Reworking the Gawler Craton: Metamorphic and Geochronologic Constraints on Palaeoproterozoic Reactivation of the Southern Gawler Craton, Australia

Reworking the Gawler Craton: Metamorphic and geochronologic constraints on Palaeoproterozoic reactivation of the southern Gawler Craton, Australia

Rian A. Dutch, B.Sc (Hons)

Geology and Geophysics School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide

This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide

January 2009 Chapter 1 Introduction Reworking the Gawler Craton

Continental reworking and reactivation Dutch et al., 2005). Unravelling complexly represent two end members that describe reworked terrains requires a systematic the way in which continental lithosphere is approach where detailed structural mapping modified by repeated focusing of deformation and observations are coupled with petrologic and/or magmatism into a rock volume. Due to its and metamorphic analysis. This then needs to relative buoyancy and weakness compared with be temporally constrained by the application oceanic crust and the underlying lithospheric of detailed, targeted geochronology in order to mantle, continental crust is not readily discriminate between individual events (e.g. subducted, and is therefore often subjected to Mawby et al., 1999; Pyle and Spear, 2003; repeated episodes of reworking or reactivation Rutherford et al., 2006; Simmat and Raith, (Molnar, 1988; Thatcher, 1995; Holdsworth 2008). This thesis presents a systematic approach et al., 2001). Continental reactivation has to unravelling the reworked southern Gawler been defined by Holdsworth et al. (1997) as Craton (Fig. 1.1), including the development the accommodation of geologically separable and discussion of targeted geochronological displacement events (with intervals > 1 Ma) techniques, metamorphic analysis and structural along pre-existing structures. Continental observations. reworking is considered to be the repeated The Gawler Craton (Fig. 1.1), in South focusing of deformation, metamorphism and/or Australia, consists of an Archaean to magmatism into the same rock volume so that Palaeoproterozoic core (Daly and Fanning, every part of that rock volume has been affected 1993; Daly et al., 1998; Ferris et al., 2002; in some way by the prevailing tectonothermal Swain et al., 2005b; Fanning et al., 2007; Hand regime (e.g. Hand and Buick, 2001; Holdsworth et al., 2007) surrounded and intruded by a et al., 2001; Krabbendam, 2001; McLaren and series of Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic Sandiford, 2001). metasedimentary and igneous suites (Parker, One of the biggest issues when working 1993; Daly et al., 1998; Ferris et al., 2002; in regions that have undergone reworking is Fanning et al., 2007; Hand et al., 2007; ). A distinguishing between the products of the summary of the major lithological units and their different tectonic events. Failure to do this locations are presented in Figure 1.2 and Table may lead to the linking of temporally separate 1.1. For detailed descriptions of the lithologies events to generate a missleading apparent P-T of the Gawler Craton the reader is referred to evolution of an orogen (e.g. Dirks et al., 1991; the work of Daly and Fanning (1993), Parker Hand el al., 1992; Hensen and Zhou, 1995; (1993), Daly et al. (1998), Ferris et al. (2002)

1 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton

4

1

2

3

Wallaroo Group

Figure 1.1. Simplified interpreted subsurface geology of the Gawler Craton, South Australia, with sim- plified domains based on geological associations. 1 Central Domain, 2 South-west domain, 3 Olympic Domain, 4 North-west Domain (modified from: Daly et al., 1998; Ferris et al., 2002, Swain et al., 2005a).

2 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton

a) ~3000 – 2000 Ma b) <2000 – 1850 Ma

Mulgathing Complex

Donington Suite Miltalie Gneiss

Sleaford Complex

Hutchison Group

c) 1790 – 1730 Ma d) 1730 – 1650 Ma Peake Metamorphics Nawa Domain metasediments

Tarcoola Formation Myola & McGregor NOTE: Eba & Vocanics; Tunkillia Suite Moonabie Labyrinth These figures are included on page 3 Formations Formationof the print copy of the thesis held in Fowler Domain Wallaroo metasediments the UniversityGroup of Adelaide Library. Moody Suite Price Metasediments

e) 1630 – 1500 Ma

Possible Hiltaba Suite

Hiltaba Suite

Munjeela Figure 1.2. Locations of the major rock units Granite Gawler Range formed during the Archaean to Mesoproterozoic Nuyts Volcanics Volcanics in the Gawler Craton. a) Archaean to early Palaeo- proterozoic (c. 3000–000 Ma). b) Palaeoproterozo- St Peter Suite ic (<2000–1850 Ma). c) Palaeoproterozoic (1790– 1730 Ma). d) Palaeoproterozoic (1730–1650 Ma). e) Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic (1630–1500 Ma). See Table 1.1 for details. Figure after Hand et al. Spilsby Suite (2007).

3 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton References Swain et al., 2005b; Fanning et al., 2007 Parker and Fanning, 1998; Fanning et al., 2007 Parker and Lemon, 1982; Parker et al., 1988; Vassallo and Wilson, 2001 Mortimer et al., 1988; Hoek 1998 and Shaefer, Parker et al., 1993; Oliver and Fanning, 1997; Cowley et al., 2003; Jagodzinski, 2005; Fanning et al., 2007 Daly et al., 1998; Hopper, 2001; Payne et al., 2006; Howard et al., 2008 Cowley and Martin, 1991; Schwarz, 1999; Ferris and Schwarz, 2004; Fanning et al., 2007 Daly et al., 1998; Budd, 2006 Flint et al., 1990; Rankin, 1990 Blissett et al., 1993; Daly al., 1998; Budd et 2001; Allen et Skirrow et al., 2002; al., 2003 Fanning et al., 2007 ~2000 ~1850 Age (Ma) 1595 – 1575 1630 – 1610 1730 – 1670 1790 – 1740 2560 – 2500 (meta) Igneous Units granodioritic felsic to mafic felsic to mafic magmatism; felsic to intermediate volcanics felsic volcanics; to mafic magmatism felsic to intermediate magmatism felsic to intermediate ~1500 bi-modal magmatism and volcanics felsic & mafic-ultra mafic volcanics; felsic to intermediate magmatism ~1654 ~1715 1740 – 1720 1770 – 1740 2535 – 2500 2000 – ~1866 (meta) Sedimentary Units Sequences Deposition age (Ma) Type pelites, iron formation, carbonates quartzites, shales, dolomite, volcanics quartzite, dolomite, pelites, BIF, calcsilicates calcsilicates, iron formation, pelites, siltstones conglomerate, quartzites, shales, felsic and mafic volcanics pelites, BIF, pelites, BIF, carbonates, quartzites Unit name Miltalie Gneiss Donington Suite Nawa and Fowler Domain metasediments and Peake Metamorphics Formation Tarcoola Hiltaba Suite (including Munjeela Granite) and Gawler Range Volcanics Spilsby Suite Hutchison group group, Price Wallaroo Metasediments, Moonabie Formation, Myola and McGregor Volcanics Eba and Labyrinth and Formations; Tunkillia Moody Suites and St Nuyts Volcanics Peter Suite Undifferentiated Sleaford Undifferentiated and Mulgathing Complex Summary of the major lithological units Gawler Craton (Ma) Age interval Table 1.1. Table <2000 – 1850 1790 – 1730 1730 – 1650 1630 – 1500 ~3000 – 2000

4 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton and Hand et al. (2007). the University of Adelaide, Monash University The Gawler Craton has experienced a and the Department of Primary Industries and protracted c. 1700 Myr tectonic history from Resources, South Australia (LP0454301) which the Archaean through to the Mesoproterozoic, aimed to develop a geological framework for experiencing numerous cycles of deformation, the evolution of the Gawler Craton and attempt magmatism and basin development (Fig. 1.2 to resolve some of these ambiguities. The aim & 1.3). The tectonic evolution of the Gawler of the research project presented here is to Craton is poorly understood, despite hosting develop a better understanding of the timing, a number of mineral deposits including the distribution and tectonothermal evolution of the immense Olympic Dam iron oxide-copper- major orogenic systems in the southern Gawler gold deposit. The main obstacle hampering Craton, addressing points 1 and 2 above. the understanding of the tectonic history of The Gawler Craton has been affected the Gawler Craton is the lack of outcrop, with by a number of metamorphic events which only 5 – 10% outcrop in a region roughly the are summarised in Table 1.2. There have size of France. Despite this lack of a rigorous been a number of event chronologies and tectonic framework, the Gawler Craton remains nomenclatures proposed for the tectonothermal an important region for mineral exploration in events of the Gawler Craton with the current Australia and a vital piece of the puzzle in the model of Hand et al. (2007) being used here. Of evolution of the Australian continent during the the nine tectonic events listed in Table 1.2, five pre-Cambrian (e.g. Betts et al., 2002; Giles et are interpreted to have affected the southern al., 2004; Betts and Giles, 2006; Payne et al., Gawler Craton (Parker, 1993; Vassallo and 2008). Wilson, 2001; Vassallo and Wilson, 2002; Hand A number of workers have highlighted the et al., 2007). significant ambiguities that exist in our current The earliest recorded event in the southern understanding of the geological framework Gawler Craton is the Palaeoproterozoic of the Gawler Craton. These ambiguities Sleafordian Orogeny, which deformed and primarily revolve around: 1) the timing and metamorphosed the late Archaean core of spatial distribution of the tectonic events within the Gawler Craton (Figs 1.1 & 1.3). Peak the craton (Daly et al., 1998; Ferris et al., metamorphic conditions in the central Gawler 2002; Hand et al., 2007); 2) the metamorphic Craton reached temperatures of 800 °C at 5 to 7 evolution of the tectonic events (e.g. Teasdale, kbar (Teasdale, 1997; Tomkins and Mavrogenes, 1997; Tomkins and Mavrogenes, 2002; Tong 2002). In the northern Gawler Craton the et al., 2004); 3) the tectonic settings of the Sleafordian Orogeny is characterised by an major magmatic systems (e.g. Creaser, 1995; early sub-horizontal gneissic layering which Payne, 2008); and 4) the crust-mantle evolution was refolded into gently north- to northeast- through time (Hand et al., 2007). trending open to tight folds at scales of up to a This project forms part of a larger Australian kilometre (Daly and Fanning, 1993; Teasdale, Research Council collaborative project between 1997). In the southern Gawler Craton the

5 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton

Sth- wst Central Olympic North - west

Ar Coorabie Mz Event

SbS

1500 LgHg

Ar Mzz MnjM Hil KARARAN V Hiltaba V V GRVG HilH Hilill V V VV Event GRV V HHiHilill Brbb V V V

600 Cc St. Peter 1 SpSSSpS Event V V NVV Ooldean Mz Event Tf V IfC EA TK Mzz

00 Mo V PcP 7 1 V WlgW g Mzz Mz MiG KIMBAN YGYG V McVMcV V M/N V SHVSHVHV Eba Formation PM V (Unknown Age) VV PkkMM V

V M/M/B WcW 1800 N

BV Wilgena Hill DnS Jaspilite and ORNIA

associated C metasediments (Unknown Age) CP 1900 HG

Mitalie MG Event 2000

Lithological and Geochronological Symbols

Felsic Intrusion U-Pb Zircon Age - Intrusive Mafic Dykes and Bodies V U-Pb Zircon Age - Extrusive

2100 Sedimentary Succession U-Pb Zircon Age - Metamorphism

V Mz V Volcanics U-Pb Monazite Age Metamorphic/deformation event Ar Ar-Ar Age

Key to Lithology Abreviations

2200 Archaean Palaeoproterozoic Palaeoproterozoic CG Carnot Gneiss Brb Blue Range Beds PkM Peake Metamorphics Ch Christie Gneiss BV Bosanquet Volcanics PM Price Metasediments DS Dutton Suite Cc Corunna Conglomerate Wlg Wallaroo Group Gg Glenloth Granite CP Corny Point Paragneiss SHV Spring Hill Volc. HBV Hall Bay Volcanics DnS Donington Suite SpS St Peter Suite KG Kenella Gneiss EA Engenina Adamellite Tf Tarcoola Formation MC Mulgathing Complex HG Hutchison Group TK Tunkillia Suite SC Sleaford Complex IfC Ifould Complex YG Yoolperlunna Gneiss WG Wangary Gneiss M/B Myola/Broadview Wc Wirricurrie Granite 2300 McV McGregor Volcanics MG Miltalie Gneiss Mesoproterozoic MiG Middlecamp Granite GRV Gawler Range Volcanics M/N Moondrah/Nawa Metased. Hil Hiltaba Suite Mo Moody Suite Mnj Munjeela Granite NV Nuyts Volcanics SbS Spilsby Suite Pc Poverty Corner Sed/Volc. LgH Lagoon Hill Granite 00 N 4 2

GgG DS Figure 1.3. Time-space plot CG SLEAFORDIA for the Gawler Craton. Regions 2500 V V HBVV

Ch correspond to the simplified KG domains outlined in Figure 1.1. Figure modified after Ferris et al. 2600 MC & SC (2002) with additional data from Holm (2004), Jagodzinski et al. WG

00 (2006), Fraser and Lyons (2006), 7 2 Payne et al. (2006), , Howard et al. (2007), Hand et al. (2007), Fraser et al. (2008), Howard et al.

2800 (2008), Payne (2008) and Payne et al. (2008). 50 1 3

6 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton felsic? and mafic and maifc minor mafic large volume felsic large volume felsic large volume felsic, cooling isobaric unknown felsic unknown unknown none known unknown none known clockwise clockwise P-T evolution Magmatism 4,5 Parker (1993), Tong et al. (2004); Tong Parker (1993), 1 3 4 4 2 6 4 kbar Daly et al. (1998). . West - 800°C, 10 . West granulite 7 7 500°C, <4 kbar . North-west - low-med P . North-west - low-med P Reid et al. (2008); up to 850 °C, 6 kbar 3 2 amphibolite to granulite greenschist to low-med P greenschist to low-med P South - up to 850°C , 7-11 South - up to 850°C , 7-11 granulite North - med-P amphibolite to North - med-P kbar mod. P high heat flow, low to high heat flow, Tomkins and Mavrogenes (2004); Tomkins 1 Age (Ma) Metamorphic style Peak P-T conditions Holm (2004), Connor (1995), Ferris and Schwarz (2003); 6 the craton P-T condition references: Distribution within Payne et al. (2006); 5 Summary of the major tectonothermal events Gawler Craton. Event Miltalie Event south-east craton 2000 unknown ?granulite? unknown unknown Ooldean Event western craton 1660-1650 low P high heat flow, 900°C, 10 kbar Coorabie Event western craton 1470-1450 mod heat flow Kimban Orogeny entire craton 1730-1690 high-low heat flow Cornian Orogeny eastern craton 1855-1845 mod P high heat flow, 750 °C, 6 kbar Kararan Orogeny north-western craton 1570-1540 mod heat flow Hiltaba Suite Event entire craton 1595-1575 high heat flow Sleafordian Orogeny entire early-craton 2450-2420 St. Peter Suite Event southwestern craton 1620-1610 high heat flow Amphibolite unknown felsic and mafic Teasdale (1997); Teasdale Table 1.2. Table 4 Table after Hand et al., (2007). Table

7 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton structural and metamorphic architecture of the Vassallo and Wilson 2002; Hand et al., 2007) Sleafordian Orogeny is poorly understood due and is discussed at length in Chapters 3, 4 and to overprinting by subsequent events. Existing 5 of this thesis. Peak metamorphic conditions geochronological constraints on the Sleafordian reached granulite-facies conditions followed Orogeny place it between 2460–2420 Ma by near isothermal decompression during (Fanning et al., 2007; McFarlane, 2005; regionally dextral transpressional deformation. Tomkins et al., 2004). New geochronological The Kimban Orogeny has also been recognised and metamorphic constraints on the Sleafordian in the eastern (Hopper, 2001; Betts et al., 2003), Orogeny in the southern Gawler Craton are western (Teasdale, 1997; Swain et al., 2005a) discussed in Chapter 4. and the central and northern Gawler Craton Following Sleafordian deformation, the (Payne et al., 2008). Metamorphic conditions Gawler Craton underwent a c. 400 Myr period reached the amphibolite to granulite-facies of tectonic quiescence. The c. 2000 Ma Miltalie across the craton and were associated with event (Fig. 1.3) is a poorly characterised tectonic significant felsic magmatism (e.g. Daly et al., event recorded by zircon crystallisation in the 1998; Budd and Fraser, 2004; Fanning et al., largely granodioritic Miltalie Gneiss and the 2007). Evidence for Kimban-aged deformation Red Banks Charnockite in the southern Gawler is also recorded in the correlatives of the Craton (Fig. 1.1: Fanning et al., 1988; Fanning et Gawler Craton in Antarctica (which formed the al., 2007). No structures in the southern Gawler Archaean to Proterozoic Mawson Continent: Craton have been convincingly attributed to the e.g. Fanning et al., 1996; Payne, 2008). Kimban Miltalie event. metamorphic ages have been retrieved from The c. 1850 Ma Cornian Orogeny (Reid et the Terra Adelie Craton (Duclaux et al., 2008), al., 2008) is a granulite-facies event which was Shackleton Range (Goodge et al., 2001) and coeval with the emplacement of the voluminous from relict eclogites in the Miller Range (Zeh Donington Granitoid Suite in the southeastern et al., 2004). The length scale of Kimban-aged Gawler Craton (Figs 1.1, 1.2 & 1.3). Garnet- deformation through the Mawson Continent bearing metapelitic assemblages record peak is on the order of 3000 km, suggesting a metamorphic conditions of 750 °C at 6 kbar deformation belt of similar scale to modern followed by decompression, represented by the orogenic belts such as the Himalayas (e.g. replacement of garnet-bearing assemblages by Goscombe et al., 2006). biotite + sillimanite + cordierite assemblages, The final tectonothermal event which suggesting a clockwise P-T evolution. No has affected the southern Gawler Craton Cornian-aged structures are known to exist produced low-grade localised structures and west of the Kalinjala Shear Zone (Fig. 1.1). has reactivated earlier formed structures. The 1725–1690 Ma Kimban Orogeny These structures can be differentiated from dominates the structural and metamorphic the early high-grade structures as they contain character of the southern Gawler Craton fine-grained muscovite-bearing assemblages (Parker, 1993; Vassallo and Wilson, 2001; (Parker, 1993; Vassallo and Wilson, 2002).

8 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton

Hornblende 40Ar/39Ar ages from fabrics within is vital for developing global correlations and the Kalinjala Shear Zone (Fig. 1.1) range from reconstruction models of the Gawler Craton and 1611 ± 3 to 1582 ± 4 Ma (Foster and Ehlers, Palaeoproterozoic Australia (e.g. Betts et al., 1998), suggesting this event may have ocurred 2002; Dawson et al., 2002; Giles et al., 2004; synchronous with the Hiltaba Suite magmatism. Payne et al., 2006). The recent discovery of Hand et al. (2007) present a garnet Sm-Nd 3150 Ma granitic rocks in the southern Gawler age of 1577 ± 21 Ma for a garnet from an Craton (Fraser et al., 2008) provides an exciting overprinting mylonitic fabric in the Kalinjala new timeline for continental reconstructions and Shear Zone. They suggest this constrains the demonstrates the frontier nature of the Gawler higher-grade fabric to the Hiltaba Suite-related Craton and the importance of developing a deformation, indicating that the ‘Hiltaba constrained geological framework. Deformation’ may have occurred at higher- grades in the southern Gawler Craton. This Thesis Outline geochronological interpretation is discussed in Chapter 5, which suggests that the 40Ar/39Ar This thesis is written in the form of ages are still the best constraint on the timing of individual, stand-alone, chapters addressing low-grade reactivation in the southern Gawler specific aspects of continental reworking and Craton. the metamorphic and temporal evolution of the The motivation for developing temporally southern Gawler Craton. Each of the chapters and spatially constrained tectonometamorphic has been written with the intent for them to be descriptions of the major orogenic systems in submitted and published in the near future. This the Gawler Craton is four-fold. Firstly, to better format leads to some repetition but highlights constrain the overall geological framework for the contribution of this research project to our the evolution of the Gawler Craton. Secondly, current understanding of the evolution of the the protracted tectonic history and limited southern Gawler Craton, and of the tectonic exposure of the Gawler Craton provides an evolution of the entire Gawler Craton more excellent example of continental reworking generally. A large amount of electron probe and forces us to develop methods and tools for micro analysis (EPMA) chemical data, which unravelling the timing and tectonometamorphic was too voluminous to include in the written evolution of poorly exposed terrains. Thirdly, part of this thesis, are provided in the form of it allows us to increase our understanding of digital appendices on a CD included with this Precambrian tectonics and provides tests of volume. the validity of continental reconstructions by Chapter 2 reports on the development of determining the evolution of orogens which may the EPMA monazite chemical dating technique have been attributed to continental accretion at the University of Adelaide. This chapter events (e.g. Betts and Giles, 2004; Betts et al., focuses on the development of a rigorous 2002). Lastly, developing accurate timelines analytical method and procedure for the and spatial distributions for orogenic events collection and processing of in-situ EPMA

9 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton monazite geochronology data. In order to verify the Journal of Metamorphic Geology. the accuracy and robustness of the technique, a Chapter 5 investigates the temporal, comparative study was conducted using four structural and metamorphic evolution of monazite samples, from Palaeoproterozoic to the Palaeoproterozoic Hutchison Group Ordovician in age, which have previously been metasedimentary rocks, which form a deformed dated via isotopic methods (TIMS, SHRIMP basin unit that overlies the Sleaford Complex. and LA-ICP-MS). The developed technique This chapter explores the evolution of the was then applied to a sample of unknown crustal-scale Kalinjala Shear Zone during the age to try to determine the timing of high- development of the 1725–1690 Ma Kimban grade deformation and metamorphism in the Orogeny and the role that transpression played southern portion of the Kalinjala Shear Zone. in exhuming high-grade rocks from the lower- This technique has been utilised throughout crust into the mid-crust within the shear zone. this research project to constrain the timing of This manuscript has been written for submission metamorphism and deformation in the Gawler to the journal Precambrian Research. Craton. Chapter 6 explores the systematics of Chapter 3 investigates the temporal and major and rare earth element (REE) diffusion metamorphic evolution of the late Archaean in garnets which have been subjected to high- to earliest Palaeoproterozoic peraluminous temperature thermal reworking approximately upper-crustal Dutton Suite, which forms part of 700 Myr after garnet crystallisation. This the Sleaford Complex in the southern Gawler chapter explores the rates of major and REE Craton. This chapter has been published as cation diffusion and the nature of cation zoning ‘High-grade Palaeoproterozoic reworking in garnet and the implications this has for the in the southeastern Gawler Craton, South closure temperature and robustness of the Sm- Australia’, Dutch, R., Hand, M. and Kinny, P. Nd system for geochronology. This manuscript in the Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55: has been written for submission to the journal 1063-1081. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Chapter 4 investigates the temporal, Chapter 7 provides a summary of the structural and metamorphic evolution of a findings and conclusions of this thesis and series of granulite-facies metapelitic units discusses some of the potential future work that from the Shoal Point region of the southern can be done to further constrain the tectonic Gawler Craton. These units form part of the evolution of the Gawler Craton. late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic Sleaford In addition to the manuscripts listed above, Complex and were interpreted to have been Supplementary Appendices are also provided effected by the 2450–2420 Ma Sleafordian at the end of this volume. Supplementary Orogeny. This chapter confirms and explores Appendix 1 is a copy of a paper which comprises the extent of Kimban-aged reworking which the bulk of my Honours year data but which has affected the southern Gawler Craton. This was significantly added to and rewritten during manuscript has been written for submission to the initial year of my Ph.D studies. The paper

10 Chapter 1 Reworking the Gawler Craton is published as ‘Cambrian reworking of the Australia; an integrated structural and southern Australian Proterozoic Curnamona aeromagnetic analysis. Tectonophysics, 366(1-2): 83-111. Province: constraints from regional shear-zone systems’, Dutch, R.A., Hand, M. and Clark, Blissett, A.H., Creaser, R.A., Daly, S.J., Flint, C., 2005, in the Journal of the Geological R.B. and Parker, A.J., 1993. Gawler Range Volcanics. In: J.F. Drexel, W.V. Society, London, 162: 763-775. Supplementary Preiss and A.J. Parker (Editors), The Appendix 2 contains a copy of a reply written geology of South Australia; Volume to the journal GEOLOGY regarding the 1, The Precambrian. Bulletin 54- interpretations presented by Duclaux et al., Geological Survey of South Australia. 2007 on the temporal evolution of the southern Budd, A., Wyborn Lesley, A.I. and Gawler Craton. Bastrakova, I., 2001. The metallogenic potential of Australian Proterozoic granites. Geoscience Australia, Record, References 2001/12: 152. Allen, S.R., Simpson, C., McPhie, J. and Daly, Budd, A. and Fraser, G.L., 2004. Geological S.J., 2003. Stratigraphy, distribution relationships and 40Ar/39Ar age and geochemistry of widespread felsic constraints on gold mineralisation volcanic units in the Mesoproterozoic at Tarcoola, Central Gawler Gold Gawler Range Volcanics, South Province, South Australia. Australian Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Journal of Earth Sciences, 51: 685-700. Sciences, 50: 97-112. Budd, A., 2006. The Tarcoola Goldfield of Betts, P.G. and Giles, D., 2004. 1.8-1.5 Ga the central Gawler gold province, Accretionary Tectonics along the and the Hiltaba Association Granites, southern margin of the Australian Gawler Craton, South Australia. PhD Continent: Implications for Thesis, Australian National University, Palaeoproterozoic plate reconstructions Canberra, 365 pp. of Australia and Laurentia. In: Anonymous (Editor), Geological Conor, C.H.H., 1995. Moonta-Wallaroo Society of America, 2004 annual region, an interpretation of the geology meeting. Geological Society of of the Maitland and Wallaroo 1:100 America (GSA). Boulder, CO, United 000 map sheet areas. South Australia. States. 2001. Deparment for Primary Industries and Resources. Open File Envelope, 8886. Betts, P.G. and Giles, D., 2006. The 1800- 1100 Ma tectonic evolution of Cowley, W.M. and Martin, A.R., 1991. Australia. Precambrian Research, Kingoonya, South Australia. Primary 144(1-2): 92-125. Industries and Resources, South Australia: 64p. Betts, P.G., Giles, D., Lister, G.S. and Frick, L.R., 2002. Evolution of the Australian Cowley, W.M., Conor, C.H.H. and Zang, W., lithosphere. Australian Journal of Earth 2003. New and revised Proterozoic Sciences, 49(4): 661-695. stratagraphic units on northern Yorke Peninsula. MESA Journal, 29: 46-58. Betts, P.G., Valenta, R.K. and Finlay, J., 2003. Evolution of the Mount Woods Inlier, Creaser, R.A., 1995. Neodymium isotopic northern Gawler Craton, southern constraints for the origin of

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Mesoproterozoic felsic magmatism, 338. Gawler Craton, South Australia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Dutch, R.A., Hand, M. and Clark, C., 2005. 32: 460-471. Cambrian reworking of the southern Australian Proterozoic Curnamona Daly, S.J. and Fanning, C.M., 1993. Archaean. Province: constraints from regional In: J.F. Drexel, W.V. Preiss and A.J. shear-zone systems. Journal of the Parker (Editors), The geology of South Geological Society, London, 162: 763- Australia; Volume 1, The Precambrian. 775. . Geological Survey of South Australia, Bulletin 54, pp. 32-49. Fanning, C.M., Moore, D.H., Bennett, V.C. and Daly, S.J., 1996. The “Mawson Daly, S.J., Fanning, C.M. and Fairclough, Continent”; Archaean to Proterozoic M.C., 1998. Tectonic evolution and crust in the East Antarctic shield and exploration potential of the Gawler Gawler craton, Australia: a cornerstone Craton, South Australia. AGSO Journal in Rodinia and Gondwanaland. 14th of Australian Geology and Geophysics, Australian Geological Convention, 17(3): 145-168. Geol. Soc. Australia (Abstr.), 41: 135. Dawson, G.C., Krapez, B., Fletcher, I.R., Fanning, C.M., Flint, R.B., Parker, A.J., McNaughton, N.J. and Rasmussen, Ludwig, K.R. and Blissett, A.H., B., 2002. Did late Palaeoproterozoic 1988. Refined Proterozoic evolution assembly of proto-Australia involve of the Gawler Craton, South Australia, collision between the Pilbara, Yilgarn through U-Pb zircon geochronology. and Gawler cratons? Geochronological Precambrian Research, 40/41: 363- evidence from the Mount Barren 386. Group in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of Western Australia. Precambrian Fanning, C.M., Reid, A.J. and Teale, G.S., Research, 118(3-4): 195-220. 2007. A geochronological framework for the Gawler Craton, South Australia. Dirks, P.H.G.M., Hand, M. and Powell, R., South Australia Geological Survey, 1991. The P-T deformation path for a Bulletin, 55. mid-Proterozoic, low-pressure terrane; the Reynolds Range, central Australia. Ferris, G., Schwarz, M. and Heithersay, P., Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 9(5): 2002. The Geological Framework, 641-661. Distribution and Controls of Fe-Oxide and Related Alteration, and Cu-Au Duclaux, G., Rey, P., Guillot, S. and Menot, Mineralistaion in the Gawler Craton, R.P., 2007. Orogen-parallel flow South Australia: Part 1: Geological during continental convergence: and Tectonic Framework. In: T. Porter Numerical experiments and Archean (Editor), Hydrothemal Iron Oxide field examples. Geology, 35(8): 715- Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A 718. Global Perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide. Duclaux, G. et al., 2008. Superimposed Neoarchaean and Palaeoproterozoic Ferris, G.M. and Schwarz, M.P., 2003. tectonics in the Terre Adelie Craton Proterozoic gold province of the (East Antarctica): Evidence form Th- Central Gawler Craton. MESA Journal, U-Pb ages on monazite and 40Ar/39Ar 30: 4-12. ages. Precambrian Research, 167: 316-

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Ferris, G.M. and Schwartz, M.P., 2004. Goscombe, B., Gray, D. and Hand, M., 2006. Definition of the Tunkillia Suite, Crustal architecture of the Himalayan western Gawler Craton. MESA metamorphic front in eastern Nepal. Journal, 34: 32-41. Gondwana Research, 10(3-4): 232- 255. Flint, R.B., Rankin, L.R. and Fanning, C.M., 1990. Definition; the Palaeoproterozoic Hand, M. and Buick, I.S., 2001. Tectonic St. Peter Suite of the western Gawler evolution of the Reynolds-Anmatjira Craton. Quarterly Geological Notes - ranges; a case study in terrain Geological Survey of South Australia, reworking from the Arunta Inlier, 114: 2-8. central Australia. In: J.A. Miller, R.E. Holdsworth, S. Buick Ian and Fraser, G.L. and Lyons, P., 2006. Timing M. Hand (Editors), Continental of Mesoproterozoic tectonic reactivation and reworking. activity in the northwestern Gawler Geological Society of London. Craton constrained by Ar-40/Ar-39 London, United Kingdom. 2001. geochronology. Precambrian Research, 151(3-4): 160-184. Hand, M., Dirks, P., Powell, R. and Buick, I.S., 1992. How Well Established Fraser, G., Foudoulis, C., Neumann, N., Is Isobaric Cooling in Proterozoic Sircombe, K., McAvaney, S., Reid., A. Orogenic Belts - an Example from and Szpunar, M., 2008. Foundations of the Arunta Inlier, Central Australia. South Australia discovered. Aus Geo Geology, 20(7): 649-652. News, 92: 10-11. Hand, M., Reid, A. and Jagodzinski, L., 2007. Foster, D.A. and Ehlers, K., 1998. 40Ar- 39 Tectonic Framework and Evolution of Ar thermochronology of the the Gawler Craton, South Australia. southern Gawler Craton, Australia: Economic Geology, 102: 1377-1395. Implications for Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic tectonics of East Hensen, B.J. and Zhou, B., 1995. Retention Gondwana and Rodinia. Journal of of isotopic memory in garnets Geophysical Research, 103(B5): partially broken down during 10177-10193. an overprinting granulite-facies metamorphism: Implications for the Giles, D., Betts, P. and Lister, G., 2004. 1.8- Sm-Nd closure temperature. Geology, 1.5 Ga links between the North and 23(3): 225-228. South Australian Cratons and the Early-Middle Proterozoic configuration Hoek, J.D. and Schaefer, B.F., 1998. of Australia. Tectonophysics, 380: 27- Palaeoproterozoic Kimban mobile 41. belt, Eyre Peninsula; timing and significance of felsic and mafic Goodge, J.W., Fanning, C.M. and Bennett, magmatism and deformation. C.V., 2001. U-Pb evidence of similar Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, to 1.7 Ga crustal tectonism during the 45(2): 305-313. Nimrod Orogeny in the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: implications Holdsworth, R.E., Butler, C.A. and Roberts, for Proterozoic plate reconstructions. A.M., 1997. The recognition of Precambrian Research, 112(3-4): 261- reactivation during continental 288. deformation. Journal of the Geological Society, 154: 73-78.

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Holdsworth, R.E., Hand, M., Miller, J.A. Craton, South Australia, 2005. and Buick, I.S., 2001. Continental Geochronology Series Report Book reactivation and reworking: an 2005-1. South Australia. Department introduction. In: Miller, J.A., of Primary Industries and Resources. Holdsworth, R.E., Buick, I.S. & Hand, Report Book, 2007/21. M. (eds) Continental Reactivation and reworking. Geological Society, Krabbendam, M., 2001. When the Wilson London, Special Publications, 184: 1- Cycle breaks down: How orogens can 12. produce strong lithosphere and inhibit their future reworking. In: Miller, J.A., Holm, O., 2004. New Geochronology of Holdsworth, R.E., Buick, I.S. & Hand, the Mount Woods Inlier and Central M. (eds) Continental reactivation Gawler Gold Province, Gawler and reworking. Geological Society, Craton. 2004 State of Play conference London, Special Publications, 184: 57- Abstracts. Primary Industries and 76. Resources SA: 3. Mawby, J., Hand, M. and Foden, J., 1999. Sm- Hopper, D.J., 2001. Crustal evolution of Nd evidence for high-grade Ordovician Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic rocks in metamorphism in the Arunta the Peak and Denison Rangers, South Block, central Australia. Journal of Australia. Ph.D Thesis, University of Metamorphic Geology, 17(6): 653-668. Queensland, Brisbane, 216 pp. McFarlane, C.R.M., 2005. Palaeoproterozoic Howard, K., Dutch, R., Hand, M., evolution of the Challenger Au Barovich, K.M. and Reid, A., 2008. deposit, South Australia, from Unravelling the Fowler Domain: monazite geochronology. Journal of new geochronological data from Metamorphic Geology, 24(1): 75-87. the western Gawler Craton, South Australia. South Australia. Department McLaren, S. and Sandiford, M., 2001. Long- of Primary Industries and Resources. term thermal consequences of tectonic Report Book, 2008/10. activity at Mount Isa, Australia; implications for polyphase tectonism Howard, K., Reid, A., Hand, M., Barovich, in the Proterozoic. In: J.A. Miller, R.E. K.M. and Belousova, E., 2007. Does Holdsworth, S. Buick Ian and M. Hand the Kalinjala Shear Zone represent (Editors), Continental reactivation a palaeo-suture zone? Implications and reworking. Geological Society of for distrubution of styles of London. London, United Kingdom. Mesoproterozoic mineralisation in the 2001. Gawler Craton. MESA Journal, 43: 6- 11. Molnar, P., 1988. Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics. Nature, Jagodzinski, E., 2005. Compilation of 335: 131-137. SHRIMP U-Pb geochronological data, Olympic Domain, Gawler Mortimer, G.E., Cooper, J.A. and Oliver, R.L., Craton, South Australia, 2001- 1988. The geochemical evolution 2003. Geoscience Australia, Record, of Proterozoic granitoids near Port 2005/20: 197pp. Lincoln in the Gawler orogenic domain of South Australia. In: A.I. Wyborn Jagodzinski, E. et al., 2006. Compilation of Lesley and M.A. Etheridge (Editors), SHRIMP U-Pb data fo rhte Gawler The early to middle Proterozoic of

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Australia. Precambrian Research. 291. Elsevier, Amsterdam, International, pp. 387-406. Payne, J.L., 2008. Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic Evolution of the Gawler Craton, Oliver, R.L. and Fanning, C.M., 1997. Australia: Geochronological, Australia and Antarctica; precise geochemical and isotopic constraints. correlation of Palaeoproterozoic Ph.D Thesis, University of Adelaide, terrains. In: R. C.A (Editor), The Adelaide. Antarctic region; geological evolution and processes; proceedings of the Payne, J.L., Hand, M., Barovich, K.M. VII international symposium on and Wade, B.P., 2008. Temporal Antarctic earth sciences. International constraints on the timing of high- Symposium on Antarctic Earth grade metamorphism in the northern Sciences. Terra Antarctica Publication, Gawler Craton: implications for the Siena, Italy, pp. 163-172. Parker, assembly of the Australian Proterozoic. A.J. and Lemon, N.M., 1982. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Reconstruction of the early Proterozoic 55(5): 623-640. stratigraphy of the Gawler Craton, Pyle, J.M. and Spear, F.S., 2003. Four South Australia. Journal of the generations of accessory-phase Geological Society of Australia, 29(1- growth in low-pressure migmatites 2): 221-238. from SW New Hampshire. American Parker, A.J., Fanning, C.M., Flint, R.B., Mineralogist, 88: 338-351. Martin, A.R. and Rankin, L.R., Rankin, L.R., 1990. Palaeoproterozoic Nuyts 1988. Archean-Early Proterozoic Volcanics of the western Gawler granitoids, metasediments and Craton, South Australia. South mylonites of southern Eyre Peninsula, Australia, Department of Primary South Australia. Specialist Group in Industries and Resources. Report Tectonics and Structural Geology Field Book, 90/60: 17 p. Guide Series No. 2. Geological Society of Australia. Reid, A., Hand, M., Jagodzinski, E., Kelsey, D.E. and Pearson, N., 2008. Parker, A.J., 1993. Palaeoproterozoic. In: J.F. Palaeoproterozoic orogenesis in the Drexel, W.V. Preiss and A.J. Parker southeastern Gawler Craton, South (Editors), The geology of South Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Australia; Volume 1, The Precambrian. Sciences, 55: 449-471. Bulletin 54- Geological Survey of South Australia, pp. 50-105. Rutherford, L., Hand, M. and Mawby, J., 2006. Delamerian-aged metamorphism Parker, A.J. and Fanning, C.M., 1998. in the southern Curnamona Province, Whyalla, South Australia. Primary Australia: implications for the Industries and Resources, South evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Australia: 52p. Olarian Orogeny. Terra Nova, 18(2): Payne, J.L., Barovich, K.M. and Hand, M., 138-146. 2006. Provenance of metasedimentary Schwarz, M., 1999. Definition of the Moody rocks in the northern Gawler Suite, southern Gawler Craton. MESA Craton, Australia: Implications for Journal April, 39-44. Palaeoproterozoic reconstructions. Precambrian Research, 148(3-4): 275- Simmat, R. and Raith, M.M., 2008. U-Th-

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Pb monazite geochronometry of the constraintson the polymetamorphic Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Timing evolution of the granulite-hosted and spatial disposition of poly- Challenger gold deposit: implications metamorphism. Precambrian Research, for the assembly of the northwest 162(1-2): 16-39. Gawler Craton. Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51(1): 1-14. Skirrow, R., Bastrakov, E., Davidson, G., Raymond, O. and Heithersay, P., Tomkins, A.G. and Mavrogenes, J.A., 2002. 2002. The Geological Framework, Mobilisation of gold as a polymetalic Distribution and Controls of Fe-Oxide melt during pelite anatexis at the and Related Alteration, and Cu-Au Challenger deposit, South Australia; a Mineralisation in the Gawler Craton, metamorphosed Archean gold deposit. South Australia: Part 2 : Alteration Economic Geology, 97: 1249-1271. and Mineralisation. In: T. Porter (Editor), Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Tong, L., Wilson, C.J.L. and Vassallo, J.J., Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A 2004. Metamorphic evolution and Global Perspective. PGC Publishing, reworking of the Sleaford Complex Adelaide. metapelites in the southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Australian Swain, G., Hand, M., Teasdale, J., Rutherford, Journal of Earth Sciences, 51: 571-589. L. and Clark, C., 2005a. Age constraints on terrane-scale shear Vassallo, J.J. and Wilson, C.J.L., 2001. zones in the Gawler Craton, southern Structural repetition of the Hutchison Australia. Precambrian Research, 139: Group metasediments, Eyre Peninsula, 164-180. South Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48(2): 331-345. Swain, G., Woodhouse, A., Hand, M., Barovich, K.M., Schwarz, M. and Vassallo, J.J. and Wilson, C.J.L., 2002. Fanning, C.M., 2005b. Provenance Palaeoproterozoic regional-scale and tectonic development of the late non-coaxial deformation; an example Archaean Gawler Craton, Australia; from eastern Eyre Peninsula, South U-Pb zircon, geochemical and Sm-Nd Australia. Journal of Structural isotopic implications. Precambrian Geology, 24(1): 1-24. Research, 141: 106-136. Zeh, A., Millar, I.L. and Horstwood, M.S.A., Teasdale, J., 1997. Methods for 2004. Polymetamorphism in the understanding poorly exposed NE Shackleton Range, Antarctica: terranes: The interpretive geology Constraints from petrology and U- and tectonothermal evolution of the Pb, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr TIMS and in situ western Gawler Craton. PhD Thesis, U-Pb LA-PIMMS dating. Journal of University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 179 Petrology, 45(5): 949-973. pp. Thatcher, W., 1995. Microplate vrs continuum descriptions of active tectonic deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 3885-3894. Tomkins, A.G., Dunlap, W.J. and Mavrogenes, J.A., 2004. Geochronological

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