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Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008
Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Paul Harold Rubinson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War Committee: —————————————————— Mark A. Lawrence, Supervisor —————————————————— Francis J. Gavin —————————————————— Bruce J. Hunt —————————————————— David M. Oshinsky —————————————————— Michael B. Stoff Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War by Paul Harold Rubinson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Acknowledgements Thanks first and foremost to Mark Lawrence for his guidance, support, and enthusiasm throughout this project. It would be impossible to overstate how essential his insight and mentoring have been to this dissertation and my career in general. Just as important has been his camaraderie, which made the researching and writing of this dissertation infinitely more rewarding. Thanks as well to Bruce Hunt for his support. Especially helpful was his incisive feedback, which both encouraged me to think through my ideas more thoroughly, and reined me in when my writing overshot my argument. I offer my sincerest gratitude to the Smith Richardson Foundation and Yale University International Security Studies for the Predoctoral Fellowship that allowed me to do the bulk of the writing of this dissertation. Thanks also to the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy at Yale University, and John Gaddis and the incomparable Ann Carter-Drier at ISS. -
RF Annual Report
PRESIDENT'S TEN-YEAR REVIEW ANNUAL REPORT1971 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION THE ROCKEFELLER mr"nMnftTinN JAN 26 2001 LIBRARY 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The pages of this report are printed on paper made from recycled fibers THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 111 WEST 50TH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10020 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS President's Ten-year Review 1 1971 Grants and Programs 105 Study Awards 143 Organizational Information 151 Financial Statements 161 1971 Appropriations and Payments 173 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE COMMITTEES April 1971—April 1972 DOUGLAS DILLON* Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3RD1 Honorary Chairman BOARD OF TRUSTEES BARRY BINGHAMS VERNON E. JORDAN, JR. FREDERICK SEITZ W. MICHAEL BLUMENTHALS CLARK KERB FRANK STANTON JOHN S. DICKEY MATHILDE KRIM MAURICE F. STRONG* DOUGLAS DILLON ALBERTO LLERAS CAMARGO CYRUS R. VANCE ROBERT H. EBERT BILL MOYEHS THOMAS J. WATSON, JR.4 ROBERT F. GOHEEN JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3RD2 CLIFTON R. WHARTON, JR. J. GEORGE HARRAR JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV W. BARRY WOOD, JR.5 THEODORE M. HESBURGH ROBERT V. ROOSA WHITNEY M. YOUNG, JR.6 ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JR. NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW* EXECVTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA THEODORE M. HESBURGH* _ _ _ _ alternate member DOUGLAS DILLON FREDERICK SEITZ ,, „ , PC VERNON E. JORDAN, JR. MATHILDE KRIM* FRANK STANTON alternate member BILL MoYEHS8 CYRUS R. VANCE* NEVJN S- SCRIMSHAW* JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3nn2 ROBERT F. GOHEEN alternate member alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE Through June 30 Beginning July 1 DOUGLAS DILLON Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA DOUGLAS DILLON* THOMAS J. -
*Revelle, Roger Baltimore 18, Maryland
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES July 1, 1962 OFFICERS Term expires President-Frederick Seitz June 30, 1966 Vice President-J. A. Stratton June 30, 1965 Home Secretary-Hugh L. Dryden June 30, 1963 Foreign Secretary-Harrison Brown June 30, 1966 Treasurer-L. V. Berkner June 30, 1964 Executive Officer Business Manager S. D. Cornell G. D. Meid COUNCIL *Berkner L. V. (1964) *Revelle, Roger (1965) *Brown, Harrison (1966) *Seitz, Frederick (1966) *Dryden, Hugh L. (1963) *Stratton, J. A. (1965) Hutchinson, G. Evelyn (1963) Williams, Robley C. (1963) *Kistiakowsky, G. B. (1964) Wood, W. Barry, Jr. (1965) Raper, Kenneth B. (1964) MEMBERS The number in parentheses, following year of election, indicates the Section to which the member belongs, as follows: (1) Mathematics (8) Zoology and Anatomy (2) Astronomy (9) Physiology (3) Physics (10) Pathology and Microbiology (4) Engineering (11) Anthropology (5) Chemistry (12) Psychology (6) Geology (13) Geophysics (7) Botany (14) Biochemistry Abbot, Charles Greeley, 1915 (2), Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Abelson, Philip Hauge, 1959 (6), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2801 Upton Street, N. W., Washington 8, D. C. Adams, Leason Heberling, 1943 (13), Institute of Geophysics, University of Cali- fornia, Los Angeles 24, California Adams, Roger, 1929 (5), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Ahlfors, Lars Valerian, 1953 (1), Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts Albert, Abraham Adrian, 1943 (1), 111 Eckhart Hall, University of Chicago, 1118 East 58th Street, Chicago 37, Illinois Albright, William Foxwell, 1955 (11), Oriental Seminary, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland * Members of the Executive Committee of the Council of the Academy. -
National Academy of Sciences July 1, 1979 Officers
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JULY 1, 1979 OFFICERS Term expires President-PHILIP HANDLER June 30, 1981 Vice-President-SAUNDERS MAC LANE June 30, 1981 Home Secretary-BRYCE CRAWFORD,JR. June 30, 1983 Foreign Secretary-THOMAS F. MALONE June 30, 1982 Treasurer-E. R. PIORE June 30, 1980 Executive Officer Comptroller Robert M. White David Williams COUNCIL Abelson, Philip H. (1981) Markert,C. L. (1980) Berg, Paul (1982) Nierenberg,William A. (1982) Berliner, Robert W. (1981) Piore, E. R. (1980) Bing, R. H. (1980) Ranney, H. M. (1980) Crawford,Bryce, Jr. (1983) Simon, Herbert A. (1981) Friedman, Herbert (1982) Solow, R. M. (1980) Handler, Philip (1981) Thomas, Lewis (1982) Mac Lane, Saunders (1981) Townes, Charles H. (1981) Malone, Thomas F. (1982) Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 SECTIONS The Academyis divided into the followingSections, to which membersare assigned at their own choice: (11) Mathematics (31) Engineering (12) Astronomy (32) Applied Biology (13) Physics (33) Applied Physical and (14) Chemistry Mathematical Sciences (15) Geology (41) Medical Genetics Hema- (16) Geophysics tology, and Oncology (21) Biochemistry (42) Medical Physiology, En- (22) Cellularand Develop- docrinology,and Me- mental Biology tabolism (23) Physiological and Phar- (43) Medical Microbiology macologicalSciences and Immunology (24) Neurobiology (51) Anthropology (25) Botany (52) Psychology (26) Genetics (53) Social and Political Sci- (27) Population Biology, Evo- ences lution, and Ecology (54) Economic Sciences In the alphabetical list of members,the numbersin parentheses, followingyear of election, indicate the respective Class and Section of the member. CLASSES The members of Sections are grouped in the following Classes: I. Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16). -
EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES E U G ENE PAUL WI G NER 1902—1995 A Biographical Memoir by FR E D E R I C K S E I T Z , E RICH V OG T , A N D AL V I N M. W E I NBER G Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1998 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. Courtesy of Atoms for Peace Awards, Inc. EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995 BY FREDERICK SEITZ, ERICH VOGT, AND ALVIN M. WEINBERG UGENE WIGNER WAS A towering leader of modern physics Efor more than half of the twentieth century. While his greatest renown was associated with the introduction of sym- metry theory to quantum physics and chemistry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1963, his scientific work encompassed an astonishing breadth of sci- ence, perhaps unparalleled during his time. In preparing this memoir, we have the impression we are attempting to record the monumental achievements of half a dozen scientists. There is the Wigner who demonstrated that symmetry principles are of great importance in quan- tum mechanics; who pioneered the application of quantum mechanics in the fields of chemical kinetics and the theory of solids; who was the first nuclear engineer; who formu- lated many of the most basic ideas in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry; who was the prophet of quantum chaos; who served as a mathematician and philosopher of science; and the Wigner who was the supervisor and mentor of more than forty Ph.D. -
A Cultural Analysis of a Physicist ''Trio'' Supporting the Backlash Against
ARTICLE IN PRESS Global Environmental Change 18 (2008) 204–219 www.elsevier.com/locate/gloenvcha Experiences of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist ‘‘trio’’ supporting the backlash against global warming Myanna Lahsenà Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Epaciais (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Sa˜o Jose´ dos Campos, SP 12227-010 Brazil Received 18 March 2007; received in revised form 5 October 2007; accepted 29 October 2007 Abstract This paper identifies cultural and historical dimensions that structure US climate science politics. It explores why a key subset of scientists—the physicist founders and leaders of the influential George C. Marshall Institute—chose to lend their scientific authority to this movement which continues to powerfully shape US climate policy. The paper suggests that these physicists joined the environmental backlash to stem changing tides in science and society, and to defend their preferred understandings of science, modernity, and of themselves as a physicist elite—understandings challenged by on-going transformations encapsulated by the widespread concern about human-induced climate change. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Anti-environmental movement; Human dimensions research; Climate change; Controversy; United States; George C. Marshall Institute 1. Introduction change itself, what he termed a ‘‘strong theory of culture.’’ Arguing that the essential role of science in our present age Human Dimensions Research in the area of global only can be fully understood through examination of environmental change tends to integrate a limited con- individuals’ relationships with each other and with ‘‘mean- ceptualization of culture. -
Conformational Transition in Immunoglobulin MOPC 460" by Correction. in Themembership List of the National Academy of Scien
Corrections Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977) 1301 Correction. In the article "Kinetic evidence for hapten-induced Correction. In the membership list of the National Academy conformational transition in immunoglobulin MOPC 460" by of Sciences that appeared in the October 1976 issue of Proc. D. Lancet and I. Pecht, which appeared in the October 1976 Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73,3750-3781, please note the following issue of Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 73,3549-3553, the authors corrections: H. E. Carter, Britton Chance, Seymour S. Cohen, have requested the following changes. On p. 3550, right-hand E. A. Doisy, Gerald M. Edelman, and John T. Edsall are affil- column, second line from bottom, and p. 3551, left-hand col- iated with the Section ofBiochemistry (21), not the Section of umn, fourth line from the top, "Fig. 2" should be "Fig. 1A." Botany (25). In the legend of Table 2, third line, note (f) should read "AG, = -RTlnKj." On p. 3553, left-hand column, third paragraph, fifth line, "ko" should be replaced by "Ko." Correction. In the Author Index to Volume 73, January-De- cember 1976, which appeared in the December 1976 issue of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4781-4788, the limitations of Correction. In the article "Amino-terminal sequences of two computer alphabetization resulted in the listing of one person polypeptides from human serum with nonsuppressible insu- as the author of another's paper. On p. 4786, it should indicate lin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities: Evidence for that James Christopher Phillips had an article beginning on p. -
Eugene Wigner and Translational Symmetries
Eugene Wigner and Translational Symmetries Y.S.Kim1 Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A. Abstract As Einstein’s E = mc2 unifies the energy-momentum relation for massive and massless particles, Wigner’s little group unifies their internal space-time symmetries. It is pointed out that translational symmetries play essential roles both in formulating the problem, and in deriving the conclusions. The input translational symmetry is the space-time translation, and the output translational symmetry is built in the E(2)-like little group for massless particles. The translational degrees of freedom in this little group are gauge degrees of freedom. It should be noted that a number of condensed matter physicists played important supporting and supplementary roles in Wigner’s unification of internal space-time symmetries of massive and massless particles. 1 Introduction Eugene Wigner wrote many fundamental papers. However, if I am forced to name the most important paper he wrote, I have to mention his 1939 paper on representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group which is often called the Poincar´e group [1]. In this paper, he introduces the “little group” which governs the internal space-time symmetry of relativistic particles. The physical implication of the little groups was not fully recognized when Wigner received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics. The best way to see the scientific value of Wigner’s little group is to compare it with Einstein’s work using the following arXiv:cond-mat/9612057v1 5 Dec 1996 table. Massive, Slow COVARIANCE Massless, Fast E = p2/2m Einstein’s E = √m2 + p2 E = cp S3 S3 Wigner’s Little Group S1,S2 Gauge Trans. -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Edward B. Van Vleck 1863‐1943
Remembering Van: Three Madison families and other tales “Van had many enthusiasms and loyalties, but none exceeded those he felt for the University of Wisconsin and its home, Madison.” 1 Charles Van Hise Born in 1857, Charles Van Hise was a distinguished geologist who had been elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1902. In 1903, he was named President of the University of Wisconsin 2 In 1904, Van Hise recruited Charles Russell Bardeen, a member of the first class to graduate of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, to found a medical school at the University of Wisconsin John Bardeen is at the right hand end. His grandfather, Charles W Bardeen, is second from the left. 3 Charles Sumner Slichter 1864-1946 In 1906, Van Hise appointed Charles S. Slichter head of the math department. An applied mathematician with interests in flow of liquids through porous media, Slichter realized the department needed to strengthen the faculty in pure mathematics. 4 Edward B. Van Vleck 1863‐1943 Edward B Van Vleck, had earned a PhD in mathematics at Gottingen in1893, and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Slichter’s first action as department head was to recruit Van Vleck to bring strength in pure mathematics. 5 John Hasbrouck Van Vleck was born in 1899. His interest in trains began at a early age. Van attended his first Wisconsin football game at age 10.(Wisconsin vs Minnesota) It was the first game at which the band played the famous song “On Wisconsin”. As an undergraduate at Wisconsin, Van played flute In the band. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
Center for History of Physics Newsletter, Spring 2008
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Tel. 301-209-3165 Vol. XL, Number 1 Spring 2008 AAS Working Group Acts to Preserve Astronomical Heritage By Stephen McCluskey mong the physical sciences, astronomy has a long tradition A of constructing centers of teaching and research–in a word, observatories. The heritage of these centers survives in their physical structures and instruments; in the scientific data recorded in their observing logs, photographic plates, and instrumental records of various kinds; and more commonly in the published and unpublished records of astronomers and of the observatories at which they worked. These records have continuing value for both historical and scientific research. In January 2007 the American Astronomical Society (AAS) formed a working group to develop and disseminate procedures, criteria, and priorities for identifying, designating, and preserving structures, instruments, and records so that they will continue to be available for astronomical and historical research, for the teaching of astronomy, and for outreach to the general public. The scope of this charge is quite broad, encompassing astronomical structures ranging from archaeoastronomical sites to modern observatories; papers of individual astronomers, observatories and professional journals; observing records; and astronomical instruments themselves. Reflecting this wide scope, the members of the working group include historians of astronomy, practicing astronomers and observatory directors, and specialists Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Santa encounters tight security during in astronomical instruments, archives, and archaeology. a wartime visit to Oak Ridge. Many more images recently donated by the Digital Photo Archive, Department of Energy appear on page 13 and The first item on the working group’s agenda was to determine through out this newsletter.