 373 paper (1947), 128-31 Tedder, Marshal of the Royal Air British Chiefs of Staff Review Force, Lord (1948), 137-40, 181-2 British Services Liaison Staff, British Commonwealth and Middle Washington, 163, 165, 272, 275 East, 164-8 Chief of Air Staff, 40, 122, 128, British deterrent, 350-1 133, 134, 137, 154, 160 British global strategy (1950), 142 Middle East strategy, 203 British Joint Planners analysis of US Centre strategy, 112-13 Anglo-American strategy (1955), Teheran, 95, 158 391-2 Thailand, 217, 246, 250, 268, 280, British response to Anzus, 330-1 297, 299, 360, 372, 375, 378, Canberra Pact, 170-1 381, 387, 402, 404 Commonwealth Far East Strategic Third World War, 88 Reserve, 373-6 see also Strategy; War plans containment, 108-10 Thornton, Brigadier Leonard, 389 Korean War, 273 Tiberias, 156 Main Fleet to Singapore, 396 Tobruk, 94, 160 Middle East or Southeast Asia, Tokelau Islands, 68, 71 191-5 Tokyo, 237 nature of strategy, 85 Tomlinson, F.S., 256 New Zealand post-war strategy, Tonga, 67, 68, 192, 193 191-5 Transfer of power in the Pacific, New Zealand Middle East viii, 394, 401 commitment, 200-9 Transjordan, 94, 146, 156 US post-war concept, 87-90 Treaty of Brussels (1948), 63, 127, US post-war plans, 91-107 133, 179, 196, 225, 234, 399 US strategy of Cold War (1950), Treaty of Dunkirk ( 1947), 225, 113-18 232-4,399 World War III in the Middle East, Trieste, 160, 233 144-68 Trinidad, 67 see also War plans, American and Tripartite treaty, 305, 308, 311, 316, British 318, 343, 345, 356 Index 463
Tripoli, 94, 159 Australian policies, 15-7, 19, 23 Tripolitania, 56, 94, 102, 124, 146 Churchill on a UN force, 59 Truk, 68, 72 Collective security under, 199 Truman, President Harry S. Dulles, delegate to, 53 Anzus Council, report of, 357 Korea, call for troops, 279 Attlee, meets, 32 New Zealand policies, 5, 226 Australian and New Zealand San Francisco Conference (1945), leaders, meets, 42 58 Australian guarantee, 287 United States Brussels Pact, 234 Anglo-American secret talks Churchill, meets, 35 (1949), 239 defence structure, 50 Far East Commission, 237 dollar diplomacy, accused of, 56 Korean War, 269-80 Dulles appointed to State North Atlantic Treaty ( 1949), 236 Department, 265, 283-4 United States Embassy, Wellington, Dulles, special assistant, 294 12 Japanese Peace Treaty, 241 Korean War, 271, 273, 280, 281 Vandenberg, General Hoyt, 108, life of, 42-4 113 Marshall, appoints, 4 7 Vandenberg, Senator. 53, 233. 235, Molotov, meets, 57 236, 321 New Zealand Prime Minister, Vietminh, 370, 376-7, 379, 380 meets, 7 Vietnam, 45, 381, 386, 402, 403, NSC-20/4, 107 404, 405 Pacific bases, 80-1 Virgin Islands, 67 security guarantees, 336, 339-40, Vitu Levu, 72 343 Vorhees, TracyS., 240-1 Sid HollaJ.Jd's visit, 304-7 Southeast Asian defence, 369 Wainhouse, David, 267 Southeast Asian Union proposals, Wake Island, 67, 68, 72 255 Watt, Alan Soviet activities, 92 Canberra talks (1951 ), 311, 316, Soviet atomic bomb, Ill 320 Truman, Doctrine, 46, 62, 65, 176, discussions with Sir Esler Dening, 232, 287 324 Trusteeship Commission, UN, 5 life of, 25-6 Tuamotus. 67 Member of Defence Committee, Tulagi, 68, 72 Melbourne, 28 Turkey, 61, 91, 93, 105, 108, 117, Secretary for External Aflairs, 129, 132, 133, 145, 146, 147, 277- 8, 301 148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 164, visit to Wellington (1951 ), 333, 166, 232, 343, 351, 392 356 Turner, Wing Commander C.A., 219 War expenditure, 105-6 Twining, General, 377 Wars of British Succession, 395 War plans, American Ulithi, 68, 72 Anglo-American differences over United Nations Middle East planning, 159-64 aggression, to prevent, 90 assessments and contingency Australia on Security Council, 24 planning, nature of, 85 464 Index
bases in Pacific, 70-83 equivalent of 'Offtackle'), 164-8 bases, global chain of, 66-70 'Sandown' (1948, British 'Broiler' (1947), 98-101, 152-3, e'.:)Uivalent of 'Halfmoon'), 104, 154-5 155-7, 159-64 'Bushwhacker' (1947), 98 see also Strategy 'Cauldron' (1946), 147-8 Webb, Clifton, 353, 362, 364, 367 'Charioteer' (1947), 104, 151-2 Wedermeyer, General, 151, 158 'Doublestar' (1948), I 04 Western European Union, 101, 112, 'Dropshot' (1949), 105-7,110, 127, 133, 138, 139, 180, 235, 160, 162 244, 257, 399 'Flame' (1948), 152 Western Hemisphere defence, 88-9, 'Fleetwood' (1948), 104, 157, 97, 99, 101, 116, 232 158, 159 Western Samoa, 10, 67, 68, 70, 72, 'Frolic' (1948), 102-3, 151, 154, 74-5, 170, 192, 227 155 Williams, Edward J. 312-13,314, 'Halfmoon' (1948), 103-4, 319, 324, 325, 326 154-5, 157- 8 Wood, Professor F.L.W., I, 396 'Offtackle' (1949), 110, 162, 164 Overall Post-war Strategic Plan Yalta Conference (1945), 56, 57, 60, (1945), 88 121, 229 'Reaper' (1950), 116-18 Yalu River, 270 see also, Strategy Yap, 68, 72 War plans, British Younger, Kenneth, 33-4, 308 'Galloper' (1950, British Yugoslavia, 229