Satellite Television 2011

SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

BS Electronics Engineering Page 1

SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

I. OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate the operation of satellite TV. To be able to use the Agila 2 and other satellite as the signal server. To determine parameters affecting its proper operation.

II. MATERIALS

Satellite receiver Low Noise Block Down Converter Receiver (set-up box) Television set Coaxial cable Magnetic compass

III. PROCEDURE

1. Set up the satellite receiver. 2. Attach the LNB to the receiver properly and connect it at a distance to the set-up box or the receiver using the coaxial cable. 3. Connect the box to the TV and set the proper parameters. 4. Align the reflector to proper elevation and azimuth.

IV. DISCUSSION

Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic mirror generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner module built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuners are also available as a card or a USB stick to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.

Direct-broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two distinct flavors - analog and digital. This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital satellite television and the latter is becoming available in a better quality known as high-definition television.

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

Fig. 1 Simple Satellite Television

The Figure 1 shows a simple system of a satellite television. The satellite that receives signals from the broadcast station rebroadcasts the signals down to Earth. The satellite dish or antenna picks up the signal from the satellite and passes it on to the receiver through the coaxial cable. Then the receiver processes the signal and passes it on to a standard TV to display the signal.

THREE PRIMARY TYPES OF SATELLITE TELEVISION USAGE 1. reception direct by the viewer 2. reception by local television affiliates 3. reception by head ends for distribution across terrestrial cable systems

Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses including hotels, etc.

DIRECT BROADCAST VIA SATELLITE Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as "Direct-To-Home" can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service. DBS systems are commonly referred to as "mini-dish" systems. DBS uses the upper portion of the Ku band, as well as portions of the Ka band. Modified DBS systems can also run on C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to get around legislation by some countries against reception of Ku-band transmissions. Most of the DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With Pay-TV services, the data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the Pay-TV technology is proprietary, often consisting of a Conditional Access Module and smart card. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying subscribers have access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without the Conditional Access Modules) available in the market.

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

TELEVISION RECEIVE-ONLY The term Television receive-only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was before there was a DTH satellite television broadcast industry. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable television networks rather than received by home viewers. Satellite TV receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. In 1978 Microcomm, a small company founded by radio amateur and microwave engineer H. Paul Shuch, introduced the first commercial home satellite TV receiver. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the C band frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television. TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television and audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders on FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band-only setup rather than a Ku band-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV. The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earth station antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more C- and Ku-band satellites simultaneously.

DIRECT TO HOME TELEVISION Many satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider’s goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customers television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable TV. Unlike earlier programming, the provider’s broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. Early satellite television services broadcast in C-band - radio in the 3.7 GigaHertz (GHz) to 4.2 GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz ). Programming sources are simply the channels that provide television programming for broadcast. The provider (the DTH platform) doesn’t create original programming itself. The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast center, the television provider receives signals from various programming sources, compresses these signals using digital video compression, and sends a broadcast signal to the proper satellite.

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

The Satellite Antenna

Reflection Principle in the Satellite Antenna

The schematic above shows the reflection of the signal as it hits the reflector. The signal is focused at a specific point directly towards the front of the dish reflector. The satellite TV antenna comes with a collection device at the same exact point for catching the signal, commonly referred to as feedhorn. The feedhorn plays a viable role in sending the collected signal to a LNB or a low noise block.

Low Noise Block down Converter

Low noise block down converter (LNB) diagram

The diagram shows the input waveguide on the left which is connected to the collecting feed or horn. The satellite signals first go through a band pass filter which only allows the intended band of microwave frequencies to pass through. The signals are then amplified by a Low Noise Amplifier and thence to the Mixer. At the Mixer all that has come through the band pass filter and amplifier stage is severely scrambled up by a powerful local oscillator signal to generate a wide range of distorted output signals. These include additions, subtractions and multiples of the wanted input signals and the local oscillator frequency. Amongst the mixer output products are the difference frequencies between the wanted input signal and the local oscillator frequencies. These are the ones of interest. The second band pass filter selects these and feeds them to the output L band amplifier and into the cable. Typically the output frequency = input frequency - local oscillator frequency. In some cases it is the other way round so that the output frequency = local oscillator frequency - input frequency. In this case the output spectrum is inverted.

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

Latest Equipments for Satellite Television

HOT KU Band 45CM Satellite dish Antenna

FOB Price: US $ 2.8 - 6.6 / Set

Quick Details Place of Origin: China Brand Name: hengxin Model Number: KU band 45cm Type: Outdoor Frequency Range: ...... Color: customized color

Specifications satellite dish steel Type: pole/ wall / ground mount Thickness: 0.4 /0.5 /0.6 F/D ratio: 0.6 High Quality

KU-45CM Satellite Antenn 1.Pole mount / Wall mount 2.Thickness 0.4 /0.5/0.6mm 3. Steel 4. Customized color 5.Excellent quality with reasonable competitive price

Model KU Band 45CM Panel 1 Short Axis 45cm Long Axis 49.5cm KU-Band Gain 12.5GHz 34.22dB F/D Ratio 0.6 Focus Length 270mm Material Steel Finish Polyseter Power Coating Mounting Type Much Use With Elivation Alignment 0°~90° Azimuth Alignment Fixed 0°~360° Operational Winds Able to receive 25m/sec Able to re-set 40m/sec Without Damange 60m/sec Ambient Temperature -40oC~+60oC

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

Satellite dish (C Band 210CM)

FOB Price: US $ 40 - 46 / Set

Quick Details Place of Origin: Hebei China (Mainland) Brand Name: Hengxin Model Number: C band 210cm Type: Outdoor Frequency Range: y type: outdoor

Specifications ku band satellite dish Six Panels. The mount is easy to be fixed. Practical. HIgh Quality.

Model Satellite Antenna C Band 210CM Sector Divided 6 Aperture Diameter 210cm C-Band Gain 4GHz 37.2dB F/D Ratio 0.38 Focus Length 798mm Material Steel Finish Polyseter Power Coating Mounting Type Much Use With Elivation Alignment 0°~90° Azimuth Alignment Fixed 0°~360° Operational Winds Able to receive 25m/sec Able to re-set 40m/sec Without Damange 60m/sec Ambient Temperature -40oC~+60oC

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

6 Degree Monoblock LNB

Quick Details

Place of Origin: Sichuan China Brand Name: HLD Model Number: HM6100

Standard:: CE, RoHS, UL Packing:: Giftbox packing Warranty:: One Year

6 Degree Monoblock LNB 1.Ideal for Astra and Hotbird at 19E and 13E 2.way Diseqc switch built in 3.This LNB is 0.3dB

Specifications -Disigned for Reception of Hotbird 13E and Astra 19.2E -From 10.7 to 12.75 GHz Wide Ku band range -2x1 DiSEqC switch 2.0 inside -Voltage tolerance design for different receivers -High efficient and low phase noise -Weather prodection by rubber boot (Option) -Low Consumption -Input Frequency Low Band: 10.7- 11.7 GHz, High Band: 11.7-12.75GHz -L. O. Frequency: 9.75 /10.6 GHz -Noise Figure: 0.3dB -Input Signal Level: -55 to -95dBm -Image Rejection: 40dB min -Polarization: Linear V/H -Insertion Loss of Feeds: 0.15dB max -V/H Isolation: 25dB typ -Input VSWR: 3.0max -Output Impedance: 75 Ohms -Gain: 65dB typ -Gain Ripple in each 27 GHz: 2dB max - Gain Variation over temperature: +/-4 dB -Local Power Leakage at IF output: -45dBm -Local Frequency Stability: +/- 1MHz max (Room Temperature) -Operating Temperature: -30 to 60 degree -Maximum Output level: 0 dB max -L. O. Phase Noise: -55dBc/Hz@1KHz offset, -80dBc/Hz@10KHz offset, -100dBc/Hz@100KHz offset -Band Control Signal: 0, 22K/ DiSEqC2.0 -V/H Control Signal: 13, 18V/DiSEqC2.0 -DC Power: 11/20V -Current Consumpation: 150mA max

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

Monoblock LNB

FOB Price: US $ 1 - 4 / Piece

Quick Details Place of Origin: Guangdong China Brand Name: HX Model Number: HX-D001 (Mainland) color: red,green,black,white,yellow certificate: CE,ROHS,FCC

Specifications 1.Monoblock lnb with 6000 tv channels 2.16 types of programs 3.59 languages 4.56 genres and 210countrie

Monoblock LNB

1) Product Description * Swept the world, global hot, USB TV stick, free to watch TV! * Scope: understanding the global information, financial information, foreign language learning, international sports events, the global hot movie, TV series, national pop music & MTV ......

2) How to use * The appliance insert in the USB port on the computer, the program will start automatically * Click the “CD” icon,you will choose the language in first use.

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

3) Features. * USB TV stick, so you see and hear the world

* USB plug, that is, listen to, free installation, through it, you can listen to the world's 20,000 radio stations, more than 5,000 television sets. Di fferent channels as you choose! How? Too simple, the little guy a plug to the computer, then click the icon, you can see the scenery around th e world. TV coverage worldwide!

4) System Requirement. * CPU: 2GHz or above * Display: VGA * Resolution: 1024*768 * Memory: 512MB or above * USB: USB2.0 * Browser: IE6 or above * Operating System: Windows XP sp2 or above/ Windows Vista * Windows Media Player: Version 9 or above * Network: Radio: ADSL 1Mbps above recommended TV: ADSL 2Mbps above recommended * Free Hard Disk Space: 10MB or above

5) Packing

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

2011 Newest openbox s10HD Digital Satellite Receiver

FOB Price: US $ 52 - 55 / Unit

Quick Details

Place of Origin: Guangdong China Brand Name: openbox Model Number: s10

FTA(Free To Air): Yes Type: Digital High Definition: Yes

Model: MPEG4 Card sharing: CA,CI chipset: ALi3602

PATCH: YES

Specifications 1. Full HD receiver 2.card sharing 3.Quick shipment 4.Best price and quality 5.Warranty

Openbox S10, Orton S10, globo S10 , opticum s10 Specifications, The cheapest HD receiver; Can be used around the world; New model updating from Openbox S9, more cost-effective. Openbox S10 the new model HD receiver out, cover all functions of S9, but most cost effective -PVR HDMI -ETHERNET PORT, can work with CCCAM, and sharing with dm box server -CA and CI (DM800HD without CI ) ...... Advantages over other receivers: 1/ BLIND SEARCH: not only blind searches signals in DVB-S, but also DVB-S2. The Blind Search feature is very fast. 2/ AC3 Digital Sound: Digital sound through HDMI output 3/ Recording: Using an optional external Flash USB drive or HD, you can record your favorite shows and setup timer to do the same while you are out of the house.

MAIN FEATURES 1/Receive Digital High Definition (HD) and Standard Definition (SD) Satellite Signal

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

2/Supports DVB-S, DVB-S2, MPEG-2 & MPEG-4 3/Digital Video Recorder through USB (external flash or hard drive are not included) 4/The most affordable FTA HD receiver on the market today. 5/Worldwide compatible 6/Hardware Blind Search DVB-S and DVB-S2 (fast search less than 2 Minutes on most satellites) 7/Linux MIPS Operating System 8/HD DVB-S2 SHARP 7306 Tuner

General Specifications: 300 MHz MIPS Processor - Linux Operating System Fully compliant MPEG-4 H.264/AVC Main Profile Level 3 & High Profile Level 4.1; Fully compliant MPEG-2 MP@HL & MP@ML; Fully compliant MPEG-1 Layer I & II & III, Dolby Digital Audio(AC3); SCPC & MCPC receivable from C/Ku band satellites; multiple LNB-Switching control (supports DiSEqC1.0/1.1/unicable/1.2/1.3(USALS) supported) NIT search supported; Support MHEG-5; Support HDMI 1.3; Support PVR(store in USB disk); Multimedia files playback(by USB); Support Electronic Program Guide(EPG) for 7 days; Teletext and subtitle out through OSD; Support multi-lingual DVB subtitle and teletext; Automatic and manual channel scan options; automatic service scan channel-change time < 1 second OSD in many languages and skin-support Multilingual support on screen menu (OSD): English, French, Deutsch, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Greece, Portuguese, Finland, Holland, Turkish, Czech, selectable; LED Display Multiple display mode: 1080i/720p/570p/576i/480p; MPEG-2 / H.264 Hardware decoding Videotext Decoder Analog audio output: stereo(L+R); Digital audio output: S/PDIF by coaxial and optical; S/PDIF Interface for digital bit stream out (AC-3) YCbCr available; Screen format:auto, 4:3, and 16:9; Upgrade software through USB2.0 port; Powerful program management function, parent lock; CA 1x slot and CI 1xslot 10/100Mbit Ethernet Interface directly bouquet-lists

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

2011 latest Mini openbox S9 hd digital satellite receiver-Orton HD X403P digitalllite receiver

FOB Price: US $ 52 - 65 / Piece

Quick Details Place of Origin: Guangdong China (Mainland) Brand Name: sino star Model Number: x 403 P FTA(Free To Air): Yes Type: Digital High Definition: Yes color: black cccam: support USB: yes

Specifications 1.2011 latest Mini openbox S9 hd digital satellite receiver-Orton HD X403P digitalllite receiver 2.4000 channels 3.MPEG4 H.26 2011 latest Mini openbox S9 hd digital satellite receiver-Orton HD X403P digitalllite receiver:

- MPEG-Fully DVB-S / DVB-S2 HD compliant - Channel Recording supported to External Storage Devices - Timeshifting supported - 4000 channels (TV and Radio) programmable - Multilingual menu text support - Fast channel switching - Channel list editing - Favorite channel list editing - Electronic Program Guide (EPG) for on screen channel information - Teletext supported by VBI insertion and software emulation - Subtitle supported - Parental lock facility by channel and program event - HDMI HD Video/Audio Output - S/PDIF for digital audio or Dolby digital bitstream output - LAN 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Connection support - Software update via LAN port - USB 2.0 Host - Exciting games embedded - DiSEqC 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and USALS OPTICUM HD X403P HD MPEG4 H.264 satellite receiver internet sharing

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

65" Class (64.5" dia) HX929 smart TV

Model number: XBR-65HX929

Features: Full HD 1080p in 2D and 3D, full-array local dimming LED, X-Reality PRO Engine, Internet TV for streaming entertainment, OptiContrast Panel, Motionflow XR 960

Price: $5999.99

Product Specifications Customizing Capability Control via IR In : Yes RS-232C Control : Yes

Power Power Consumption (in Download Acquisition Mode) : 0.02kWh / Day Power Consumption (in Operation) max. : 265W Power Consumption (in Standby) : 120V : 0.30W Power Requirements (frequency) : 60Hz Power Requirements (voltage) : AC 120V

Video Features 24p True Cinema™ Technology : Yes 3D Comb Filter : Yes 4:3 Default : Yes Advanced Contrast Enhancer (ACE) : Yes Auto Wide : Yes Blinking Type : Line Blinking CineMotion® Reverse 3:2 Pulldown Technology : Yes Deep Color : Yes Intelligent MPEG Noise Reduction : Yes Live Color™ Technology : Yes Motionflow™ Technology : XR 960 PhotoTV HD : Yes Picture Mode : Vivid, Standard, Photo-Vivid, Photo-Standard, Photo-Original, Photo-Custom, Cinema, Game-Standard, Game- Original, Graphics, Sports, Animation Video Processing : X-Reality™ PRO Engine Wide Mode : Full, Normal, Wide Zoom, Zoom, Caption, Normal/Full1/Full2 for PC

Audio Audio Power Output : 10W + 10W + 10W Speaker Configuration : 2.1 Speaker Position : Rear Facing

3D Features 2D to 3D Conversion : Yes

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

3D : Yes 3D Sync Transmitter Integrated : Yes

Display Features Backlight Type : Intelligent Peak LED Display Device : LCD OptiContrast Panel : Yes

General Features Audio Return Channel : Yes Closed Captions (CC) : Analog, Digital Finish (Surface Color) : Black HDMI™ InstaPort : Yes New GUI : Yes Start Up Sony Logo Display : Yes

Video Video Signal : 1080/24p (HDMI™ only), 1080/60i, 1080/60p (HDMI™ / Component), 720/60p, 480/60i, 480/60p

Audio Features 5.1 Channel Audio Out : Yes 5.1ch Through Out (Handycam) : Yes Alternate Audio (Digital) : Yes Audio Out : Fixed/Variable Auto Mute (on no signal) : Yes Auto SAP : Yes Clear Phase Speaker : Yes Dolby® : Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby Pulse Headphone/Speaker Link : Yes Invisible Speaker (w/Sound Elevation) : Yes S-Master : Yes Sony Original Surround : S-Force Front Surround 3D Sound Booster : Yes Sound Enhancer : Yes Sound Mode : Dynamic, Standard, Clear Voice, Custom Stereo System : MTS Surround Effect : Cinema, Sports, Music, Game

Design Features Illuminated Sony Logo : Yes Monolithic Design : Yes

Energy Saving & Efficiency Backlight Off Mode : Yes Dynamic Backlight Control : Yes Energy Saving Switch : Yes Energy Star® compliant : Yes (Exceeds v4.1)

Broadcast Features TV Guide On-Screen : Yes

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Edit Channel Labels : Yes Info Banner : Yes Input Skip : Automatic Label Inputs : Yes Multiple Language Display : English, French, Spanish On-Screen Clock : Yes On-Screen Display for External Input : Yes On-Screen Operating Instructions : Yes On/Off Timer : Yes PAP (Fixed or Variable) : PAP(Variable) PIP (Picture in Picture) : Yes Panorama : Yes Parental Control : Yes Picture Adjustments Lock : Yes Picture Frame Mode : Yes Position Control : Yes Quick Start & Viewing : Yes Scene Select : Photo, Music, Cinema, Game, Graphics, Sports, Animation Show/Hide Channels : Yes Skin Naturalizer : Yes Sleep Timer : Yes Twin Picture : PAP (Variable) USB Application(s) : Yes White Balance : Yes

Inputs and Outputs AC Power Input : 1 (Rear) Analog Audio Input(s) (Total) : 2 (Rear) Audio Out : 1 (Side) Hybrid w/HP Component Video (Y/Pb/Pr) Input(s) : 1 (Adaptor/Bottom/Hybrid) Composite Video Input(s) : 2 (Adaptor/Bottom/1 Hybrid ) Digital Audio Output(s) : 1 (Rear) Ethernet Connection(s) : 1 (Rear) HDMI™ Connection(s) (Total) : 4 (1 Side/3Rear) HDMI™ PC Input : Yes Headphone Output(s) : 1(Side) Hybrid w/Audio out IR Input(s) : 1 (Rear) PC In (D-Sub) + Audio In (Stereo Mini) : D-Sub 1 (Side), Mini 1(Rear) RF Connection Input(s) : 1 (Rear) RS-232C Input(s) : 1 (Bottom) USB 2.0 : 2 (Side)

TV System Channel Coverage : VHF: 2-13, UHF: 14-69, CATV: 1-135 Color System : NTSC Number of Tuners (Analog) : 1(Hybrid) Number of Tuners (Digital) : 1(Hybrid) TV System (Analog) : M TV System (Digital) : ATSC Tuner (Cable) : Clear QAM Tuner (Terrestrial) : ATSC

Weights and Measurements Dimensions (Approx.) : 59 1/4 x 35 1/2 x 2 5/8" (1504 x 900 x 64mm) without stand; 59 1/4 x 36 7/8 z 14 3/4" (1504 x 935 x 374mm) with stand Packaging (Approx.) : 62.5 x 40.5 x 18.1” (138.6 lbs) Weight (Approx.) : 95.1 lbs (43.2Kg) without stand; 113.8 lbs (51.7Kg) with stand

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

Network Features BRAVIA® Internet Video : Yes BRAVIA® Internet Widgets : Yes DLNA : Yes DLNA : Yes HTML Browser : Yes Media Remote : Yes (Firmware Update Required) Photo MAP : Yes Skype™ : Yes TrackID : Yes Video Search : Yes What's New : Yes (Firmware Update Required) Wi-Fi Certified : Yes Wi-Fi Direct : Yes (Firmware Update Required) Wireless LAN : Integrated

Measurements (Approx.) Package Carton (W x H x D) : 62.5 x 40.5 x 18.1” (138.6 lbs) TV only (W x H x D) : 1504x900x64 mm / 59 1/4x35 1/2x2 5/8 inch TV with Stand (W x H x D) : 1504x935x374 mm / 59 1/4x36 7/8x14 3/4 inch

Service and Warranty Information Limited Warranty Term : 18 Months Parts / 18 Months Labor

Recycled & Recyclable Materials Packaging Materials : Recycled Carton (more than 40%)

Display Aspect Ratio : 16:9 Display Resolution : Full HD 1080p Dynamic Contrast Ratio : Infinite6 Panel Frequency : 240Hz Screen Size (measured diagonally) : 65" (64.5")

Regulation and Standards Compliance VESA® Hole Pitch : 400 x 300 mm VESA® Hole Spacing Compatible : Yes

Sensing Features Ambient Sensor : Yes Intelligent Presence Sensor : Yes Presence Sensor with Face Detection : Yes

In the Box Table Top Stand (separate, assembly required) Remote Control RM-YD057 AC Power Cord (attached)

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SATELLITE TELEVISION 2011

65" Class (64.5" dia) HX729 smart TV

Model number: KDL-65HX729

Features: Full HD 1080p in 2D and 3D, local dimming LED, X-Reality PRO Engine, wireless Internet TV for streaming entertainment, Motionflow XR 480 for smooth motion

PRICE: $4499.99

Product Specifications

Customizing Capability Control via IR In : Yes RS-232C Control : Yes

Power Power Consumption (in Operation) max. : 267W Power Requirements (frequency) : 60Hz Power Requirements (voltage) : AC 120V

Energy Saving & Efficiency Backlight Off Mode : Yes Dynamic Backlight Control : Yes Energy Star® compliant : Yes (Exceeds v4.1)

Broadcast Features TV Guide On-Screen : Yes

Convenience Features Auto Shut-off : Yes BRAVIA® Sync™ : Yes Channel Block (with password) : Analog & Digital Channel Jump : Yes Channel Surf : Yes Control for HDMI™ (HDMI™ CEC) : Yes Edit Channel Labels : Yes Info Banner : Yes Input Skip : Automatic Label Inputs : Yes Multiple Language Display : English, French, Spanish

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On-Screen Clock : Yes On-Screen Display for External Input : Yes On-Screen Operating Instructions : Yes On/Off Timer : Yes PAP (Fixed or Variable) : PAP(Variable) PIP (Picture in Picture) : Yes Panorama : Yes Parental Control : Yes Picture Adjustments Lock : Yes Picture Frame Mode : Yes Quick Start & Viewing : Yes Scene Select : Photo, Music, Cinema, Game, Graphics, Sports, Animation Show/Hide Channels : Yes Skin Naturalizer : Yes Sleep Timer : Yes Twin Picture : PAP (Variable) USB Application(s) : Yes White Balance : Yes

Inputs and Outputs AC Power Input : 1 (Rear) Analog Audio Input(s) (Total) : 2 (Rear) Audio Out : 1(Side) Hybrid w/HP Component Video (Y/Pb/Pr) Input(s) : 1 (Rear/Hybrid) Composite Video Input(s) : 2 (Rear/1 Hybrid ) Digital Audio Output(s) : 1 (Rear) Ethernet Connection(s) : 1 (Rear) HDMI™ Connection(s) (Total) : 4 (1 Side/ 3 Rear) HDMI™ PC Input : Yes Headphone Output(s) : 1 (Side) Hybrid w/Audio out IR Input(s) : 1 (Rear) PC In (D-Sub) + Audio In (Stereo Mini) : D-Sub 1 (Side), Mini 1 (Rear) RF Connection Input(s) : 1 (Rear) RS-232C Input(s) : 1 (Bottom) USB 2.0 : 2 (Side)

Video Video Signal : 1080/24p (HDMI™ only), 1080/60i, 1080/60p (HDMI™ / Component), 720/60p, 480/60i, 480/60p

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Dolby® : Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby Pulse Headphone/Speaker Link : Yes Invisible Speaker (w/Sound Elevation) : Yes S-Master : Yes Sony Original Surround : S-Force Front Surround 3D Sound Booster : Yes Sound Enhancer : Yes Sound Mode : Dynamic, Standard, Clear Voice, Custom Stereo System : MTS Surround Effect : Cinema, Sports, Music, Game

Measurements (Approx.) Package Carton (W x H x D) : 1588x1030x461 mm / 62 5/8x40 5/8x18 1/4 inch TV only (W x H x D) : 1496x898x59 mm / 59x35 3/8x2 3/8 inch TV with Stand (W x H x D) : 1496x930x371 mm / 59x36 5/8x14 5/8 inch

Service and Warranty Information Limited Warranty Term : 18 Months Parts / 18 Months Labor

Recycled & Recyclable Materials Packaging Materials : Recycled Carton (more than 40%)

Display Aspect Ratio : 16:9 Display Resolution : Full HD 1080p Dynamic Contrast Ratio : Infinite6 Panel Frequency : 240Hz Screen Size (measured diagonally) : 65" Class (64.5”)

Regulation and Standards Compliance VESA® Hole Pitch : 400 x 300 mm VESA® Hole Spacing Compatible : Yes

Sensing Features Ambient Sensor : Yes Presence Sensor : Yes

Weights and Measurements Dimensions (Approx.) : 59 x 35 3/8 x 2 3/8" (1496 x 898 x 59mm) without stand; 59 x 36 5/8 x 14 5/8" (1496 x 930 x 371mm) with stand Packaging (Approx.) : 62 5/8 x 40 5/8 x 18 1/4" (1588 x 1030 x 461mm); 128 lbs (59Kg) Weight (Approx.) : 86 lbs (39.1Kg) without stand; 104 lbs (47.2Kg) with stand

Video Features

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24p True Cinema™ Technology : Yes 3D Comb Filter : Yes 4:3 Default : Yes Advanced Contrast Enhancer (ACE) : Yes Auto Wide : Yes Blinking Type : Frame Blinking CineMotion® Reverse 3:2 Pulldown Technology : Yes Deep Color : Yes Intelligent MPEG Noise Reduction : Yes Live Color™ Technology : Yes Motionflow™ Technology : XR 480 PhotoTV HD : Yes Picture Mode : Vivid, Standard, Photo-Vivid, Photo-Standard, Photo-Original, Photo-Custom, Cinema, Game-Standard, Game- Original, Graphics, Sports, Animation Video Processing : X-Reality™ PRO Engine Wide Mode : Full, Normal, Wide Zoom, Zoom, Caption, Normal/Full1/Full2 for PC

Audio Audio Power Output : 10W + 10W + 10W Speaker Configuration : 2.1 Speaker Position : Rear Facing

3D Features 2D to 3D Conversion : Yes 3D : Yes 3D Sync Transmitter Integrated : Yes

Display Features Backlight Type : Dynamic Edge LED Deep Black Panel : Yes Display Device : LCD

General Features Audio Return Channel : Yes Closed Captions (CC) : Analog, Digital Finish (Surface Color) : Black HDMI™ InstaPort : Yes New GUI : Yes Start Up Sony Logo Display : Yes

In the Box Table Top Stand (separate, assembly required)

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Some Satellites that Provides Free-to-Air (FTA) Channels

Table 1.

Satellite Angle Satellite Angle Telstar 12 15.0°W AMC 16 85.0°W Hispasat 1C.1D 30.0°W AMC 3 87.0°W Intelsat 3R 43.0°W Galaxy 28 89.0°W Intelsat 1R 45.0°W Galaxy 25 93.0°W Intelsat 9 58.0°W Nimiq 1 91.0°W Amazonas 61.0°W Galaxy 3C 95.0°W EchoStar 3 61.5°W Galaxy 19 97.0°W Estrela Do Sul 63.0°W Galaxy 16 99.0°W AMC 6 72.0°W AMC 15 103.0°W Horizons 2 74.0°W Anik F2 111.0°W EchoStar 4.8 77.0°W SatMex 6 113.0°W AMC 5 79.0°W SatMex 5 116.8°W Nimiq 4 82.0°W Anik F3 118.7°W AMC 9 83.0°W EchoStar 7 119.0°W Intelsat 10-02 1.0°W Asiasat 3S 105.5°E Atlantic Bird 5.0°W Leasat F-5 (I) 100.0°E Marisat 3 34.0°W MEASAT 2 148.0°E PAS-1R 45.0°W Agila 2 146.0°E Optus B1 160.0°E Apstar 1 (I) 142.0°E Optus B3 152.0°E Intelsat 602 150.5°E N-Star 132.0°E Thaicom 2, 3 78.5°E Apstar 6 134.0°E Sirius 2, 3 5.0°E

V. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Table 2.

Channel Station Condition 0055 GLC Very Good 0056 Smile Very Good 0057 TBN Very Good 0058 TCC Very Good 0059 SOAC Very Good 0060 CLC Very Good 0061 HCBN Very Good 0062 ZOE Very Good Channels/Stations Received with satellite “Agila 2”

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While conducting the experiment, the group observed that the system of a satellite dish must be inclined in a certain angle focused directly with the satellite, Agila 2. In order to do so, we put the satellite in a monobloc chair and elevate the focused of the antenna 29 degrees above the horizon. If the inclination is not focused with the satellite, the strength of the signal decreased and the quality of the signal became zero. We also observed that the satellite, Agila 2 was really around 146 degrees East of the true North and a certain changes to it decreases the signal strength and the quality of the signal became zero. Also, there must be no obstruction in the front of the satellite in order to get a good signal.

By doing this, the group was able to get the channels in the above Table 2.

VI. PARTS AND IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF EQUIPMENTS

A. Satellite Antennas or Satellite Dish

Satellite TV antennas are commonly referred to as the dish shaped antennas. They are called by this name for a specific purpose. It is because the “dish” out here is defined as a parabolic reflector. It is designed to receive microwaves from communications satellites, which transmit data transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television.

The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish’s focal point and 'conducts' them to a low- noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB.

With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs have used a solid dish with perforations.

Function

The main function of the antennas used in satellite communication systems is to compensate for the loss of signal strength that occurs when a signal is transmitted from the ground to a satellite (and vice versa). Antennas are used on the ground to transmit signals to the satellite and to receive Signals from the satellite. Antennas are also used on board the satellite to collect the weak signals from the ground and to re- transmit them back towards the earth. The general principles of operation of the satellite antennas and ground- based antennas are the same. However, the satellite antennas are typically more complex because they need to survive the harsh environment of space. Ground antennas vary in size from the very small antennas that are used to receive television broadcasts in the home to several tens of metres for the largest professional installations. The antennas on board the satellite are typically limited in size to around 2 - 3 m by the space that is available on the satellite structure.

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How does Satellite Dish Work

Satellite dish is actually a part of satellite transmitting system. It is an antenna, which receives signals from the satellite and redirects them to a signal receiver. A satellite dish has a shape of a parabola. It is a metallic dish, which comprises of a parabolic reflector along with a feed horn at its focus. This feed horn reverberates data signals from the focal points to the low-noise block converter or LNB. Data signals are nothing but, electromagnetic waves. LNB converts theses electromagnetic waves in to electrical signals in order to redirect them to the signal transmitter. The electrical signals are further transferred to the L-band range from down linked

C-band or Kµ-band. The signal receiver catches these electrical signals, which are further reproduced in the picture and audio form by the television set or audio form in case of a radio. This procedure enables the television sets to produce a high-quality picture and sound. Signal coverage depends on satellite and the transponder, used for the transmitting purpose. Usually, actual gain value for a 60cm consumer satellite dish at 11.75 GHZ is 37.50dB. This value varies as the shape, feed antenna or surface finishing change.

Parts of a Satellite Antenna

1. Reflector - Satellite dish is a metallic dish, which is parabolic in shape. It receives the data signals. 2. Feedhorn Clip – it is where the feedhorn and the LNB was placed and fixed 3. Feedhorn supporter - It supports the feed antenna to receive the data signals. 4. Stand pipe – It supports the whole antenna in order for it to stand 5. Reflector mount – it is where the reflector is mounted 6. Adjustive Clamp – a clamp that can be adjust upward, downward, left or right.

B. Low Noise Block Down Converter (LNB)

A low noise block-downconverter (or LNB) is the receiving device of a parabolic satellite dish antenna of the type commonly used for satellite TV reception. The device is sometimes called an LNA (for low noise amplifier), LNC (for low noise converter) or even LND (for low noise downconverter) but as block-downconversion is the principal function of the device, LNB is the preferred term, although this acronym is often incorrectly expanded to the incomplete descriptions, low noise block or low noise block converter.

Function

The function of the LNB is to utilize the super heterodyne effect; and amplify and convert a wide block (band) of frequencies. This helps compensate the signal loss associated with typical coaxial cable at relatively high frequencies. In other words, it is the device on the front of a satellite dish that receives the very low level microwave signal from the satellite, amplifies it, changes the signals to a lower frequency band and sends them down the cable to the indoor receiver.

C. Satellite Receiver A satellite television receiver is a device that was designed to receive unencrypted broadcasts. Modern decoders are typically compliant with the MPEG-2/DVB-S and more recently the MPEG-4/DVB-S2 standard for digital television.

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Function It de-scrambles the encrypted signal. In order to unlock the signal, the receiver needs the proper decoder chip for that programming package. The provider can communicate with the chip, via the satellite signal, to make necessary adjustments to its decoding programs. The provider may occasionally send signals that disrupt illegal de-scramblers as an electronic counter measure (ECM) against illegal users. It takes the digital MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 signal and converts it into an analog format that a standard television can recognize. In the United States, receivers convert the digital signal to the analog National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) format. Some dish and receiver setups can also output an HDTV signal. It extracts the individual channels from the larger satellite signal.When you change the channel on the receiver; it sends just the signal for that channel to your TV. Since the receiver spits out only one channel at a time, you can't tape one program and watch another. You also can't watch two different programs on two TVs hooked up to the same receiver. In order to do these things, which are standard on conventional cable, you need to buy an additional receiver. It keeps track of pay-per-view programs and periodically phones a computer at the provider's headquarters to communicate billing information.

D. Television Set A television set is a device that contains a wireless tuner (television) and used to view broadcast television. It receives television signals and displays them on a screen or display device.

Function

It translates the received signal into a picture on a luminescent screen.

Parts of a TV Set

a. Display device - is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form b. Television Antenna - is an antenna specifically designed for the reception of over the air broadcast television signals, which are transmitted at frequencies from about 41 to 250 MHz in the VHF band, and 470 to 960 MHz in the UHF band in different countries. To cover this range antennas generally consist of multiple conductors of different lengths which correspond to the wavelength range the antenna is intended to receive. The length of the elements of a TV antenna is usually half the wavelength of the signal they are intended to receive. The wavelength of a signal equals the speed of light (c) divided by the frequency. c. Television Tuner - converts a radio frequency analog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture.

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VII. PICTURES OF ACTUAL ACTIVITY

TV and the Satellite

S a t e l l i t e

R e

Digital Satellite Receiver

Satellite Antenna

Equipments needed for Satellite Television

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Setup of the Equipments

Searching for the Channels

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Channels Received

Example Channels

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VIII. CONCLUSIONS

Satellite TV works by broadcasting video and audio signals from geostationary satellites to satellite dishes on the Earth’s surface. Each of these satellites carries a number of transponders. These transponders each carry a signal back to the Earth. After travelling through the space and atmosphere, these signals are received by a satellite dish. The purpose of the dish is to act as a collector and a reflector. The dish collects the signal and reflects it towards the feedhorn which receives the reflected signal and sends it to the LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal and converts it to a frequency more suitable for transmission over a cable. The LNB transmits the signal over the coaxial cable to the satellite receiver and then sends the signal to the television set.

To get the best signal quality of Agila 2, the reflector must be directly facing the geostationary satellite at almost exactly 146º east from the true North and proper tilt of the reflector must be observed. There should not be any obstructions, i.e. trees and buildings, around the area because satellite television operates at microwave frequencies which require LOS (Line-of-sight) propagation. The reflector or satellite dish may be elevated to a high place where no obstructions can harm the transmission of signals between the satellite and the receiver. In our experiment, we came up to an elevation of 29 degrees from the horizon and an azimuth of around 146 degrees East that gave us sufficient signal quality to receive 6 channels (55-62) namely GLC, Smile, TBN, TCC, SOAC, CLC, HCBN, and ZOE consecutively.

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