TUNISIA an Introduction to the Country Economy and the National Innovation System

COUNTRY OVERVIEW TUNISIA An Introduction to the Country Economy and the National Innovation System

AID 11346 Emerging African Innovation Leaders G7 Exchange & Empowerment Program for enabling Innovation within the Next Production Revolution

Work Package 1

in collaboration with COUNTRY OVERVIEW: TUNISIA An Introduction to the Country Economy and the National Innovation System

This report describes Tunisia’s National Innovation System (NIS) under the lens of the Next Production Revolution (NPR). After summarizing the main characteristics of the country’s economy, it introduces the NIS players and institutions that are considered to sustain the diffusion of NPR technologies and business models across the main domestic industries. The report is primarily aimed at introducing all the members of the Emerging African Innovation Leaders project, including trainers and mentors, to the country’s economy, its potential for the NPR technologies and the NIS components that can foster the embracement of the NPR in Tunisia. The report content may also be of interest to local and international policymakers, enterprises and civil sector organizations that are working toward the NPR adoption in the country.

The document was produced by Leonardo Rosciarelli and Pierluigi Leone between April and August 2018 as a researcher and professor of Politecnico di Torino and the Energy Center Initiative. The report is part of a serie of six Country Overviews, which were designed and reviewed by the “Emerging African Innovation Leaders” research team composed by Pierluigi Leone and Leonardo Rosciarelli from Politecnico di Torino, and Emanuela Colombo, Paola Garrone, Andrea Gumina, Fabio Lamperti, Boris Mrkajic, Felipe Repetto, Nicolo’ Stevanato and Stefano Pistolese from Politecnico di Milano.

AID 11346 Emerging African Innovation Leaders G7 Exchange & Empowerment Program for enabling Innovation within the Next Production Revolution

in collaboration with

Graphic design: Silvia Isaia

2 Table of Contents

Executive Summary 5 1 Country overview 7 1.1 General description 7 1.2 Economy 8 1.3 Industry structure 10 1.4 Natural resources 10 1.5 Smart and integrated infrastructure (Enabling quality infrastructures) 11 1.5.1 Energy 11 1.5.2 Mobility 13 1.5.3 Digitalization 13 1.6 Human capital 14 1.7 Entrepreneurship 15 1.8 Science, research and innovation 15 2 Institutions of the national innovation system 17 2.1 Firms 17 2.2 Government 18 2.3 Universities 21 2.4 Innovation and enterprise support institutions 22 2.5 Linkages between the institutions 24 3 Conclusions 25 3.1 Key actors in the national innovation system 25 3.1.1 Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisanat 25 (UTICA) 3.1.2 Agency for the Promotion of Industry and Innovation 25 3.1.3 Université de Tunis El Manar 25 3.1.4 Elgazala Technopark 26 3.2 Challenges, opportunities and learning needs 26 Appendix A 29 References 31

in collaboration with 3 4 This report aims at describing and infrastructures, with many Executive analysing the National Innovation kilometres of paved highways and System (NIS) of Tunisia, inspecting a high number of airports that Summary the topic, the key institutions and allows for transportation of high volumes of passengers and freights of the Next Production Revolution transported. In the viewpoint of (NPR).the specific actors under the lens business and entrepreneurship, Tunisia shows good features in international rankings and a describes the country focusing large part of population sees good onThe several first sectionimportant of aspects the report (e.g. geography, politics, economy, area where they live. Great efforts industry structure, etc.) with haveopportunities also been to made start ina firmeducation in the the aim of providing an insight and today an ever-increasing part of the local situation and to critically understand the starting in research. point for the spreading of the of GDP is devoted into this field or NPR. Tunisia is today a strongly The second section of the report service-based country with quite provides an overview of the big urban conglomerates in the country’s NIS, critically analysing north, while arid southern regions the major categories of actors, remains quite underpopulated. their actions and readiness It presents low competitiveness towards the embracement of the with respect of other Middle East NPR, and the existing linkages and North African countries and and interactions between them. most of the export relies on textile Many of the Tunisian activities, and agricultural products while as mentioned above, are more imports consist in automobiles focused on services such as vehicle repair and wholesale trade. Few The country also presents a are actually the industrial realities greatand refined variety petroleumof natural resources products. of the country, focused mainly and raw materials exploited for on sectors such as agribusiness, several years; in addition, the textile, mining industry and the geographical location and the peculiar conformation of the materials. Now the country's territory could be suitable for the governmentfirst processing is focused of the extractedmore on installation of renewable energy the better implementation of the infrastructure like utility-scale digital infrastructure and the solar systems or wind power improvement of existing network parks. Differently from many for what concern transportation others African countries, Tunisia and energy. Indeed, thanks to presents a wide range of mobility the great amount of renewable

in collaboration with 5 sources, Tunisia claims to achieve a Industry 4.0. Finally, related to high share of electricity production from renewables within 2030, a critical assessment, four key while the challenge in logistic the second and final part, after performance enhancement will cross-analysed with the three be addressed even before 2022 NPR-enablingsectors have been transformation identified and according to governmental plans. However, particularly advanced Digitalization. technical skills are required to fields of Energy, Mobility and reach these goals. Indeed, many technical support centers have been created and universities are collaborating, despite they are facing a clear need to improve their international collaboration capabilities. Tunisia could rely also on many vocational training and employment program directly organized by its government.

In the third section we provide two different insights. On one hand, we analyze in more detail some of the most interesting actors of the Tunisian NIS, emphasizing more their peculiarities. On the other hand, we will try to provide a detail on the possibilities that the national system offers and the actions that can be carried out to increase the probability of spreading of the NPR. In this section, we analyse a technological cluster near Elgazala, near the capital Tunis, a university still in Tunis and two agencies. One is the Tunisian union of industry, commerce and crafts, while the second is the Agency for the promotion of industry and innovation that in 2017 organized

the first nation's conference on

6 18% arable land, 15% permanent presents a synthetic overview of crops and 31% permanent pasture. 1. theThis Tunisian first Section framework of the in terms report of Forests are limited to around socio-political and infrastructural 6.5% of total area. Because of its aspects. This kind of analysis is geographical location, the climate necessary to proceed in further is temperate in the northern part chapters to a critical assessment with mild, rainy winters and hot Country of the country innovation dry summers, while the south is deserted. The terrain in the north overview own peculiarities. is comprised of mountains with ecosystem and definition of its hot and dry central plain; the 1.1 General description southern part is instead semi-arid Tunisia is located in Northern before merging into the Sahara. Africa, bordering the Most of the population is located Mediterranean Sea, between in the northern half of the country, Algeria and Libya. The prevalent while the south remains largely ethnic group is Arab with underpopulated. Tunisia had a strong urbanization period French is also widely used in starting from the seventies until commerce.official language Muslims being cover 99% Arabic. of the nineties during which period population with small minorities the urbanization rate was up to 5% of Christian, Jewish and others. per year. Today, the urbanization Tunisia is a parliamentary trend is around 1.5 % per year, one republic organized into of the lowest of the whole MENA administrative divisions including region. The largest city, Tunis, 24 governorates, with the capital accounts for more than 26% of city of Tunis. The executive branch total urban population. Overall, includes the chief of state that urban population is around 67% of appoints the head of government the total and the urban land area is selected by the majority party or around 10 thousand km2 compared majority coalition. The legislative with around 144 thousand km2 branch consists of a unicameral of rural land area. Despite the Assembly of the Representatives high urbanization and relatively of the People. small land area, the population 2 With a population of around 11.4 density is only 73 people per km billion people and a territory of because of the smallest population more than 155 thousand km2, growth of the region, with only Tunisia is the smallest country about 1.5% increase per year. of Northern Africa exceeding However, 24% of total population only Libya in terms of population. ages 0-14, 68% ages 15-64 and Agricultural land accounts for 8% is above 65 accomplice a life around 65% of total territory with expectancy at birth of around

in collaboration with 7 75 years. Migrations are also Overall, the GDP of Tunisia was affecting demographics having slightly more than $US 48.5 billion Tunisia a net migration rate of -1.7 (constant 2010 US$) in 2016, migrant(s)/1,000 population. achieving the highest GDP per Tunisia has a high human capita (4,265 constant 2010 US$) development index of 0.725 of Northern Africa countries only ranking at the 97th position lower than the one of Algeria. globally. This results from of The trend was equivalent when substantial expenditures in considering the GDP per capita education that were 6.3% of GDP in terms of purchase parity in 2012 bringing a high level of power having a value of 10,752 total literate population (81.8%) (constant 2011 international $) and school life expectancy of 15 compared with 13,921 of Algeria. years. Other positive parameters After decades of 4-5% annual were health expenditures sharing GDP growth and improved living 7% of GDP in 2014. standards, the economic growth Tunisia is a key country in the has slowed down with an annual Mediterranean area in terms of growth rate less than 1.2% per socio-economic relations with year. The decline can be mostly Italy and Europe contributing to attributed to terroristic attacks

114,611 in Italy in 2017) and FDI sector as well as the strikes in (1,541migration m$ flowsstock (e.g.,out of 5,763 21.531 out m$ of thethat phosphate influenced sector, the tourism which in 2015 for Italy). account for nearly 15% of GDP combined. The actual precarious 1.2 Economy health of the economy is also Tunisia is a market-oriented economy and has one of the inflation rate of 3.7% in 2016 and testified by the relatively high most advanced economic systems the central bank discount rate of among the Northern Africa 5.75% (2010 est.). countries. The economic strategy The employment conditions has been focused on exports, are also critical with more especially textiles, food products, than 15% of unemployed oil, chemicals, and phosphates. total labor force. Youth Foreign investments have been also employment is particular worrisome, with more than the establishment of the Foreign 35% unemployed workforce Investmentfavoured by specificPromotion policies Agency like aged 15-24, as estimated by «FIPA-Tunisia» in 1995 under the ILO in 2017. This condition, the supervision of the Ministry which has been emerging since of Development Investment and 2011, ranks Tunisia as the second International Cooperation. worst performing country in the

8 Population Northern Africa (after Libya). added from industry for around Tunisian economy is mostly based one quarter (26%), while the 11.4 billion on services with a minor role of remaining part is contributed by Tunisia is the smallest country industry and agriculture. As a of Northern Africa result, the net trading balance foreign direct investment were is negative showing a higher aroundagriculture 1.7% (10%). of GDP Net in inflows 2016, in of contribution of imports than line with other Northern Africa exports ($US 19.5 billion of countries and corresponding to Urban population imports against $US 13.6 billion around $US 695 million. Half of 67% in 2016). Overall, the imports of investments were in the energy of the total goods and services are as high as sector, one third in industry and and the urban land area 51 % of GDP, while the exports fair the remaining part in services. is around 10 thousand km 2 at 40 % of GDP. The largest part of investments compared with around Top 3 exports partners include came from the UK (around $US 144 thousand km2 France (around 32%), Italy 158 million), Austria (around $US of rural land area (around 17.5%) and Germany 155 million) and France (around (around 10.5%) with a similar $US 126 million); however, the proportion in terms of import highest number of projects came Population density (France 15.5%, Italy 14.5%, from France and Italy. Other G7 73 people per km2 China 9.5% and Germany 7.72%). countries invested as follows The other G7 countries have (rounded values): $US 37 million Due to the smallest somewhat less trade interaction (Italy), $US 30 million (Germany), population growth of the with Tunisia, both in terms of $US 19 million (Canada), $US 7 region, with only about imports: United States (3.6%), million (United States) and $US 1.5% increase per year United Kingdom (1.6%), Canada (0.8%), Japan (1.1%); and in terms direct investment were less than of export: United States (1.8%), 1%5 million of GDP. (Japan). Net outflows of Life expectancy United Kingdom (1.8%), Canada Overall, Tunisia has shown weak 75 years (0.2%), Japan (0.2%). At large, competitiveness among African 24% of total population Europe and Central Asia account countries and especially the Arab ages 0-14, for around 65% of all imports and world. The Global Competitiveness 68% ages 15-64 76% of all exports. Index 2017–2018 ranks Tunisia 8% is above 65 Most relevant export products in the 95th position out of 137 include electronics, textiles, oil countries, overcoming only and agriculture products (i.e., Egypt among the Northern Africa Human olive oil); on the other hand, top countries. Despite showing good Development Index import products include oil features in terms of healthcare, products, automobiles and diesel primary, secondary, higher 0.725 power truck. education and training, as well as Ranking at the Value added from services’ infrastructure, Tunisia still suffers 97th position globally sector accounts for around 2/3 from poor labour and market of Tunisian GDP (64%), value efficiency, underperforming

in collaboration with 9 macroeconomic environment, agriculture sectors include olives, Import/Export business sophistication and olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus The imports of goods and . innovation output fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds, services are as high as Tunisia is a member country of beef and dairy products. the World Bank, the International The same relevance of the 51 % of GDP Monetary Fund, the World different sectors holds in the while the exports fair at Trade Organization, the African case of employment. Indeed, Union, and the League of Arab employment in services was 40 % of GDP States. Tunisia is also member around 59% of total employment, of the Comite Maghrebin de compared to 29% in industry and L’electricite (COMELEC) that is a 12% in agriculture. Exports partners regional power pool for energy The industrial production 32% infrastructure. growth rate of 0.5% has been France estimated for 2017. Overall, the 1.3 Industry structure productivity of the country has 17.5% Italy The economic structure of Tunisia increased steadily in the last 50 has changed dramatically in the years and the GDP per person 10.5% last 40 years with an increase of employed reached more than $US Germany the share on GDP of the service 35 thousand in 2017 (constant with a similar proportion in terms of import sector and a reduction of industry 2011 PPP $) comparable with France 15.5%, Italy 14.5%, and agriculture. Service sector Egypt but much lower than Algeria ($US 51 thousand in 2017, China 9.5% and Germany shared 54% of GDP in 1965 and 7.72% constant 2011 PPP $). Finally, increased to 64% in 2016. As far The other G7 countries as the services are concerned, the the agriculture value added have somewhat less trade key sector in Tunisia is tourism. per worker was $US 5 thousand interaction with Tunisia, both Value added from industry (constant 2010 US$) in 2015 one in terms of imports. decreased in the last 30 years of the lowest of Northern Africa. Europe and Central Asia having a share of 38% of GDP in account for around 1984. Manufacturing is leading 1.4 Natural resources 65% the industrial sector with 60% The contribution of natural of all imports of its total value added. The resources to the economic output main manufacturing subsectors of Tunisia has been variable in 76% are Textiles and clothing, the last 30 years, but has steadily of all exports Food, beverages and tobacco, declined in the last 10 years Chemicals, Machinery and reaching around 3% of GDP. Key transport equipment, and they natural resources of Tunisia are Foreign Direct contribute to around 35% of the petroleum, phosphates, iron Investment total manufacturing value added. ore, lead, zinc and salt. Finally, value added from In 2016, total proved oil reserves 1.7% of GDP agriculture was decreasing were around 100 million tons in 2016 from around 25% of GDP in of oil equivalent (toe), while the corresponding to around 1970 to 10% of GDP in 2016. Key yearly production was 2.4 million $US 695 million

10 Phosphate toe. Most of these resources were with the mean power density and Mining is a key sector exported. wind speed for the 10% windiest 2 of Tunisia. Today, the sector Phosphate mining is a key sector areas of 426 W/m and 7.14 m/s accounts for around respectively at 50m height. Some mines opened in the late 19th of the potential sites for wind 2% of GDP century.of Tunisia Today, as the sector country’s accounts first exploitation include Zaghouan, and employs about for around 2% of GDP and employs Kasserine, Kebili and Nabeul, that 27,000 people about 27 thousand people. Most of could provide up to 1 GW of power mines are located in the Gafsa’s capacity. Despite this fact, around 90% basin with estimates of phosphate 97% of electricity is still generated of the phosphate is used to at 2005 of 1.5 billion tons. The through fossil fuels, as it will be produce fertilizers Compagnie des Phosphates shown later. and phosphate-based de Gafsa (CPG) is the leading products for national uses government-owned company that 1.5 Smart and integrated operates phosphate mines. infrastructure (Enabling Phosphate production has quality infrastructures) Other natural decreased in the last years due to social tensions and strikes, falling resources 1.5.1 Energy from 8 million tons in 2010 to an production Tunisia ranks 65th out of 127 average of 3 million tons during countries in terms of the energy 55 million tons the 2011-2015 period. Around architecture performance index Iron ore 90% of the phosphate production is used to produce fertilizers and Forum. Although the national 2 million tons phosphate-based products for energydefined bysystem the World shows Economic some Plumb iron ore national uses. positive features, especially Data at 2005 reported the 2 million tons when compared to the other availability and exploitation Zinc iron ore MENA countries, there are still of other natural resources several gaps in terms of linkages being iron ore (55 million tons with economic performance, production), plumb iron ore (2 environmental sustainability Renewable energy million tons production) and and energy security. zinc iron ore (2 million tons sources A macroscopic analysis of the production). Tunisia has a high-unexploited Tunisian national energy system potential for renewable Like other Northern Africa shows a high intensity of energy energy sources with annual countries, Tunisia has a high- utilization, with the energy irradiation rates of unexploited potential for intensity level of primary energy sources renewable energy (MJ/$2011 PPP GDP) equal 1800 to 2600 KWh with annual irradiation rates of per square metre, approximately 1800 to 2600 KWh over 20% more than the dependence on energy import per square metre, over 20% more to 3.7. Moreover, a significant most irradiated sites (around 36% of total energy use) than the most irradiated sites in in Europe hinders economic growth and Europe. Wind potential is also high

in collaboration with 11 warns for security of supplies. 2.5 million toe and 2 million Electricity Finally, electricity price for toe. Primary electricity from Price for industry industry is between 50 and renewable energy sources is less between 60 €/MWh, depending on the than 0.05 million toe. The share of contracting levels. This value is renewable energy sources in the 50 - 60 €/MWh relevant if compared with the country electricity production was country GDP and leads to a cost around 3.5% in 2016. The total of 712% of income per capita. electricity consumption in 2016 Energy Time to get electricity of 65 was 15 TWh mainly consumed architecture days is instead competitive with in Big Tunis distribution performance index industrialized countries, center (almost 29%). The total Environmental sustainability is electricity consumption per 65th also low with renewable energy capita was around 1320 kWh out of 127 countries contributing to only around 13% per year in 2016 which is low

(the remaining is provided by High shares of Access to fossilof total fuels final with energy oil and consumption gas at 60% renewable energy electricity and and 40% respectively). Because of clean fuels the energy mix, total greenhouse integration should gas yearly emissions are around be pursued to >99.7% 40 million tons of CO2 equivalent It is available to almost and the per capita value is around decrease costs and the total of population 2.6 metric tons that is a high value if compared with the economic mitigate GHGs output. Indeed, CO2 intensity emissions Installed power is 0.6 kg per 2010 US$ of GDP. capacity Notably, access to electricity and compared with European values. clean fuels is available to almost The value lost due to electrical 5 GW the total of population (>99.7%), outages was 2% in 2013. (2016) both in urban and rural areas as use of It is mostly coming from both power, gas grids and clean natural gas (4.7 million) especially fossil sources (94%) gas logistics is available. Therefor industry is also a and significant residential/ and the remaining from hydropower (62 MW) Concerning with infrastructure, commercial uses with more than and wind (240 MW) the installed power capacity 17 thousand km of pipeline and of Tunisia was around 5 GW in 772 thousand subscribers. Oil 2016, mostly coming from fossil refineries is instead weak leading sources (94%) and the remaining to net oil products imports. Share of renewable from hydropower (62 MW) Although the country has an energy sources and wind (240 MW). Crude oil adequate infrastructure to in the country electricity and natural gas are prevalent distribute power and gas in all the production was around primary resources for electricity national territory, the fossil fuel 3.5% production accounting for around dependence is still high as well in 2016

12 as the energy bill. High shares of Registered carrier departures renewable energy integration worldwide were 39 thousand in should be pursued to decrease 2016 with 3.6 million passengers Road System costs and mitigate GHGs emissions, and airfreight of 39 million ton- especially in the framework of the km especially for the transport 20,000 km of perishable goods such as food of paved roads be relevant and economic growth export. couldNPR, whererise even electrification more energy may Ports ensure 96% of the foreign 500 km demand. commercial trade. Most of maritime of highways trade (80%) is processed through a 1.5.2 Mobility single port - Radès Port. There are Roads account for most of 8 ports in total in Tunisia with port passengers and freight transport Railways system in Tunisia sharing around 80% TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit). of all goods transported. The Overall,container logistics traffic is of underdeveloped 490 thousand 2,000 km road network includes around in Tunisia. In fact, Tunisia ranked and 23 lines. 20 thousand kilometres of paved 110th out of 160 countries in terms There are a total number of 267 roads and 500 kilometres of of logistics performance index train stations with rail-road highways across the entire country (LPI). Poor performances were links that favour multimodal territory. The highway network is obtained across the six dimensions passenger transport planned to reach 1,000 kilometres by the end 2020, which should includingdefining customs the (1.96/5), LPI including quality Airports of transportation and logistics in ofefficiency trade ofand the transportclearance processrelated 29 Tunisia.substantially improve the efficiency infrastructure (2.44/5), ease of but only Railways cover a large part of the arranging competitively priced 15 have paved runways national territory with a network of shipments (2.33/5), competence more than 2,000 kilometres and 23 and quality of logistics services lines. Most of these lines (around (2.59/5), ability to track and trace Ports 1,700 kilometres) are metre-gauge consignments (2.67/5), timeliness railways, out of which only 90 of shipments (3/5). Deploying 8 digital technologies in transport They ensure a total number of 267 train stations could increase the country 96% of the foreign withkilometres rail-road are electrified. links that There favour are capability in logistics that is commercial trade. multimodal passenger transport. fundamental to enable effectively Most of maritime trade Passengers carried were more NPR solutions. (80%) is processed than 1.2 million passenger-km in through a single port - 2016, while goods hauled were 1.5.3 Digitalization Radès Port 664 million ton-km contributing to Telecommunication network industrial logistics. in Tunisia has achieved relevant There are 29 airports in Tunisia results in recent years (ICT sector but only 15 have paved runways. represents more than 7% of the

in collaboration with 13 GDP) and Tunisia aims to become an interventions needed on increasing international digital destination capacity and establish a more under the National Strategic Plan articulated regulation. Mobile cellular "Digital Tunisia 2018". While fixed telephone subscriptions are low 1.6 Human capital subscriptions (9 subscriptions per 100 people), Human capital is an important 126% mobile cellular subscriptions are contributor to the relatively Individuals using 126%. Individuals using internet high human development index internet were were 51% of total population, of Tunisia. Tunisia allocated 51% of total population however number of subscribers 6% to 7% of the yearly GDP to to the Internet for the 1000 education in the last decade; in inhabitants was only 159 in 2015. particular, education represented Fixed broadband In particular, fixed broadband at least 20% of total government Internet subscriptions were Internet expenditure. Half of this subscriptions 5.65 per 100 mostly for business expenditure was addressed to Tunisia aims secondary education, while primary and tertiary education 5.65 per 100 to become an accounted each for about 25% of mostly for business total education expenditure. As a applications international result, the literacy rate of the adult digital destination population is higher than 80%, under the National while this value rises up to 96% in International the case of youth’s literacy. Gross connectivity Strategic Plan enrolment in primary school is 114%, this value declines to 4,447 kBps “Digital Tunisia in 2017 2018” the enrolment in tertiary school it is much decreases88% for secondary to 35%. school; finally, lower than Kenya applications. Capacity of the In 2016, around 60,000 (12,160 kBps) international connectivity for the students graduated in the Internet was 4,447 kBps in 2017 tertiary education; 30% of total that is much lower than Kenya graduates were in engineering (12,160 kBps). and computer science and Adult’s literacy rate Finally, around 30% of mobile telecommunications. Another higher than connections are 2G, 50% is 15% of graduates belonged to 80% 3G and 20% is 4G/5G. Other business and administrative statistics report an overall 3G affairs. Agriculture accounted for Youth’s literacy or better availability of more 6% of total graduates, while arts rate than 81%. Overall, the existing and literature added another infrastructure is a starting point 15% of total graduates. The high 96% to implement digital infrastructure commitment in human capital of required for NPR with the main Tunisia is promising to set up new

14 cooperation capacity building of population that intend to start programs that may focus on a business within three years. The technical and management total early stage entrepreneurial aspects of NPR. activity (TEA) shows a more than 10 % of population who are either 1.7 Entrepreneurship a nascent entrepreneur or owner- Tunisia ranks at the 88th manager of a new business; position at the global level for however, the ratio between the ease of doing business, female/male TEA is only 0.36. 7th position among MENA This positive attitude of the countries and 2nd among country towards entrepreneurship Northern African countries. This may be of high relevance for NPR result includes the positive score given its potential for physical in ease of getting electricity and and financial decentralization timing to resolving insolvency, and thus the empowerment of however there are some gaps individuals.

Entrepreneurial 1.8 Science, research behaviour and and innovation Gross domestic expenditure on attitudes in R&D (GERD) was more 0.6% of Tunisia are GDP in the period between 2005 and 2015 that is comparable with positive towards other Northern African countries business activities but lower than industrialized ones. Public funds were around 77% of in trading across borders and total GERD, business enterprise dealing with construction contributed to 19%, while the funds permits. from abroad were less than 4%. Entrepreneurial behaviour and High technology exports were attitudes in Tunisia are positive $US 673 million in 2016, sharing towards business activities 6.3% of manufactured exports. with almost 49% of 18-64 Patent applications were 589 population who sees good in 2016, mostly (409) coming from non-residents. Trademark in the area where they live. applications were instead almost Furthermore,opportunities toalmost start a 60% firm 6.5 thousand. Finally, industrial of the population believe they design applications were more have the required skills and than 1.5 thousand; even in this knowledge to start a business. case the vast majority came from Entrepreneurial intentions are non-residents. Scientific output of Tunisia is significant with the around 29%

in collaboration with 15 quite high, ranking the country at the 51st position at the global level and second among all African countries, with a total number of more than 67 thousand publications and 459 thousand citations. At sectorial level, there is a good level of research in the business, management and accounting (3th in the African field of The low connections between Universities and industries come out to weak innovation linkages that may stop further innovation in the country rank) and engineering (4th in the African rank). However, the low connections between Universities and industries come out to weak innovation linkages that may stop further innovation in the

of NPR where the relevance of appliedcountry, research especially and in technology the field transfer is high.

16 The following section will yearly new entries) and industry exhaustively introduce the most (10%). 2. important actors which constitutes Micro enterprises (less than 6 the Tunisian ecosystem. We will employees) were around 97% of shortly present their features total, while small and medium and main activities, exploring the enterprises (6-49 and 50-199 public and private institutions employees) were only 2.5%. Institutions of that could lead to enable the Next Finally, there were 815 large the national Production Revolution. enterprises (>200 employees). Almost the total of enterprises innovation 2.1 Firms are Tunisian with a 98% of share The economy of Tunisia, as shown almost constant in the last 5 years. system before, presents some promising There are some co-participations industrial sectors like agribusiness of foreign enterprises coming and manufacturing such as textile, mainly from France, Italy, Germany leather and footwear, mechanical, and Belgium. electrical, and electronics. Almost 1 million people are Enterprises in Tunisia were employed in enterprises, more than 740 thousand in 2016 with 42% of employees in large showing an increase of almost enterprises, 46% in small and medium enterprises and 12% in of enterprises were involved in micro enterprises. wholesale20% in the and last retail five trade, years. repair Most In the manufacturing sector, more of motor vehicles and motorcycles material (more than 42%), while less than inputs and/or supplies of foreign than 75% of firms use 12% was focused on industry. origin that account for 55.3% Especially, more than 20% of of total inputs showing a high enterprises in the industry dynamism and good infrastructure sector focused on textiles and for international trading although clothing, around 17% in food and custom system could be improved. beverage industries, around 15% Time spent waiting for imports in metallurgy. Information and and exports to clear customs is communication enterprises were recognized as a major barrier for only 2%. Moreover, around 10% of international trades by around total enterprises were devoted to professional, technical, education, Low dimensions of enterprises 10% of Tunisian firms. and human health and social work and traditional business sectors activities. of the Tunisian economy lead to a low global competitiveness increase in the total number of especially for the lack of business enterprisesIn the last was five registered years, a in main the sophistication, knowledge, wholesale and retail trade (46 of technology and creative outputs.

in collaboration with 17 Although contribution of business 2.2 Government to total GERD is relevant (19%) and The Tunisian government has launched and is supporting Micro enterprises almost 30%, knowledge-intensive several innovation policies and (less than 6 employees) firms offering formal training are employment only accounts for 21 initiatives at the country level to were around % of total employees, university/ modernize the national economy. industry research collaborations 97% Relevant innovation policies and of total are weak and intellectual property payments are still under the focus on strategic infrastructural Small and medium average value of upper-middle assetsinitiatives, including in the digitalization field of NPR, and enterprises income countries. This situation energy. Tunisian authorities have (6-49 and 50-199 employees) should be improved to enable NPR recognized ICTs as a national were only uptake by introducing capacity priority given the interest in public 2.5% building programs and innovation and private investments in digital actions that may spur clustering infrastructure. Many technological large enterprises Introducing centres (e.g., El Ghazala in Tunis, (>200 employees) Sfax) have been established and key 815 capacity building infrastructure has been realized to connect to Europe. This has led, programs and for instance, to the start of several Enterprises innovation actions offshoring activities in Tunisia with many available call centers. 150 thousand may spur clustering Furthermore, large multinationals They are grouped and networking like Alcatel, Ericsson, Sofrecom, etc. in l’Union Tunisienne de have established their regional and l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisanat and networking. In this framework the “Digital Finally, more than 150 thousand Tunisianational offices2020” inNational the country. Strategic enterprises are grouped Plan (https://www.afdb.org/ Tunisian Renewable in l’Union Tunisienne de en/documents/document/ Energy l’Industrie, du Commerce et de tunisia-support-project-for-the- l’Artisanat (UTICA) (www.utica. implementation-of-the-digital- Action Plan 2030 org.tn) that aims at supporting tunisia-2020-national-strategic- aims at improving energy and spurring the activities of plan-98912/) aims to catalyse this intensity by the private sector. Furthermore, positive momentum by establishing, the Chamber de Commerce et among other initiatives, main 3% per year D’Industrie en Tunisie provides ministerial information systems and saving energy by support to enterprises including 17% international development, government) and all the platforms market analysis, and business (e.g., e-finance, e-justice, e-local during the period that guarantee e-government (e.g. 2016-2020. opportunities. interoperability, public cloud, Government intranet, etc.).

18 Relevant actions have been and business. All these policies are very promising with Tunisia’s INDC that aims at reducingalso taken greenhouse in the field gas ofemissions energy enforced by adopting a smart across all economic sectors, and andin the integrated field of NPR infrastructure and may be especially in the energy sector, approach as the one suggested by of 41% by 2030 relative to 2010 the Infrastructure Consortium emissions. Therefore, the Tunisian for Africa (ICA) 2017. Renewable Energy Action Plan There are key governmental actors 2030 aims at improving energy in Tunisia that operate, directly intensity by 3% per year and saving energy by 17% during the period The Ministry of Development, Investmentor indirectly, inand the International field of NPR. Relevant Cooperation (http://www.mdici. gov.tn/en/) prepares policies and innovation policies strategies for infrastructure and and initiatives, in human development, at regional and sectoral level. Furthermore, the field of NPR, the Ministry prepares economic focus on strategic and sectoral studies to support regional and international, as well infrastructural as private and public investments. assets including The Ministry of Industry (http:// www.tunisieindustrie.gov.tn/) digitalization and aims at implementing policy in areas related to industry, agribusiness, energy services to industry, energy, 2016-2020. Furthermore, the plan mining, industrial cooperation aims at producing 30% of Tunisia’s and industrial safety. Under its electricity from renewable energy umbrella there are key agencies sources in 2030 by installing 1GW that promote innovation, foreign investments and industrial phase (2017 – 2020) and 1.25 GW property. The recently established moreof renewable in the second capacity phase in the(2021 first – Ministère de l'Energie, des Mines 2030). et des Energies renouvelables Finally, a recent initiative, the (http://www.energymines.gov. Smart Industrie 2017, (http:// tn/) oversees activities related www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/ with natural resources of Tunisia smartindustrie/home.asp) aims at including renewable energy promoting the Industry 4.0 among Tunisian enterprises and create is worth mentioning the National new opportunities for innovation Agencysources. for In theEnergy field Conservation of energy, it

in collaboration with 19 and the Société Tunisienne de the-ministry/missions/), develops l’Electricité et du Gaz, a public policy for the development of owned company, that is responsible employment, integration and for transmission and distribution reintegration into the labor and retains control of almost the market and the promotion of self- existing power generation facilities. employment. It is in charge to The Ministry of the Environment develop the legal framework and Sustainable Development governing vocational training and (http://www.environnement. employment and to adapt it to gov.tn/index.php?id=3&L=1#. economic and social changes while WtS2pZe-k2w), aims at ensuring the application of the establishing and spreading relevant legislative and regulatory the concept of sustainable texts. development and to incorporate The Ministry of Communication it into general and sectoral socio- Technologies and Digital economic policies as well as into Economy (Ministère des natural resource planning and Technologies de la Communication management methodologies. et de l’Economie Numérique, Main sectors are sustainable MINCOM) is the main public development, risk prevention, authority on all matters related climate change, biodiversity, etc. to ICT. It establishes the national Notably, the Tunisian Observatory telecommunication strategy and for Environment and Sustainable ensures its proper implementation Development (OTEDD) under through the necessary regulation, the authority of the Ministry of infrastructure and cybersecurity the Environment and Sustainable policy. Under the umbrella of this Development is considered the Ministry, it is worth mentioning dashboard to monitor the activities the National Telecommunications of sustainable development in the Agency (Instance Nationale des country. Télécommunications, INT), the The Ministère de l’Enseignement market regulator that handles Supérieur et de la Recherche phone numbers, mobile networks, Scientifique (http://www.mes. licences and pricing. Moreover, the tn/) develops and implements Centre for Studies and Research the policy of higher education and of Telecommunications (Centre d’Etudes et des Recherches des the activities of universities, Télécommunications, CERT) assists higherscientific education research. and It overseesresearch the regulating agency when it institutions. conducts quality-control studies by The Ministry of Vocational providing the INT with data related Training and Employment to the current quality of mobile (http://www.emploi.gov.tn/en/ phone networks.

20 2.3 Universities The biggest universities are located There were about 240,000 in the biggest urban centres of students enrolled in Tunisian the country. Université de Tunis Universities in 2016. More than has around 28,000 students, 57,000 graduated in 2016 with while the students enrolled at the about 45% of tertiary graduates in Université de Tunis El Manar are science, technology, engineering 33,000. Université de Carthage has Students enrolled and mathematics. instead 38,000 enrolled students. Overall, there are 14 public Université de la Manouba has 240,000 universities (http://www.mes.tn/ 17,630 students while the student body is more than 25,000 at the in Tunisian Universities annuaire.php?code_menu=22): Université de Sousse. Université (2016) 1. Université Ez-Zitouna de Monastir counts almost 20,000 (www.uz.rnu.tn) 2. Université de Tunis Graduated the Université de Sfax are 33,000. (www.utunis.rnu.tn) Otherstudents universities and finally, in the students country at students 3. Université de Tunis El Manar have less than 15,000 enrolled more than (www.utm.rnu.tn) students per year. Only two 57,000 4. Université de Carthage Tunisian Universities were listed in the with about (www.ucar.rnu.tn) Times Higher Education World University Rankings 45% 5. Université de la Manouba (www.uma.rnu.tn) 2018, namely the Université de of tertiary graduates in Monastir and the University of 6. Université de Jendouba science, technology, Tunis El Manar, both of them engineering and (www.uj.rnu.tn) mathematics 7. Université de Sousse In particular, Université de (www.uc.rnu.tn) Monastirclassified was at also 1000+ included position. in the 8. Université de Monastir ranking for general engineering. Public Universities (www.um.rnu.tn) Tunisian universities are instead 14 9. Université de Kairouan not included in the QS World (www.univ-k.rnu.tn) University Rankings. The biggest universities are There are also many private located in the biggest urban 10. Université de Sfax Universities in Tunisia. According centres of the country (www.uss.rnu.tn) 11. Université de Gafsa Ministère de l’Enseignement (www.ugaf.rnu.tn) Supérieurto the official et de datala fromRecherche the 12. Université de Gabès Scientifique, they were about 70 in (www.univgb.rnu.tn) 2017. 13. Université virtuelle The Ministry of Vocational (www.uvt.rnu.tn) Training and Employment in 14. Instituts Supérieurs des Etudes Tunisia organizes vocational Technologiques () training in 13 sectors: agriculture;

in collaboration with 21 fishing and aquaculture; building, www.innorpi.tn/) provides the public works and annexes; textile framework for industrial property and clothing; leather and shoes; issues in Tunisia. Finally, the general mechanics and metallic Foreign Investment Promotion construction; electricity and Agency (www.investintunisia. electronics; food; transport, driving tn), set up in 1995 under the and maintenance of vehicles and umbrella of the Ministry of public and agricultural works and Development Investment and machinery; tourism and hotels; International Cooperation, is in trades of art and crafts; office, charge of providing all the support commerce and computing jobs, needed by foreign investors and of diverse services and industries. promoting foreign investment in More information is required Tunisia. to assess the effectiveness of Notably, the Institut National de la vocational training. Normalisation et de la Propriété Overall, the Univeristy system seems to provide a favourable Tunisian environment where to grow new government has capacity and competence in the established specific share of graduates students in field of NPR given also the high technical centers engineering and mathematics. for supporting the field of science, technology, 2.4 Innovation innovation in the and enterprise key industrial support institutions Under the umbrella of the sectors Ministry of Industry, there are Industrielle (INNORPI) and the some key agencies for innovation Ministère de l’Enseignement in Tunisia. Notably, the Agency Supérieur et de la Recherche for the Promotion of Industry and Innovation (http://www. Innovation Support Centers Scientifique are Technology and tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/en/home. (TISCs) for WIPO in Tunisia. asp) supports all the actions Tunisian government has for promoting innovation and industry development in Tunisia centers for supporting innovation established specific technical including enterprises incubators, in the key industrial sectors technical centers and technopoles. including, among others, The Institut National de la wood and furniture industry Normalisation et de la Propriété (CETIBA, www.cetiba.com.tn), Industrielle (INNORPI, http:// mechanical and electric industries

22 (CETIME, http://www.cetime. rnu.tn), the Technopark of Borj ind.tn), textiles (CETTEX, www. Cédria for renewable energies, textiletunisia.com.tn), leather and the Technopark of Bizerte shoes (CNCC, www.cnccleather. for agribusinees (www.pole- nat.tn), agribusiness (CTAA, competitivite-bizerte.com.tn) www.ctaa.com.tn). Finally, there and the Technopark of Sousse for are some active technoparks like mechanics and electronics. the Elgazala Technopark (www. In addition to governmental elgazala.tn supporting activities, there are technologies, the Technopark private initiatives like the National of Monastir/El) in theFejja field (Manouba) of ICT Federation of Food Industry for textile (www.mfcpole.com. belonging to UTICA. tn), the Technopark of Gabès (www.polegabes.com.tn), the There are also many incubators, BiotechPole of Sidi Thabet for public and private that are listed biotechnology (www.biotechpole. below:

• Nabeul Elan Technologique - BP 209 - Espace ISET de Nabeul – 8000 Nabeul • Sfax Innovation - ENIS Sfax - Km3 - Route de la soukra - Cité El Habib – 3052 • Gafsa Technologie du Futur - Espace ISET de Gafsa – Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk – 2100 • Gabès Promotech - Espace ISET de Gabès – Route Mednine – 6011 • Radès Technologie Plus - Espace ISET de Radès – Rue de Jérusalem – BP 172 – 2098 Sousse Tech - Espace ISET de Sousse - Cité Erriadh – 4023 • Kairouan Innovation Technologique - Espace ISET de Kairouan- Rakkada – 3191 • Pépinière des Initiatives Innovantes (Ksar Hellal) - Espace ISET de Ksar Hellal - Avenue Haj • Le Kef Essor Technologique - Espace ISET- Boulifa - Le Kef – 7100 • Jendouba Créatic - Espace ISET de Jendouba – 8189 • Djerba Création et Innovation - BP 461 - Espace ISET - Midoune Djerba 4116 • Mahdia Entreprendre - Espace ISET - Avenue El Mourouj - Hiboune 5111 – Mehdia

in collaboration with 23 • Centre d’Innovation et de Développement (INSAT) - BP 676 - Centre Urbain Nord - 1080 Tunis • Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie - La Marsa 2070 Carthage Innovation (EPT) - BP 743 - Centre d’Appui Scientifique - • Zaghouan Terre d’Entreprendre - Espace ISET- Zaghouan • Pépinière de Bizerte - Espace ISET Manzel Abderrahman 7035 • Pépinière de Kébili - Espace ISET Kébili 4200 Kébili • Pépinière de Siliana - Espace ISET Siliana 6100 Siliana • Pépinière de Manouba - ISCAE Campus Universitaire de la Manouba La Manouba, 2010 • Pépinière de Béja - Espace ISET Béjà • Pépinière de Sidi Bouzid -Espace ISET Sidi Bouzid • Pépinière de Kasserine - Espace ISET Kasserine • Pépinière de Tataouine - Direction Régionale de l’API Tataouine • Pépinière de Tozeur - Espace ISET Tozeur • Pépinière de Sfax2 - Zone Industrielle La Poudrière II • Pépinière de Soft-tech - Technopole de sousse

2.5 Linkages between the institutions Industrial associations and governmental agencies and centers for innovation provide a potential framework for linkages between institutions. However, these structures appear

competence end capacity to catalyseto be enforcedand boost with endemic specific innovations. Overall, the linkage between public institutions and private companies needs to be improved being one of the most relevant weakness for competitiveness in the country.

24 Once we have gathered all the for the realization of the report information from section 1 and 2018 about economic investments 3. after exploring the national in Tunisia. structural composition in section 2, we can now give a few key 3.1.2 Agency for the Promotion actors that could facilitate a of Industry and Innovation future development of the nation. The Agency for the Promotion Conclusions Furthermore, we can bring to the of Industry and Innovation, API, attention of the reader the actions has been created in 1972 under believed to be the most promising the umbrella of the Ministry of to be taken, in order to lever the Industry and Trade. The Agency is choice on the learning needs responsible for the implementation necessary for the future AILs. of the Government’s policies relative to the promotion of the 3.1 Key actors in the industrial sector and provides a national innovation support structure for companies system and promoters. The agency is There are some key actors that organized in 5 branches, each with may support the introduction of NPR in Tunisia belonging both to ecosystem. Especially, the Center a specific role in the innovation the public and private sectors. of Innovation and Technological Development (CIDT) aims at 3.1.1 Union Tunisienne de the promoting innovation, l’Industrie, du Commerce et de partnership and technological l’Artisanat (UTICA) development, coaching, assistance The “Union Tunisienne de and support to SMES; furthermore, l’Industrie, du Commerce et the Support Center for Enterprise de l’Artisanat”, UTICA, was Establishment (CSCE) is established in 1947 with the aim of grouping private players of business creation and logistics responsible for training in the field from different economic sectors for country enterprise incubators. with the exception of agriculture. Notably, the API has promoted Today, it counts almost 150,000 enterprises most of them being Industry 4.0 in 2017 (http:// the first Tunisian conference on SMEs. www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/ The UTICA has the mission to smartindustrie/home.asp). support private companies in doing innovation with a recent 3.1.3 Université de Tunis El Manar attention given to the potential of The University of Tunis El Manar digital economy. UTICA has signed counts around 33,000 and has a memorandum of understanding been listed in the Times Higher with the Oxford Business Group Education World University

in collaboration with 25 Rankings 2018. hosts support institutions for The university is constituted of training and formation with 15 organizational units consisting the aim to create synergy and in 4 faculties, 9 institutes and 2 cross-fertilization between these schools. Notably, the Faculté des actors. More than 250 companies Sciences Economiques et de Gestion including 10 subsidiaries of de Tunis (FSEGT), the Faculté des major global groups (Microsoft, Sciences Mathématiques Physiques ST Microelectronics, Ericsson, et Naturelles de Tunis (FST), the Alcatel Lucent, ...) as well as Institut Supérieur d'Informatique Tunisian success stories (Telnet, (ISI) and the Ecole Nationale Omniacom, Picosoft, Cynapsys, d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT) EBSYS ...) are hosted in different may provide a potential great spaces in Technopark Elgazala. contribution for innovation in NPR in the country. 3.2 Challenging, It is also remarkable the starting opportunities and of a programme for E-learning learning needs developed together with the l'Université Virtuelle de Tunis Tunisia shows (UVT) an articulate 3.1.4 Elgazala Technopark innovation The Elgazala Communication Technologies Cluster "Elgazala ecosystem that Technopark” is part of a national is promising for strategy for the development and introducing the innovation and high value-added NPR in the country innovation.promotion of The scientific Technopark research, Elgazala promotes innovation Tunisia shows an articulate innovation ecosystem that is together the development of small promising for introducing the NPR in the field of ICT combining and medium enterprises as well in the country. Human capital is as relation with multinationals and large groups in the sector of investments in basic education Information Technologies and andwell a developedwell-established with significantuniversity Communication. Its main purpose system, among the best performing is to support the development in Africa. Although the service of high-tech activities, promote sector is the most relevant for the research, development and Tunisia economy, the industrial technology transfer. system is also well established with In addition, the The Technopark some important manufacturing

26 sectors including Textiles and therefore a big effort for renewable clothing, Food, beverages and energy integration at national tobacco, Chemicals, Machinery scale has to be done enforcing and transport equipment. the “Tunisian Renewable Energy Agriculture is also an important Action Plan 2030”. Mobility sector where NPR solutions infrastructure is also well can be applied. Therefore, the established and some efforts could digitalization of production has be done in enforcing intermodal many opportunities in the driving transport. economic sectors of Tunisia including manufacturing and agriculture as well as in the service sectors. Furthermore, there is the opportunity to introduce additive manufacturing industrial compartments such as the mechanical or the in aerospace specific The digitalization of production has many opportunities in the driving economic sectors of Tunisia sector. Finally, bioeconomy can revitalize the agriculture sector increasing its competitiveness and diversifying markets. At the level of enabling infrastructure for NPR, Tunisia has its own plan for digitalization, aims at digitalizing the public administration.“Digital Tunisia Although 2020”, that energy first infrastructure is well established in the country, it is still relying massively on fossil fuels and

in collaboration with 27 Leading Fabricated metal Industries Manufacture product Agriculture, Manufacture of textiles and manufacturing NPR forestry of food products, & Manufacture of of electronic and Enabling and fishing beverages and tobacco leather and related electrical Transformations (ISIC codes 01 to 03) (ISIC code 10 to 12) products equipment (ISIC codes 13 to 15) (ISIC codes 25 to 27)

Refurbishment of Using advanced Using advanced and existing facilities could and delocalized delocalized technologies lower product price technologies for for electricity and heat and enhance the quality electricity and heat Energy / production to improve of product produced. production to improve Integration with RES affordability and could also ensure affordability and enhanceenergy productivity. efficiency, increased production enhanceenergy productivity. efficiency, availability.

Prioritizing and improving international freight Increased and transport through facilitated road ports and airways Improved road Improved road mobility could could allow local transportation allows transportation allows allow the southern products to reach for better organised and for better organised and Mobility regions to become foreign markets more more accessible and easily. More competitive, less More competitive, less therefore favourable Products total efficientexpensive supply products. chain. efficientexpensive supply products.. chain. to a renewed shipment costs may exploitation. also decrease thanks to improved logistic performances.

Digitalization Digital assisted can improve food All the opportunities Better control of techniques for design production activity coming from ICT for processes though IT and prototyping. Use spreading the handling, storing, technologies that can of these technologies Digitalization country towards transforming, increase productivity coupled with advanced more sustainable packaging local while reducing wastes manufacturing production and agricultural produces. and increase quality. techniques like additive consumption manufacturing. pathways.

A few examples of the NPR potential for leading industries.

28 Table A.1 presents an extended expert. Furthermore, each actor Appendix A list of possible key actors and related contacts for Niger. Actors have been selected according to ownershiphas been classified(e.g. Government, according Uni to- their relevance within the NIS, versity,the specific Enterprise, type of institutionetc./e.g. Priva and- according to an interviewed local te, Public, etc.).

Type of Institution Actor & website Contact(s) & Ownership

Rue Ferjani Bel Haj Ammar, Tunisian Union of Industry, Citée El Khadhra, 1003 Tunis, Tunisia Supporting organiza- Trade and Crafts tion http://www.utica.org.tn/Fr (Private) Telephone:Mail: [email protected] (+216) 71 142 000 Fax: (+216) 71 142 100

Chamber of Commerce and 31, Av de Paris - 1000 - Tunis Supporting organiza- Industry in Tunisia tion https://www.ccitunis.org.tn/fr/ (Private) home/ Telephone: (+216) 71 247 322 Fax 1: (+216) 71 339 422 Fax 2: (+216) 71 354 744 98 Avenue Mohamed V 1002 Ministry of Development, Belvedere, Tunis Investment and International Government Cooperation http://www.mdici.gov.tn/en/ Telephone:(+216) 71 798 522 Mail:(+216) [email protected] 71 798 051 Fax: (+216) 71 798 069 Ministère de l'Industrie Immeuble Beya, 40 Rue Sidi Elheni Montplaisir, 1002 Tunis Ministry of Industry Government http://www.tunisieindustrie.gov.tn/

Telephone:Mail: [email protected] (+216) 71 905 132 - 71 904 216 Fax: (+216) 71 902 742 Immeuble Panorama 40 avenue Japon Mon- Ministry of Energy, Mines and tplaisir, 1002 Tunis Renewable Energies Government http://www.energymines.gov.tn/ Mail:Telephone: [email protected] (+216) 71 951 404 Fax: (+216) 71 909 149

in collaboration with 29 Ministry of the Environment Cité administrative, rue de développement, and Sustainable Development cité El Khadra, 1003 - Tunis Government http://www.environnement.gov. tn/index.php Telephone: (+216) 70 243 800 Fax: (+216) 71 955 360 Avenue Ouled Haffouz - 1030 Tunis Ministry of Higher Education

Government

http://www.mes.tn/ Telephone: (+216) 71 786 300 and Scientific Research E-mail : [email protected] Fax : (+216) 71 801 701 Ministry of Vocational Training 10, street Ouled Haffouz 1002 Tunis and Employment Government http://www.emploi.gov.tn/en/ Fax: 71.794.615 the-ministry/missions/ Mail:Telephone [email protected] (+216) 71.791.331 - 71.798.196

Ministry of Communication 88, Avenue Mohamed V Tunis Technologies and Digital Economy Government https://www.mtcen.gov.tn/index.php Telephone: (+216) 70 244 695 Fax: (+216) 70 244 699 Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached B.P. n° 94 - ROMMANA 1068 Tunis, Tunisie. University of Tunis El Manar Telephone: (216) 71 873 366 University www.utm.rnu.tn Fax: (216) 71 872 055 Mail: [email protected]

63, rue de Syrie, 1002 Tunis Belvédère - Agency for the Promotion Tunisie Policy support insti- of Industry and Innovation tution http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat. Government tn/en/home.asp Telephone:Mail: [email protected] (+216) 71 792 144 Fax: (+216) 71 782 482 Rue Salaheddine el Ammami Centre Urbain Foreign Investment Promotion Nord 1004, Tunis, Tunisia Foreign Investment Agency support center www.investintunisia.tn Government Telephone: (+216) 70 241 500 Fax: (+216) 71 231 400 Mail: [email protected] Extended list of possible key actors and contacts.

30 • U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). 2017 investement Climate Statement References - Tunisia. From https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2017/ nea/270002.htm • UNCTAD (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment And The Digital Economy. From http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ wir2017_en.pdf • UNCTADstat. (2018). General profile: Tunisia. From http://unctadstat.

• UNESCO (2018). unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/788/index.htmlGlobal Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2017– 2018. From https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/ • United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (n.d.). Industrial statistical database. From https://stat.unido.org/ • WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization (2018). Directory of Technology and Innovation Support Centers. From http://www. wipo.int/tisc/en/search/ • World Economic Forum (2018). Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report 2017. From http://www3.weforum.org/ docs/WEF_Energy_Architecture_Performance_Index_2017.pdf • World Economic Forum (2018). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018. From https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global- competitiveness-report-2017-2018 • African Development Bank Group. (n.d.). Support Project for the Implementation of the “Digital Tunisia 2020” National Strategic Plan. From https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/tunisia- support-project-for-the-implementation-of-the-digital-tunisia- 2020-national-strategic-plan-98912/ • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (n.d.). The World Factbook. From https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ • Cornell University, SC Johnson Collage of Business – INSEAD – WIPO (2018). GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2018 Report. From https:// www.globalinnovationindex.org/home • ESMAP - Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. (2018). The Global Wind Atlas. From https://globalwindatlas.info/ • ESMAP - Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. (2018). The Global Solar Atlas. From http://globalsolaratlas.info/ • Foreign Investment Promotion Agency of Tunisia. (n.d.). Invest in Tunisia. From www.investintunisia.tn

in collaboration with 31 • Global Infrastructure hub & Oxford Economics. (2017). Global Infrastructure Outlook. From https://outlook.gihub.org/ • Harvard Business School – Institute For Strategy & Competitiveness (2018). Stages of Development. From https://www.isc.hbs.edu/ competitiveness-economic-development/frameworks-and-key- concepts/Pages/shapes-of-development.aspx • Natural Resource Governance Institute. (n.d.). The 2017 Resource Governance Index. From http://resourcegovernanceindex.org • NationMaster database. (n.d.). From http://www.nationmaster.com/ • OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017). The next production revolutio n. From https://www.oecd.org/ g20/summits/hamburg/the-next-production-revolution-G20-report.pdf • SCImago, (n.d.). SJR. (n.d.). SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. From https://www.scimagojr.com/ • The World Bank (2018). World Development Indicator Database. From http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development- indicators • The World Bank (2018). Easiness of Doing Business Database. From http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings • The World Bank (2018). Enterprise Survey. From http://www. enterprisesurveys.org/ • The World Bank (2018). LPI – Logistic Performance Index. From https:// lpi.worldbank.org/international/global?sort=desc&order=LPI%20 Score#datatable • The World Bank (2018). The World Bank In Ethiopia. From http:// www.worldbank.org/en/country/niger • The World Bank. (2018). World Integrated Trade Solution. From https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/ • The World Bank. (2018). Global Economic Prospects. From http:// www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects • The African Development Bank Group (2016). The Africa Infrastructure Development Index (AIDI) 2016. From https://www.afdb.org/en/ documents/document/the-africa-infrastructure-development-index- aidi-2016-89476/ • The Observatory of Economic Complexity – MIT Edu (2018). Niger Country Profile. From ner/ https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/