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Archaeology in the Tolko/Footner High Level FMA: Preserving the Prehistory of Northern Alberta

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Archaeology in the Tolko/Footner High Level FMA: Preserving the Prehistory of Northern Alberta Archaeology in the Tolko/Footner High Level FMA: Preserving the Prehistory of Northern Alberta Grzegorz Kwiecien Alberta Western Heritage Alberta Western Heritage Alberta Western Heritage is a privately owned cultural resource management company with an office located in St. Albert, Alberta, as well as offices in Calgary and Grande Prairie. AWH is a division of Western Heritage Services Inc. (WHS), located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. WHS staff have been involved in thousands of heritage studies throughout Canada. WHS has been incorporated in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia since 1990. SERVICES EXPERTISE • Historical Resource Act Clearance The staff include experienced specialists in • Historical Resource Impact Assessments every area of heritage studies: • Historical Resource Overviews • Historic and Precontact Archaeology • Archaeological Excavations • Built Heritage Research • Construction Monitoring and Assessment • Historical Impact Management and Mitigation • Traditional Land Use Studies • Archival Research and Oral History • Heritage Potential Modeling • First Nations and Metis Liaison • Forestry Historical Resource Management • Artifact Management and Analysis • EIA Historical Component Studies • Specialized Software Development • Public and Advanced Education • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • Public Interpretation of Historical Resources • Geophysical Prospection. Archaeology The study of human history and prehistory by examining and interpreting the physical evidence of the everyday lives of people in the past Types of Archaeology Canadian Archaeology Egyptology Mayan Archaeology Underwater Archaeology Subarctic Archaeology Industrial Archaeology Avocational Archaeology Experimental Archaeology Stone Age Archaeology Consulting Archaeology American Archaeology Roman Archaeology Historical Archaeology Iron Age Archaeology Archaeology as Anthropology Public Archaeology Basic Concerns of Archaeology An archaeological artifact can be defined as human made or modified portable object from stone axe to gold ornaments, as well as bones and food residues. Stone tools An archaeological feature can be defined as nonportable structures such houses, hearths, storage pits, tipi ring, and so on. Tipi ring An archaeological site can be defined as the material remains (consisting of stone tools, pottery, animal bones, hearts, houses etc.) left behind by a group of people who occupied an area at some point in the past. Boreal Forest Archeological Site Prehistoric Artifacts: Stone Tools Arrowheads/Spearheads Stone Drills//Perforators Stone Knives (Hand Held & Hafted) Stone Scraper Prehistoric Artifacts: Bone Tools and Pottery Bone Awls Bone Fish Hooks Bone Flesher Pottery Prehistoric Features: Dwellings, Hearths, Cairns Prehistoric Inuit Winter House Dwellings Buried Hearth, Saskatoon Mountain. Cairn, Southern Alberta Prehistoric Features: Stone Features, Rock Art Stone Feature- Medicine Wheel Rock Art- Petroglyph Prehistoric Animal and Plant Remains Bison Skull, Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, southern Alberta. Bison Bone Beds, Junction Site, southern Alberta. Archaeological Context Geological Associations: Soil/Sediment Layering (Stratigraphy) Stratigraphy- Boss Hill (Central AB) Stratigraphy- Saskatoon Mountain Site, Stratigraphy- Smuland Creek, Peace Region (AB) Cliff Top Dune, Grande Prairie (AB) Timeline of Prehistoric Period Beringia and First Americans Archeology Geology ? When ? DNA ? How ? Linguistics Who ? Oral Traditions ? From Where ? Possible routes of First Americans Pre Clovis Sites ? Possible Pre-Clovis Archaeological Sites in Americas Early Paleoindian Period: Clovis and Folsom (12,000-10,000 B.P) Folsom Points Clovis Points Mammoth Late Paleoindian Period: The Plano (10,000-8,000 B.P.) Modern Bison (Bison bison ) Scottsbluff Point Agate Basin Point Earliest Human Sites in Northwestern Alberta and British Columbia Charlie Lake Cave Prehistoric Site, northeastern BC Artifacts Found at Charlie View of Charlie Lake Cave Lake Cave including Stone Fluted Spear Point Photos taken from www.sfu.ca/archaeology/museum/bc Saskatoon Mountain Prehistoric Site Aerial View of Saskatoon Mountain Site and DEW Line Radar Base, Grande Prairie, AB Smuland Creek Site, CanFor FMA Stone Graver Stone Fluted Spear Point Middle Prehistoric Period (8, 000-2,000 B.P) Atlatl Technology Middle Prehistoric Throwing Stick (Atlatl), Weight and Stone Dart Points. Late Prehistoric Period (2,000-250 B.P.) Development of Pottery and the Use of Bow and Arrow Pottery Bow and arrow Prehistoric/Historic Transition Period (250 B.P) Arrival of European explorers and fur traders to Alberta. AD 1754 Hudson's Bay Company employee Anthony Henday becomes the first English-speaking European to visit Alberta Early Trade Metal Arrowhead Early Historic Period. Member of Beaver Nation displaying pelt to European fur trader. Historic Period Remington “1858” New Model Army Cap and Ball Revolver, Boss Hill, central AB. Historic Cabin, Whitecourt, central AB. Native groups in northern Alberta ca. 1800 A.D. Prehistoric Hunters of Alberta's Northern Forests Enviroment Physiography of the Mackenzie Lowlands Climate: long and cold winters, short summers Vegetation Fauna Subsistence Animals: moose, caribou,woodland bison, snowshoe hare, beaver, fish Animals of the Fur Trade: beaver Peoples Tsatinne, Dene, Dene Tha’ and Cree Languages Athapascan and Algonkian Social and Economic Organization Extremely low population density with small, highly mobile bands of 20-100 people Seasonal round of activities Technology Wood and sinew snowshoes and toboggans, spruce root and bark vessels, willow and spruce root fish nets, hide sinew, bone needles, snow goggles, fleshers Archaeology in Northern Alberta Access Road Shovel Testing Challenges of Archeology in Northern Alberta: Environment Access Low surface visibility Almost all sites discovered by creating artificial exposures (shovel tests) Small size of most archaeological sites Paucity of archaeological knowledge for heavily forested areas Lack of the intensive archaeological investigation Soil Boreal Forest Archaeological Sites in Alberta Archaeological Sites in the Tolko/Footner FMA Middle Prehistoric Sites ? Around Wenzel Lake Middle Prehistoric Oxbow Culture Site near La Crete Late Prehistoric Taltheilei Tradition Sites ? Fur Trade Posts Map of Northwestern Alberta Showing Tolko/Footner FMA and Distribution of Known Heritage Resources Historical Resources Act Historical Resources Act The need to preserve and study historical resources has long been recognized and was officially reflected in the passage of the Alberta Heritage Act in 1973 (now the Alberta Historical Resources Act 1987). “Historic resources means any work of nature or of humans that is primarily of value for its palaeontological, archaeological, prehistoric, historic, cultural, natural, scientific or esthetic interest including, but not limited to, a palaeontological, archaeological, prehistoric, historic or natural site, structure or object “ (section 1a of Historical Resources Act). Historical resources are susceptible to the effects of time and, especially, to damage caused by the activities of modern society. In recognizing their nonrenewable nature, Section 37 of the Historical Resources Act provides the framework for Historical Resources Impact Assessments (HRIAs) and mitigative studies. When, in the opinion of the Minister of Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture (ACD), an activity will or will likely result in the alteration, damage or destruction of an historic resource, the person or company undertaking the activity can be required to: conduct an HRIA on lands that may be affected by the activity submit to ACDT a report discussing the results of the HRIA avoid any historic resources endangered by activity or mitigate potential impacts by undertaking comprehensive studies. HRIAs and mitigative studies are paid for by the person or company undertaking or proposing to undertake the activity. Professional private-sector historians, archaeologists and palaeontologists perform the required work. ACD regulates archaeological and palaeontological fieldwork through a permit system. All decision-making in regard to the management of historical resources rests with Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture. The Alberta Forest Industry and Historical Resources Protection 1990s saw major change occurring within many Canadian forestry companies, with Alberta forestry firms being no exception. Foresters consider forests as a community of ecological and socio-economical values. Part of this re-evaluation was a need to consider non-economic forest values, including the traditional values of First Nations and historical resources. Historical concerns are now being integrated into forestry planning practices. Forestry Reclamation Ground Work Tolko/Footner High Level Proposed Heritage Resources Management Strategy Yearly AOP Components AOP Heritage Screening Submission and Permit Application Pre-Impact Fieldwork Post-Impact Helicopter Overview Post-Impact Fieldwork Final Reporting Model Update AOP Heritage Screening Submission (Historical Resources Overview) Why? Required by ACD as initial step in annual heritage management plan . ACD is interested in mitigative options developer is proposing for all developments in proximity to sensitive heritage zones. Historical Resources Overview Assessment (HROA) procedure is used for areas that maintain historical resources management infrastructure ( i.e., Digital
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