Enterprise Report Restoring Liberty, Opportunity, and Enterprise in America

Issue No. 4, Fall 2020

Sharing the Blessings of Freedom By Robert Doar

During these difficult past few months, AEI scholars have been tackling all of our toughest challenges. We have written about the economy, of course, and the pandemic. We have called attention to the dangers posed by China. We have also written about the importance of employment to people trying to escape poverty. And we have not been afraid to take on the thorniest of issues in America: race. This topic is not new to AEI. In a previous period, our community played a key role in the national discussion, as scholars such as Ben Wattenberg, Bob Woodson, and Walter Berns reacted to the excess of the 1960s and 1970s. Back then, AEI scholars were for peaceful protests in Selma but against violent lawlessness in Newark or Columbia University. We were for civil rights under law but against quotas that defined people by their race or gender rather than the content of their character. We knew Jim Crow had to go, but we also believed in Justice John Marshall Harlan’s admonition that our laws should be color-blind and that our Constitution “neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.” That spirit remains very much a part of who we are at AEI; I have written about it, and so has one of our newest scholars, Ian Rowe. Together, these principles promote economic opportunity for all and ensure that every American shares in the blessings of freedom and equality that make our country great. These values are the same ones that attracted this year’s Irving Kristol Award recipient and Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy, Nicholas Eberstadt, to AEI more than 30 years ago and helped make it possible for him to push the boundaries of his field and the way we view the world. A true polymath, Nick has helped open the world’s eyes to the importance of demographic change and economic development, the utility and risks of foreign aid, the necessity of addressing issues in poverty and global health, the true nature and seriousness of international security challenges in the Korean Peninsula and Asia, and the undetected crisis of able American men leaving the labor force. Nick’s ability to explore the profound implications of the intersection of economics and foreign policy and communicate these insights meaningfully to policymakers, academics, and the public exemplifies AEI’s values. It is an honor to count Nick among our colleagues here at AEI and to recognize his tremendous contributions to AEI and the country with this year’s Irving Kristol Award. AEI’s steadfast values continue to attract top scholars today. Over the past 15 months, AEI has Robert Doar welcomed 30 new resident and visiting scholars from a range of backgrounds—academic, AEI President and government, nonprofit, and media—who are working on some of our nation’s most critical Morgridge Scholar challenges across issue areas. In Domestic Policy Studies, Scott Winship joins AEI as our new director of poverty studies and resident scholar. A longtime friend of the Institute, Scott is joining AEI from Congress’ Joint Economic Committee, and he will build on and lead AEI’s work on intergenerational mobility, wealth, and long-term trends in economic anxiety. In Economic Policy Studies, young scholars including Kyle Pomerleau and Scott Ganz are making important contributions to the tax policy debates, offering new insights and analysis on how the tax system might be more equitable and better support workers and families. Visiting Scholar Glenn Hubbard and Resident Fellow Scott Gottlieb (who rejoined AEI in April 2019 after his service as commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration) are lending their years of experience at the highest levels of government to help guide the COVID-19 response. Additionally, Amitabh Chandra joined the Economic Policy Studies team as the John H. Makin Visiting Scholar. His widely recognized expertise on health care issues will further bolster AEI’s ability to guide our country through the pandemic’s many challenges. Our new director of Foreign and Defense Policy Studies, Kori Schake, is spearheading major projects that will help guide our nation’s military and foreign policy planners through unprecedented challenges—all while advancing the policy decisions and principles that will bolster our national defense and American values on the world stage. To advance this work, Schake has added Resident Fellow Elaine McCusker—until recently the Department of Defense’s comptroller—and Visiting Fellow William Greenwalt to the Foreign and Defense Policy team. As you will read in this Enterprise Report, their extensive government experience will help increase the impact of their recommendations in the force and policy planning process. Additionally, AEI’s Jeane Kirkpatrick Fellowship and Visiting Scholars program continues to bring new cadres of leading thinkers and future foreign policy leaders to AEI. Finally, in its first year, AEI’s Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies (SCCS) research division has built a team of scholars that will help revive the constitutional and cultural values that are the source of our nation’s strength. Under Yuval Levin’s direction, SCCS has added new scholars in politics and public opinion (Matthew Continetti), constitutional and legal studies (Adam White), and now congressional studies, with Philip Wallach and Kevin Kosar joining AEI to conduct scholarship on Congress, its decay as a governing institution, and how it might be reformed. I am tremendously grateful for friends in the AEI community who support and engage with these and other AEI scholars and make their work and impact possible. With gratitude, Scott Winship Joins AEI Scholars Chart Path Forward for AEI as New Director Next Presidential Administration of Poverty Studies

In October, AEI is releasing an edited volume titled Governing Priorities: Advice for America’s President, for 2021 and Beyond, featuring essays from nine AEI scholars offering advice to the next president of the United States. The next administration will face a set of exceedingly difficult challenges and opportunities, including the global pandemic, a shifting international order, and an economy reeling from the aftermath of extended shutdowns and reopenings. AEI scholars will help set priorities and chart a path forward for our country. Edited by Yuval Levin, the essays include:

❚ James Capretta on how to think about deficits, debt, and In September, Scott Winship joined health care costs in the wake of a global pandemic; AEI as a resident scholar and director of poverty studies to bolster AEI’s ❚ Matthew Continetti on how to ease the intense polarization scholarship on work, opportunity, and of our time through a better grasp of the condition of American economic mobility. At AEI, Winship politics in an era of culture war; plans to explore trends in intergenera- ❚ Nicholas Eberstadt on how to understand America’s core tional mobility, wealth, and economic strengths and weaknesses in a confusing moment; anxiety. He also plans to write a book ❚ Yuval Levin on how to organize the White House staff and that will reinterpret trends in living conceive of the president’s relationship with both the bureaucracy standards, economic insecurity, and and Congress; community and family life as reflecting ❚ Kori Schake on how to understand America’s role in the world and the unique problems of American pursue peace through strength; prosperity rather than an economic decline. ❚ Michael Strain on how to prioritize today’s core macroeconomic One of the foremost poverty experts challenges and pursue broad-based, sustainable growth; in the country, Winship served until ❚ Ryan Streeter on how to restructure education, worker training, recently as the executive director of and welfare to help more Americans thrive; the Joint Economic Committee (JEC) ❚ Alan Viard on how to reframe America’s tax debates and balance in Congress, where he created and revenue and dynamism to meet our 21st-century needs; and oversaw the Social Capital Project, ❚ Adam White on how to transform the regulatory state to revitalize a multiyear research project that the constitutional system. investigated the evolving nature of associational life in America. Over the past three years, the Social Capital Project has produced numerous original reports on household dynamics, charitable activity, social capital, and other important issues related to civil society in America. Before his work at the JEC, Winship was the Walter B. Wriston Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a fellow at the On Wednesday, October 14, AEI is honoring AEI Henry Wendt Chair Brookings Institution, and a research in Political Economy Nicholas Eberstadt with the Irving Kristol Award, manager at Pew Charitable Trusts. AEI’s highest honor. The Irving Kristol Lecture and Summit is a fully Winship’s work over the years has virtual event, featuring a keynote from Eberstadt at 12:00 p.m. EST. The focused on a wide range of issues such lecture will be accompanied by several deep-dive sessions, including as economic mobility, income inequality, remarks from Robert Doar, panels featuring scholar recommendations welfare reform, labor force dynamics, for the next administration, and a look at how AEI is informing the and social capital. public policy process. Please visit Kristol.aei.org or contact [email protected] for registration and additional information. 3 AEI Launches New Survey Center on American Life Karlyn Bowman Receives the 2020 Warren J. Mitofsky Award for Excellence in Public Opinion Research How willing are Americans today to date across the political aisle? How many Americans are attending religious services during the pandemic? Are Democrats or Republicans more likely to disagree with their party? How likely are older Americans to feel lonely and isolated in the current circumstances? How many Americans feel that politics is a struggle between good and evil? These are just a few of the questions For example, the center’s American that the newly launched Survey Center Perspectives Survey (which has produced on American Life has answered as it data on the questions above) is conducted seeks to better understand the current six to eight times per year and is devoted state of American religion, culture, and to understanding how Americans are In November, Karlyn Bowman is politics—and explain how our country responding to emerging issues and receiving the Warren Mitofsky Award, got here. Led by AEI Resident Scholar events and providing insights in real time. one of the highest honors in polling and Daniel Cox, the center will draw on Already, data stemming from the American public opinion, given by the Roper the work of scholars from across the Perspectives Survey have been cited in Center for Public Opinion Research at Institute to make AEI the go-to place reports in outlets as wide-ranging as the Cornell University. The Mitofsky Award for journalists interested in better New York Times, Washington Post, recognizes important work on public understanding the underlying FiveThirtyEight, Christianity Today, and opinion and survey methodology and demographic trends influencing the Salt Lake Tribune. acknowledges Bowman’s important our economy and politics, as well as Other planned surveys include a contributions to analyzing trends to policymakers and academics seeking three-part series on community, building understand the evolution of American to understand the relationship among on AEI’s landmark 2019 Survey on politics and the public’s changing views people’s beliefs, behavior, and a wide Community and Society. Visit www.aei. on important issues facing the nation. range of social outcomes. org/american-perspectives-survey/ Prominent past recipients of the award In contrast to the political focus of to find all survey results to date. include Andrew Kohut (Pew Research most survey work, the Survey Center on AEI is actively seeking support for the Center), Daniel Yankelovich (Public American Life will focus on increasing our Survey Center on American Life from Agenda), and Robert Wuthnow understanding of the shifting political, investors who understand its value and (Princeton University). religious, and cultural landscape and purpose. Please contact Jason Bertsch Bowman began her career at AEI how that affects how people understand ([email protected]; 202.862.5873) to in 1979 on the Institute’s Public Opinion our country and their place in it. learn more. magazine, which was one of the first magazines to use surveys to examine

What Americans Think contemporary topics and anchor them Findings from the American Perspectives Survey in historical public opinion data. She served as the editor of the American Only half the public agrees that both Democrats and Republicans Enterprise magazine, and she is the host want what is best for the country, even if they disagree on policy specifics. of Election Watch and the editor 50% of AEI’s monthly Political Report. Only half of the public agrees that both Democrats and Republicans want what is best for the country, even if they disagree on policy specifics. 29 percent of young adults say they regularly attended religious services with their family. To read more about Bowman’s work, 70 percent of disaffiliated young adults say they stopped identifying with their childhood www.aei.org/profile/ religion before age 18. visit 29 percent of young adults karlyn-bowman/. say they regularly attended religious services with their family. 29% 70% Although higher education is offered as an explanation for lower rates of religious attendance,

83 percent of Americans with an unfavorable view of the president say they would not 70 percent of disaﬃliated young adults say they stopped identifying with their childhood date someone who felt diﬀerently; 59 percent with a favorable opinion said the same. religion before age 18. 59% 83%

83 percent of Americans with an unfavorable view of the president say they would not date someone who felt diﬀerently; 4

59 percent with a favorable opinion said the same

New AEI Foreign and Defense Scholars AEI Data Tool AEI on the Front Lines of Revitalizing New Tool Simulates Our National Defense Defense Budget

The United States military is facing unique stress as it strives to maintain US global influence, respond to security threats, modernize its forces for long-term competition with China and Russia, support state and local authorities during a pandemic, and navigate thorny domestic spending debates—all while an ever-increasing national debt puts the military’s ability to keep the peace far into the future in doubt. To help meet these challenges head-on and guide policymakers in prioritizing strategic decision-making for our national security, AEI Foreign and Defense Policy Studies recently welcomed two leading experts and practitioners who will develop the policy proposals and reform ideas that will help our military achieve its mission. Elaine McCusker, WIlliam Greenwalt, Former Acting Under Secretary of William Greenwalt Mackenzie Eaglen, Giselle Donnelly, Defense (Comptroller) Elaine McCusker recently joined AEI and Zack Cooper are spearheading a joined AEI in September as a resident as a visiting fellow from new Defense Futures Simulator that will fellow. At AEI, McCusker will focus on the Atlantic Council, allow users to accurately, comprehensively, defense strategy, budget, and innovation; where he was a senior and rapidly game the cost of a wide variety the US military; and national security. fellow in the Brent of national defense strategies. Using this Her background in defense planning Scowcroft Center tool, policymakers and practitioners will and budgeting, military campaign on International be better able to understand the trade-offs assessments, defense data analytics, Security. At AEI, his work will focus on they face under different budget scenarios. and contingency operations will be the expansion of America’s defense In partnership with War on the Rocks indispensable to her AEI work. industrial base and defense management and the Center for Strategic and Interna- McCusker served as the deputy and concerns, including defense acquisition tional Studies, AEI scholars are building then acting under secretary of defense and procurement reform—issues that an online interface that can display from August 2017 until June 2020 as the directly affect the military’s ability to budget targets and update spending Pentagon’s chief financial officer. In total, rebuild. Greenwalt is a founding member and force levels, offer users hundreds she served for more than 13 years at the of the Silicon Valley Defense Working of options in an extensive database, Department of Defense, including at Group, an organization dedicated educate users about the details of each US Central Command, in the Office to bringing together investors, particular investment or divestment of the Under Secretary of Defense academics, and policymakers to bet- choice, and enable users to monitor the (Comptroller), and as the assistant ter foster innovation and partnerships distribution of additions and recissions secretary of the Navy for research, between the venture capital and national and their impact on force levels, development, and acquisition. As the security communities. Greenwalt has modernization, and readiness. AEI Department of Defense’s comptroller, served in senior positions at the and our partners will communicate this McCusker played a crucial role in the Pentagon, in Congress, and in the cutting-edge technology to leaders Pentagon’s audit process and the defense industry. To follow Greenwalt’s charged with drafting, making, development of the annual $700 billion work, visit www.aei.org/profile/ and assessing US defense spending departmental budget. Visit www.aei. william-c-greenwalt/. decisions. org/profile/elaine-mccusker/ The Defense Futures Simulator will to follow McCusker’s work at AEI. inform a larger body of work McCusker, Greenwalt, Eaglen, Cooper, Donnelly, and other AEI scholars will be undertaking Impact Spotlight: AEI and Defense Reform in the coming months on alternative Greenwalt served as an AEI visiting fellow from 2013 to 2015. In that time, he was a defense strategies. The AEI defense key leader in the Pentagon’s acquisition reform debate on Capitol Hill, resulting in his team will complete a series of tabletop recommendations surfacing in then–Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John exercises, reports, and other scholarly McCain’s defense authorization bill in summer 2016. Many of Greenwalt’s proposals work examining how various fiscal eventually became law. His work included a proposal for legislative and regulatory scenarios will affect the military’s ability defense acquisition reforms that focus on reducing the costs and time to field new to carry out its mission. systems, permit rapid technological improvements, make greater use of the commercial free market, and increase responsiveness to the needs of battlefield commanders. 5 & dare to speak the truth “disappear.” In Xi’s China, officials wait for Xi to speak before taking decisive actions like a lockdown. Q Indeed, inaction or covering up bad news Dan Blumenthal is a logical political response to Xi’s long campaign of purges and harshly enforc- ing party discipline. Xi’s centralization of A Dan Blumenthal is the director of Asian studies at AEI, where authority and destruction of any “normal” he focuses on East Asian security issues and Sino-American authoritarian process has left China unable relations. Blumenthal has served in and advised the US to deal with local crises. government on China issues for more than a decade. He is the author of a forthcoming book titled The China What reasoning is guiding China’s Nightmare: The Grand Ambitions of a Decaying State, choice to degrade Hong Kong’s autonomy and civil liberties? which makes the case that China’s weaknesses—not its strengths—make it such a threat to the United States and To preserve his aura of power and will intensify tensions in the long term. The China Nightmare legitimacy, Xi needed to quash the 2019 has garnered praise from leading policymakers, with Rep. Liz Cheney (R-WY) saying the pro-democracy protests with urgency and book “will shape Sino-American relations over the long term.” Following is a Q&A with authority. Unfortunately, CCP-endorsed Blumenthal on the book’s main themes. You can find all of Blumenthal’s work here: Chief Executive Carrie Lam blundered www.aei.org/profile/dan-blumenthal/. the early response to the protests and left Beijing with a diplomatic and public “A perfectly timed diagnosis of the threat that the Chinese Communist Party relations mess. The recently passed poses to the free world…provides a compelling prescription for how the national security law is designed for United States and like-minded partners must compete effectively to authorities and courts to prevent future prevent the disease of authoritarianism from spreading.” anti-CCP demonstrations and for China’s —H. R. McMaster, author of Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World national security apparatus to pervade many layers of Hong Kong’s society. Xi It’s widely accepted that China is a What are some steps the United States needed this “win” to deflect criticism he steadily rising superpower on the should take to contain the consequences was receiving at home about his COVID-19 global stage. Why is this belief of China’s failures? response. It is also a signal to Taiwan to misguided or incomplete? agree to the CCP’s terms on “reunification.” China has taken advantage of American It is incomplete. China is certainly funda- complacency. China’s military buildup What are the imperative lessons about mentally committed to retaking what it went largely unanswered for two decades. China that we must teach today’s believes to be its position of geopolitical The general strategic framework for the US young people? centrality and is very powerful. However, should be to balance the defense of allies in addition to challenges including internal and assets to actual deterrence. The United In my experience, there are big gaps and external security, slowing innovation States should deploy capabilities that not in college teaching about diplomatic, and economic growth, growing debt, only improve its deterrent and warfighting strategic, and military history, particularly and a looming demographic crisis, the postures but also force China to spend regarding Asia. The dominant paradigm key challenge for the Chinese Communist finite resources on defensive systems it is still that China is a commercially focused Party (CCP) is one of legitimacy. would have otherwise forgone. country without a bloody military history, As foreign policymakers and willing to use force. Or that China is an What led to China’s failure to contain scholars stand in awe of what China unstoppable juggernaut. the coronavirus? has accomplished since 1979, they The gaps in knowledge about US must also continue to examine the Thanks largely to the CCP’s political strategic history also affect young, aspiring internal workings of the system for signs maladies, the COVID-19 pandemic is policymakers. They seem to regard the of trouble. The increased, often veiled, the single-greatest global peacetime US as incapable of strategic success given criticism of Xi Jinping and the capital and catastrophe since World War II. The real the past decade or so. They are often human flight from China are signs of elite Beijing model of governing relies on surprised by what we could do if we so disaffection for the CCP. censoring of potentially lifesaving choose using economic, financial, military, information and making people who and diplomatic tools.

6 New AEI Scholar Amitabh Chandra Joins AEI Economics Team as Makin Scholar Policy issues surrounding medical widely published in health and economics innovation, health care pricing, and journals and the popular press. Follow racial disparities in health care are at Chandra’s work at AEI here: www.aei. the forefront of navigating the org/profile/amitabh-chandra/. COVID-19 crisis. For that reason, we are pleased to announce that Created thanks to a generous gift from Amitabh Chandra will serve as the Gwendolyn van Paasschen, John Makin’s John H. Makin Visiting Scholar at AEI for wife of 31 years, the John H. Makin Visiting the 2020–21 academic year. At AEI, his Scholar position was established to research will focus on innovation and Public Policy and director of health recognize Dr. Makin’s numerous pricing in the biopharmaceutical industry, policy research at the Harvard Kennedy contributions to economic research value in health care, medical malpractice, School. He has testified before the and policy at AEI, as well as his work as and racial disparities in health care. United States Senate and the United a university professor, a chief economist Chandra is one of the world’s leading States Commission on Civil Rights. He is on Wall Street, and a consultant to the US health economists, and he concurrently a member of the Congressional Budget Treasury Department, the Congressional serves as the Henry and Allison McCance Office’s Panel of Health Advisers. An Budget Office, and the International Professor of Business Administration elected member of the National Academy Monetary Fund. at Harvard Business School and the of Medicine and the National Academy Ethel Zimmerman Wiener Professor of of Social Insurance, Chandra has been Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies New Congress Scholars Join AEI’s SCCS Research Division Kevin Kosar and Philip Wallach joined operations and why Philip Wallach AEI’s Social, Cultural, and Constitutional they often seem to will focus on the Studies (SCCS) research division in inhibit its ability to separation of powers September to bolster SCCS’s work carry out its constitu- and how Congress on Congress, including its decay as a tionally designated became a subor- governing institution, and how it might be role. He will create dinate branch of reformed to restore the balance among several regular new government. At the branches of government. Kosar’s and products that track AEI, Wallach will Wallach’s work will complement Resident Congress’ work along key measures, work on a book explaining how and why Scholar Adam White’s ongoing scholar- which will be useful for journalists and Congress stopped working and how ship on reforming the judiciary and federal scholars who track congressional it might start functioning again as the administration, as well as the research of operations and productivity. founders intended. Previously, he was a Gary Schmitt, John Yoo, and Yuval Previously, he directed the governance resident senior fellow of governance at the Levin on the role of the chief executive. department at the R Street Institute, where R Street Institute and a senior fellow at the With these new additions, AEI and he cofounded the Legislative Branch Brookings Institution, where he authored SCCS will serve as a one-stop shop for Capacity Working Group, which aims to To the Edge: Legality, Legitimacy, and the policymakers, judges, journalists, strengthen Congress, and he established Responses to the 2008 Financial Crisis academics, and students seeking to LegBranch.org, an online hub for (2015). Wallach served as fellow of understand how to restore a proper congressional reform and scholarship. the House Select Committee on the functioning of the separation of powers. Before joining R Street, Kosar worked Modernization of Congress. You can for the Congressional Research Service find all of Wallach’s work here: www.aei. Kevin Kosar will focus on Congress and for more than a decade, where he served org/profile/philip-wallach/. its functioning and interaction with the other as an analyst and research manager. two branches of government and the pub- To read more of Kosar’s work, visit lic. Kosar will specialize in congressional www.aei.org/profile/kevin-r-kosar/.

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New Books from AEI Scholars AEI Election Watch The following are recent major books Navigate the 2020 Election from AEI scholars.

with AEI Scholars • On August 12, Gary Schmitt published McCulloch v. Maryland at 200: Debating John Marshall’s Jurisprudence (AEI Press), an edited volume exploring the pivotal Supreme Court case whose delineation of the constitutional scope of congressional authority continues to inspire debate today.

• Lynne Cheney released The Virginia Dynasty: Four Presidents and the Creation of the American Nation Now in its 20th season, AEI’s Election Watch series is in full swing. Featuring (Viking), a book detailing the insights and commentary from AEI’s Karlyn Bowman, Michael Barone, and entangled relationships among Norman Ornstein, as well as John Fortier (Bipartisan Policy Center) and Henry George Washington, Thomas Olsen (Ethics & Public Policy Center), Election Watch covers the fundamentals of Jefferson, James Madison, and James this fall’s races. Election Watch has convened three times this year, and the participants Monroe and how their arguments and will gather for virtual webinars on October 20 and November 5. Tune in here: alliances shaped the early Republic. The Virginia Dynasty has received www.aei.org/events/aei-election-watch-2020-down-to-the-wire/ positive reviews from historians Jon and follow on Twitter with #AEIElectionWatch. Meacham and Walter Isaacson.

AEI Virtual Event • Frederick Hess published Getting the Most Bang for the Education Leadership Network Summit Buck (Teachers College Press) with coauthor Brandon Wright, addressing In September, AEI hosted the first-ever virtual Leadership Network Summit, how school funds might be spent bringing together more than 400 top leaders in nonprofit, government, more effectively in today’s uncertain policy, and business from around the country for in-depth policy education, environment. This up-to-date volume small-group discussion, networking, and professional development with AEI explores a range of ideas to help scholars. Contact Elyse Newbert ([email protected]; 202.862.5944) to schools and districts better manage make a recommendation for a future Leadership Network Summit. their resources, including rethinking staffing and management, revisiting pension agreements, and leveraging Make a Legacy Commitment to AEI technology.

At AEI, we believe we have a moral obligation to future generations to defend • John Yoo published Defender In our nation’s founding values of freedom, opportunity, and enterprise and Chief: Donald Trump’s Fight for safeguard against encroachments of the growing state. We hope you might Presidential Power (All Point Books) in consider joining AEI’s Legacy Society by making a planned or estate gift to late July. In the book, Yoo makes AEI to ensure we have the resources necessary to carry out our mission well a provocative case against the into the future. Major ways of making a planned gift include will or trust prevailing narrative of the Trump provisions, retirement plan assets, life insurance policies, charitable administration’s alleged disruption remainder trusts, and charitable lead trusts. For more information, please of constitutional rules and norms. visit www.aei.org/donate-about/planned-giving/ or contact Nicole Ruman Skinner ([email protected]; 202.862.7180). To request a copy of these volumes, please contact Rebecca Seeger (rebecca.seeger@ American Enterprise Institute aei.org; 202.419.5247). 1789 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 | 202.862.5800 | aei.org