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Terrorist and Revolutionary Movements

Terrorist and Revolutionary Movements

Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

TERRORIST AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

The left wing of the Congress eventually got unmitigated evil that was the British rule could divided as a result of the agitational outburst and be eliminated from only by violence and governmental repression. The government no amount of arguments and moral persuasion disliked the growing popularity of the militant was useful. The main centres of their activities and used the growing schism within were , and Maharashtra. the Congress to crush agitational politics. It passed the Seditious Meeting Act (1907) to curb THE REVOLUTIONARY public meetings and demonstrations, enacted the MOVEMENT Newspapers Incitement to Offence Act (1908) to choke the voice of the critical press, and later The revolutionaries believed in ousting placed in the statute book, a special form of trial the British from India by means of a mass for the terrorist offences under the Criminal Law uprising. They were against the slow and steady Amendment Act (1908). The disintegrated approach of the Congress extremists and they Extremists eventually divided into two groups; also disapproved of the assassinations and (i) the nationalist extremists, who remained destruction of public property by the terrorists. satisfied with the programmes of Swadeshi and They tried to convince the Indian troops to rebel boycott; and (ii) the terrorists and and tried to get help from foreign countries revolutionaries, who were inspired by the hostile to Britain. They were active in gathering knowledge of the revolutionary movements in support for themselves in China, Japan, France, the West for freedom. The terrorist and Germany, North America and even Britain. The revolutionary movements and a summarized important revolutionary movements were as account of their activities are being given in the follows: following sections. THE GADAR MOVEMENT TERRORIST MOVEMENTS The terrorist movement in India started In 1907, Lala Hardyal came under the after many Indian leaders including Lala Lajpat influence of the revolutionaries working in Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh were deported to Oxford and started a weekly paper called Gadar. Mandalay in 1907, without a trial. This agitated His subsequent associations with more leaders young leaders such as Barindra Kumar Ghosh culminated into the formation of the Gadar and Bhupendra Nath Dutt in and they Party in 1913, in North America. The Gadar plotted to blow up the train in which the Lt. movement planned to (a) temper the loyalty of Governor of Bengal Presidency, Sir A. Frazer, the Indian troops, (b) assassinate the British was travelling. Later, the terrorist movement officials, (c) court foreign enemies to Britain and gained popularity and the programme of (d) form secret societies and propagate seditious political assassination and armed decoity with a literature. The Gadar movement’s anti- British view to secure money for their cause gathered sentiment was intensified because of the momentum. The terrorists argued that the Komagata Maru episode.To challenge the examsdaily.in Page 1

Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

discriminatory immigration law of Canada, The All-India Mutiny that Gadar activists hired a Japanese ship called Failed(1915) Komagata Maru and took 500 passengers from India to Canada. The passengers who were The revolutionaries took their ideas to mainly Sikh were led by Baba Gurdip Singh the army and the peasants, small mutinies in and had the full support of Lala Hardyal. When Ferozpur, Lahore and Rawalpindi garrisons the ship reached Vancouver on 22 May 1914, it cautioned the British officers of a possible revolt was refused permission to berth; the ship waited of greater magnitude. The activists had planned in vain for more than 2 months before returning the All-India Revolt on 21 February 1915. to Kolkata on 26 September 1914. The police However, the British got wind of the plans and rounded up the passengers despite stiff were able to curb the revolt. resistance. The death toll that day reached 22, with many wounded. Most of the captured Other Revolutionary Events passengers were sent to jail. The Gadar movement got a fillip because of this incident.  Murder of W.C.Rand and Lt.Ayerst by Chapekar brothers at poona in 1897. Hindustan Republican  Formation of the in Association(HSRA)Re-organised London (1905) by shyamji Krishna Verma and V.D.Savarkar. On 9 and 10 September 1928, many of the major  Establishinment of the Indian House in revolutionaries of northern India gathered New York by Barkatatullah and secretly at Feroz Shah Kotla, set-up a new S.L.Joshi. collective leadership, elected Chandrashekhar  Attempted murder of Lt.Governor Azad as their creed, inserting the word Fuller of East Bengal by Barindra ‘Socialist’ into their name. The Hindustan Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Socialist Republican Association was rapidly Dutta in 1906. moving from the phase of individual actions to  The Kennedy murder in 1908, in one of building a revolutionary movement. which two English ladies were killed Although their major action after the when Khundi Ram Bose attempted to reorganisation was the assassination of the kill Magistrate Kingsford of Assistant Superintendent of Police, John P. Muzaffarabad who escaped ubnhurt. Saunders, who killed , the  murdered Curzon- motives behind the action were significant. for Willie, an official in the British India one , the action was taken because Lala Lajpat Office at London. Rai’s death had evoked enormous popular  Attempted assassination of Lord resentment. Secondly, the assassination was Hardinge when he was approaching carried out as the HRSA’s popularity and mass in 1912. Rash Bihari Bose and membership were growing. Sachin Chandra Sanyal missed their target. examsdaily.in Page 2

Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

 Formation of the Berlin Committee in Partyin 1928. It had two faces-the Germany (1914) by Virendranath public face headed by Bhagad Singh. Chattopadhayaya, Dr.Avinash and a secret face. called Hindustan Chandra Bhattacharya and other Socialist Republic Army. heated by prominent activists who formed the Azad. It was the first organisation which Anushilan and Yugantar groups in India. envisioned free India to be secular. Its  ‘Bagha Jatin’. Jatin Mukherji carried activists took note of the changing out the Plan of Bengal in 1915. This political structure of the nation. aimed at disrupting the rail and  . Azad and Rajguru communication network in Bengal and avenged the death of Lala Lajpat Rai by seizing Fort William. The plan falied killing General Saunders in 1928. because of the lack of coordination and  Bombing of the central Legislative the death of ‘Bagha Jatin’ in 1915. Assembly by Bhagat Singh and his  Formation of Indian Independence associates in 1929. Committee in 1915 under the  Attempted bombing of the train in Zimmerman Plan organised by the which Lord Irwin and his family was German official at Berlin. The travelling in 1929 at Delhi. committee included Virendranath  Issuing of an independence Chatopadhyay, Lala and proclamation in the name of Indian Bhupendranath Dutta. Republic Army under the leadership of  Appointment of the Provisional Surya Senin 1930, when revolutionaries Government of Free India with Raja captured the Chittagong Armoury. as the president and was arrested in 1933. and Barkatullah as the prime minister, with executed. support from Germany, and  Execution of Bhagat Singh. Rajguru and the Sultan of Turkey. However, the Czar Sukhdev on 23 March 1931, and the of Russia did not approve of the death of Chandrashekar Azad in a government because of the defeat of shooting episode in Allahabad 1931. Germany in the World War.  Assassination of the magistrate of  In 1915, revolutionaries looted a train Tippera in Bengal. by the school going which carried government cash at a Shanti and Suniti in 1932. place called Kakori (between Lucknow  Formation of the Indian Independence and Shahjahanpur). The involved League by Ras Bihari Bose in 1942, in activists were arrested and sentenced to Japan. death by the British. Among them were  Formation of the All India Central Bhupendra Sanyal, S.N.Biswas, Revolutionary committee in Russia by Ashfaqullah Khan and Thakur Singh. M. N. Roy and other activists.  Chandrashekar Azad joined hands  Other Prominenet Revolutionaries with Bhagat Singh and formed the who Operated outsie India-P.M. Hindustan Socialist Republican Bapat; Madam Bhikaji Cama, a parsee examsdaily.in Page 3

Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

lady who was connected with the REASONS FOR FAILURE Indian Society established by S.R. Rana under the inspiration of Shyamji The revolutionaries organised rebellions Krishna Verma, who unfurled the first against the British government and became tricolour flag at the International stronger and more determined once they started Socialist Congress (Germany), designed getting support from foreign nations hostile to by Hem Chand Das in 1907: Sardasr the British. Despite gaining popularity and a Sohan Singh, M.P.T.Archarya: Gyan dedicated following, both the terrorist and the Chand Verma; Obeidullah sindhi, the revolutionary movements could not achieve their translator of V.D. Savarkar’s book, objectives of freeing India from the British. This Idian war of Independence in Tamil; was because (i) there was no central, all-India V.V.S.Iyer and Harish Chandra. level organization which could control the activities in an organised manner; (ii) these movements appealed to the youngsters who had Rise of Bhagat Singh faced the hostilities of the British rule, but the mass following in the rural belt was unavailable; Bhagat Singh’s group gained enormous (iii) Germany, which promised arms and funds popularity, not only in Punjab but throughout to be used against Britain could not deliver; (iv) North India. It is no coincidence that, in the the US entry and its subsequent dominance in 1929 Congress, held in tahore-the centre of the world war demoralised Germany and the Bhagat Singh’s activities- allies to be of help to the Indian cause; (v) described himself as ‘a socialist and a Montagu’s package of self-governance for the republican’; words that echoed exactly the same Indians took the fizz out of the revolutionary of Bhagat Singh’s organisation, HSRA was activists; (vi) the congress party and other upper responsible for a number of other major middle class politicians and leaders always ‘terrorist’ actions, including an attempt to blow disapproved of the ways of these movements; up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Delhi in 1929, and and (vi) Gandhi’s entry into the political scene a whole series of similar actions in Punjab and of India marked a revolution in the form of UP towns in 1930 [26 being recorded in Punjab , which contributed to the decline of that year alone]. However, their single most the revolutionary and terrorist activities. important action was the throwing of bombs into the Legislative Assembly by Bhgat Singh and The Moderate Approach Batukeshwar Dutt on 8 April 1929. The bombs themselves were not intended to injure anyone The early nationalists that it their demands were (as indeed they did not), they were for presented to the government thorough demonstrative effect. constitutional methods, their grievances would be redressed. so, instead of resorting to aggressive methods, they passed resolutions or sent petitions of appeals. Delegations were sometimes sent to England to put forward their demands to the British Parliament. They worked examsdaily.in Page 4

Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

within the framework of law. Bharat Mata Nilkant - Chennai Association Brahmachari , Vanchi Ayyer TABLE4.6 Revolutionary Organisations Atomonnati Bipin Bihari Bengal Smiti Gangly Organisatio Founder(s) Yea Place n r Mass Rejection of Prayer-Petition Mitra Mela V.D.Savarka 1899 Maharatr r a Abhinav G.D.Savarka 1904 Bengal Politics Bharat r After Curzon’z proporsal for the partition, Bharat Mata J.M.Chatterj 1904 Bengal Society ee Bengal became known {December 1903}. Anushillan Pulin Bihari 1906 Dhaka Congress carried out protests and petitions were Samiti Das carried out for more than 1 ½ years, with Anushillan Pramatha 1902 Kolkata absolutely no effect on the British. On 19 July Samiti Nath Mishra, 1905, Curzon went ahead with his partition plan. Barindra Within days, spontaneous protests were Kumar organised in a large number of mofussil areas, Ghosh, Jatindra where the pledge for the boycott of British Nath goods was taken, In Kolkata, the students Banerjee organised meetings were the Swadeshi call was Ghadar Party Lala 1913 San taken up. By August, even the Congress leaders (Hindu Hardyal, Francisc such as Surendranath Banarjee were forced to Association Sohan Singh o take up the boycott call. On 7 August 1905, in a of America) Bhakha public meeting at the Kolkata Town Hall, the Hinduisan Sachindra 1924 Republic Nath Sanyal, boycott resolution was passed. The response in Association Yogesh Bengal was overwhelming. By September 1905, Chandra the sale of British clothes in some districts fell to Chatterjee 6 per cent from the original levels of 20 per cent. Indian Surya Sen - Bengal Public burning of foreign clothes and the setting Republican up of village samillis took place spontaneously. Army One of these samitis, the Swadesh Bandhab Hinduistan Chandra 1928 Delhi Republic Shekar, Samiti of Barisal, headed by Aswini Kumar Association Bhagat Dutt, attained remarkable popularity for its Singh social and humanitarian work among the Indian Ras Bihari 1942 Japan Muslim peasantry. Independenc Bose e League

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Terrorist And Revolutionary Movements

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