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Analysis of Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Mitigation Strategies for Tirana, Albania

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Analysis of Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Mitigation Strategies for Tirana, Albania ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Analysis of Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Mitigation Strategies for Tirana, Albania Vilma Picari, Sokol Dervishi Department of Architecture, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania Abstract the higher urban temperatures, the emission and generation of urban pollutants and in particular of The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon that tropospheric ozone increases (Stathopoulou et al., 2008). affects many cities and citizens worldwide. As a In recent years, several studies on UHI mitigation have developing city, Tirana has had a rapid urbanization with attempted to map and classify a myriad of common a high population increase and like other Mediterranean mitigation strategies. Gartland (2008) distinguished cities has faced many thermal issues from high urban between three major actions that could be implemented at temperatures .The present paper aims to analyse the urban the community level: cool roofing, cool paving, and heat island phenomenon during summer time in Tirana cooling with trees and vegetation. Navigant Consulting and to propose urban heat island mitigation techniques (2009) listed four major mitigation technologies (cool based on cool materials and urban greenery. Three sites roofs, cool pavements, green roofs and urban green areas, with different characteristics have been selected for the and vehicle paint), alongside some additional analysis and mitigation strategies. technologies of lesser prevalence (district cooling, water Introduction cooling, and using bamboo as construction material). The urban air temperature is eventually increasing all Kleerekoper et al. (2012) described four main around the world. The intensity of the UHI depends intervention domains: vegetation, water, built form, and strongly on urban characteristics, synoptic conditions, material. Gago et al. (2013) identified two major types of local meteorological features, the type of urban materials UHI mitigation strategies: the first focuses on specific and the presence (or lack) of green. Furthermore, interventions in the cityscape, and includes parks and anthropogenic sources of heat like artificial heating and green areas, trees and vegetation, green roofs, albedo, and cooling of buildings, transportation and industrial pavements; the other was defined as an “urban design” processes cause distinct UHIs (Wilby, 2007; Landsberg, strategy preoccupied with the effect of design on solar 1981; Oke, 1982). Different studies have explored the radiation and airflow. Wong and Jusuf (2013) defined five intensity of solar irradiance on building surfaces based on major UHI mitigation strategies: urban climatic map at different urban characteristics (Dervishi and Mahdavi city level, urban climatic map at estate level, urban 2012, Orehounig et al.2014) greenery, urban ventilation, and cool materials. Nuruzzaman (2015) suggested a list of eight mitigation The constant increase in hard and heat absorbing surfaces, strategies: high albedo roofing materials, high albedo the density of our cities, and the reduction in natural pavements, green vegetation, shade trees, pervious vegetation are the main contributors to the heat island pavements, water bodies, urban planning, and green roofs. effect (Akbari et al., 2001; Douloset al., 2004; Rossi et al., 2014). Urban heat island increases the cooling energy As a developing city, Tirana has had a rapid urbanization consumption and the peak electricity demand during the with a high population increase. The soft areas are summer period, raises the concentration of harmful replaced with hardscape, increasing the temperature, pollutants like the tropospheric ozone and VOCs, thermal discomfort and energy consumption in the city. increases the emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere, Figure 1 shows the increase of mean temperatures during deteriorates indoor and outdoor thermal comfort during the last years. Tirana, like other Mediterranean cities, the warm periods, affects health conditions and increases faces many thermal issues from high urban temperatures mortality (Santamouris and Kolokotsa, 2016). (Dervishi et. al. 2012). The aim of this paper is to analyse the actual conditions of urban heat island phenomena in The impact of high ambient temperatures on health is Tirana and develop some strategies on how to mitigate the documented in many recent studies. As reported, above a UHI effect to have a cooler city. site-specific threshold ambient temperature, mortality rate increases rapidly (Bacciniet al. 2008), while the excess mortality above the threshold temperature in Europe, and may reach 15.2% (Hajat et al., 2006). In parallel, several studies have documented the serious deterioration of the outdoor comfort conditions because of the ambient temperature increase (Pantavou et al., 2011). Because of ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference 3786 Rome, Italy, Sept. 2-4, 2019 https://doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2019.211334 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ NORM (1961-1990) Prokop Myzeqari (PM) zone, characterized also by the AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES 2012-2015 lowest humidity of three compared zones. The lowest 30 values of high and low temperatures are registered at Sami 25 Frasheri (SF) zone where the humidity has the highest value of three zones. The daily high temperatures of three 20 zones during June, July and August 2017 is shown in 15 Figure 3. 10 5 45 SF AZC 0 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PM 35 Figure 1: Mean monthly temperatures in 2002-2015 and 30 for the reference period 1961-1990 in Tirana. 25 (Source:IGEWE Tirana). Methodology 20 Site selection Three sites with different characteristics (built ratio, building heights, green spaces and materials) have been 01.06.2017 06.06.2017 11.06.2017 16.06.2017 21.06.2017 26.06.2017 01.07.2017 06.07.2017 11.07.2017 16.07.2017 21.07.2017 26.07.2017 31.07.2017 05.08.2017 10.08.2017 15.08.2017 20.08.2017 25.08.2017 30.08.2017 selected (see Figure 2). The first site (refereed as SF) is located near Artificial Lake of Tirana in “Sami Frasheri Figure 3: Daily High Temperature Graphic for June, Street”, with buildings that vary in height. The green July and August 2017. surfaces and the lake near this site have a great impact on the air temperatures. The second site (refereed as AZC) is In Table 1 below and in Figure 4,5 data for August 9th located adjacent to the first site, in Andon Zako Cajupi has been given. SF and PM zones have a difference of 1.1 Street characterized by high raised buildings of high degree C between the values of high temperatures, 3.1 density. The third site (refereed as PM) is located in degree C between the values of low temperatures and 2.1 Prokop Myzeqari Street and is characterized by a degree C between the values of average temperatures. In combination of new high buildings and low raised houses addition, SF zone has the highest humidity influenced by with front courtyards. the presence of the lake and the park near the zone. If we compare the humidity percentage values in Figure 5, we notice that during the night hours and early morning these values are much higher in Sami Frasheri Zone. 45 ) 40 C ° 35 30 25 SF 20 AZC temperature temperature ( 15 PM 10 2:00 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 2:00 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 10:00 AM Figure 4: Temperature Values for August 9th. Figure 2: Location of three selected sites in Tirana, Albania Measurements The first step has been the collection and analysis of data for three months of summer 2017, taken from weather stations located on the sites. In order to compare the three sites in terms of the air temperature and humidity, August 9th was selected as the reference day with the higher temperatures. The highest temperatures are registered at ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference 3787 Rome, Italy, Sept. 2-4, 2019 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ and high raised buildings up to eleven floors high. Most 70 of the buildings are built after 90’s but there are also 60 buildings built during the communism period. The façade 50 materials are mostly plaster. There is presence of vegetation along the streets, in public buildings’ 40 SF AZC courtyards. The pavement material used in streets is dark 30 PM asphalt and the pavement used in sidewalks is mostly grey concrete bricks (Figure 6). The left over space is usually relativehumidity (%) 20 filled with dark asphalt. 10 2:00 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 2:00 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 10:00 AM Figure 5: Humidity Values for August 9th. Table 1: Weather information (temperature and relative humidity) for the selected sites for August 9th. High Low Average SF Temperature 38.8˚C 24.6˚C 31.7˚C Humidity 60% 31% 46% AZC Temperature 39.2˚C 27.3˚C 33.2˚C Humidity 52% 30% 41% PM Temperature 39.9˚C 27.7˚C 33.8˚C Figure 6: Site observation (Building’s typology, Humidity 47% 29% 39% greenery, pavements) of Sami Frasheri (SF) Street. Urban Context AZC zone is characterized by medium raised building Based on orthophotos and site visits the plan was updated built during the communism period and high raised with the actual building footprints and heights, with the buildings built after 1990. The façade materials are mostly vegetation and roads. The selected site dimensions are plaster and brick. There is presence of large high tress three hundred meters by three hundred meters (300x300). along main streets that during the summer provide a green Percentage of built area, street area and sky view factor shaded path. Greenery is also present in public spaces and have been calculated. It results that the most built area is institutions’ courtyards.
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