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Alexander the Great's Tombolos at Tyre and Alexandria, Eastern Mediterranean ⁎ N
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Geomorphology 100 (2008) 377–400 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Alexander the Great's tombolos at Tyre and Alexandria, eastern Mediterranean ⁎ N. Marriner a, , J.P. Goiran b, C. Morhange a a CNRS CEREGE UMR 6635, Université Aix-Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France b CNRS MOM Archéorient UMR 5133, 5/7 rue Raulin, 69365 Lyon cedex 07, France Received 25 July 2007; received in revised form 10 January 2008; accepted 11 January 2008 Available online 2 February 2008 Abstract Tyre and Alexandria's coastlines are today characterised by wave-dominated tombolos, peculiar sand isthmuses that link former islands to the adjacent continent. Paradoxically, despite a long history of inquiry into spit and barrier formation, understanding of the dynamics and sedimentary history of tombolos over the Holocene timescale is poor. At Tyre and Alexandria we demonstrate that these rare coastal features are the heritage of a long history of natural morphodynamic forcing and human impacts. In 332 BC, following a protracted seven-month siege of the city, Alexander the Great's engineers cleverly exploited a shallow sublittoral sand bank to seize the island fortress; Tyre's causeway served as a prototype for Alexandria's Heptastadium built a few months later. We report stratigraphic and geomorphological data from the two sand spits, proposing a chronostratigraphic model of tombolo evolution. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Tombolo; Spit; Tyre; Alexandria; Mediterranean; Holocene 1. Introduction Courtaud, 2000; Browder and McNinch, 2006); (2) establishing a typology of shoreline salients and tombolos (Zenkovich, 1967; The term tombolo is used to define a spit of sand or shingle Sanderson and Eliot, 1996); and (3) modelling the geometrical linking an island to the adjacent coast. -
NATURAL ENGLAND Geomorphological Advice in Respect of Pagham Spit (West Sussex). April 2013
Pagham Spit Advice 2013 NATURAL ENGLAND Geomorphological Advice in respect of Pagham spit (West Sussex). April 2013 Professor Julian Orford Queen’s University, Belfast Pagham Spit Advice 2013 Natural England Advice Request 1) Could the two recycling operations: i) 2010 and ii) 2012-13 have had a detrimental impact on the site’s functioning and its geomorphological interest? 2) What are the best sources for the current sediment recycling proposals? Note two joint operations to be considered: i) HW erosion at western Pagham and ii) re- armouring of the exposed armoured groyne 3) Is the channel likely to close? 4) What are the possible ways in which the spit might develop, both in the short and longer term? Of these, which is the most likely? 5) Is the rock armour the most effective way to protect the properties? 6) Our current view is that the on-going evolution of the Church Norton spit is a key component in the conservation of the geomorphological interest of the SSSI. Are there other elements we should also be concerned about? Glossary Berm: A constructive wave-built beach face feature generally occurring at the swash reach associated with any particular high tide position. Cumulatively over the neap to spring tidal half-cycle, one berm is realized, associated with highest tidal position. On the falling spring- neap cycle, a series of berms may be realized at each successive lower position achieved by the swash-reach of each successive falling tidal level. Cannibalisation: The tendency for a beach system where the longshore sediment supply has reduced or failed, to use the existing beach sediment as a further source for subsequent longshore sediment transport down-drift. -
Whale Shark Rhincodon Typus Populations Along the West Coast of the Gulf of California and Implications for Management
Vol. 18: 115–128, 2012 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online August 16 doi: 10.3354/esr00437 Endang Species Res Whale shark Rhincodon typus populations along the west coast of the Gulf of California and implications for management Dení Ramírez-Macías1,2,*, Abraham Vázquez-Haikin3, Ricardo Vázquez-Juárez1 1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico 2Tiburón Ballena México de Conciencia México, Manatí 4802, Col. Esperanza III, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23090, Mexico 3Asociación de Pesca Deportiva y Ecoturismo de Bahía de los Ángeles, Domicilio conocido Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California 22980, Mexico ABSTRACT: We used photo-identification data collected from 2003 through 2009 to estimate pop- ulation structure, site fidelity, abundance, and movements of this species along the west coast of the Gulf of California to make recommendations for effective conservation and management. Of 251 whale sharks identified from 1784 photographs, 129 sharks were identified in Bahía de Los Ángeles and 125 in Bahía de La Paz. Only juveniles (mostly small) were found in these 2 bays. At Isla Espíritu Santo, we identified adult females; at Gorda Banks we identified 15 pregnant females. High re-sighting rates within and across years provided evidence of site fidelity among juvenile sharks in the 2 bays. Though the juveniles were not permanent residents, they used the areas regularly from year to year. A proportion of the juveniles spent days to a month or more in the coastal waters of the 2 bays before leaving, and periods of over a month outside the study areas before entering the bays again. -
A Scientific Forum on the Gulf of Mexico: the Islands in the Stream Concept
Proceedings: Gulf of Mexico Science Forum A Scientific Forum on the Gulf of Mexico: The Islands in the Stream Concept Proceedings of the Forum: 23 January 2008 Keating Education Center Mote Marine Laboratory Sarasota, Florida Proceedings: Gulf of Mexico Science Forum Table of Contents Forward (Ernest Estevez) .............................................................................................................4 Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................9 Organizing Committee ................................................................................................................9 Welcome and Introduction (Kumar Mahadevan and Daniel J. Basta) .....................................10 Introduction to the Forum (Billy D. Causey)...........................................................................12 Summary of Scientific Forum (John Ogden) ...........................................................................14 Panel 1: The Geological Setting...............................................................................................17 Geologic Underpinnings of the “Islands in the Stream”; West Florida Margin (Albert Hine and Stanley Locker)...............................................17 Shelf Edge of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico (Niall Slowey).............................................22 -
Wide-Angle Seismic Recording from the 2002 Georgia Basin Geohazards
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WIDE-ANGLE SEISMIC RECORDINGS FROM THE 2002 GEORGIA BASIN GEOHAZARDS INITIATIVE, NORTHWESTERN WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA By Thomas M. Brocher1, Thomas L. Pratt2, George D. Spence3, Michael Riedel4, and Roy D. Hyndman4 Open-File Report 03-160 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, M/S 977, Menlo Park, CA 94025 2U.S. Geological Survey, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Univ. Wash., Seattle, WA 98195 3School of Earth and Ocean Sci., Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada 4Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geol. Survey of Canada, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada 2003 ABSTRACT This report describes the acquisition and processing of shallow-crustal wide-angle seismic- reflection and refraction data obtained during a collaborative study in the Georgia Strait, western Washington and southwestern British Columbia. The study, the 2002 Georgia Strait Geohazards Initiative, was conducted in May 2002 by the Pacific Geoscience Centre, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Victoria. The wide-angle recordings were designed to image shallow crustal faults and Cenozoic sedimentary basins crossing the International Border in southern Georgia basin and to add to existing wide-angle recordings there made during the 1998 SHIPS experiment. We recorded, at wide-angle, 800 km of shallow penetration multichannel seismic-reflection profiles acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Tully using an air gun with a volume of 1.967 liters (120 cu. -
TABLE of CONTENTS Page No
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 GEOLOGIC HAZARD AREA DEFINITION ................................................................................................... 2 SEISMIC HAZARD .............................................................................................................................. 2 EROSION HAZARD ............................................................................................................................ 2 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ........................................................................................................................ 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 3 REGIONAL SETTING ................................................................................................................................... 4 GEOLOGIC HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 4 GEOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Emergence (Beach) Deposits ................................................................................................... -
Shoreline Evolution Chesapeake Bay Shoreline City of Norfolk, Virginia
Shoreline Evolution Chesapeake Bay Shoreline City of Norfolk, Virginia Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William & Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 2005 Shoreline Evolution Chesapeake Bay Shoreline City of Norfolk, VA C. Scott Hardaway, Jr. 1 Donna A. Milligan 1 Lyle M. Varnell 2 Christine Wilcox 1 George R. Thomas 1 Travis R. Comer 1 Shoreline Studies Program 1 Department of Physical Sciences and Wetlands Program 2 Center for Coastal Resources Management Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William & Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 2005 This project was funded by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality’s Coastal Resources Management Program through Grant #NA17OZ2355 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies or DEQ. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the City of Norfolk within the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system...................2 Figure 2. Location of localities in the Dune Act with jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional localities noted. ...2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 3. Geological map of the City of Norfolk (from Mixon et al., 1989). ...........................3 Figure 4. Index of shoreline plates.............................................................4 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................. i Figure 5. Variability of dune and beach profiles within the City of Norfolk ............................7 Figure 6. Typical profile of a Chesapeake Bay dune system. ........................................7 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................... i Figure 7. Photo of the Norfolk shoreline showing dune site NF3.. ...................................9 Figure 8. -
The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) Local Area Plan
Part 6 Local Area Plans Division 2 Local Area Plans Chapter 26 The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) 1.0 Intent The purpose of this Local Area Plan (LAP) is to provide for the maintenance of the open space character and environmental significance of The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) and to facilitate and control recreational usage of park reserves. It is intended to consolidate and enhance marine-oriented development, including ancillary tourist and entertainment facilities, and to preserve the predominantly natural aspect of The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour). 2.0 Application 2.1 This LAP applies to all development subject to the Planning Scheme and located within the LAP area, as indicated in The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) LAP Map 26.1 – Boundary. 2.2 The Table of Development indicated in Clause 6.0 identifies the level of assessment for development occurring within this LAP area. 2.3 The codes that may be relevant to the assessment of development in this LAP area are listed in Clause 7.0. 2.4 It should be noted that self assessable development is consistent with the intent and Desired Environmental Outcomes (DEOs) of this LAP, and therefore need only comply with the acceptable solutions of The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) LAP Place Code contained in Clause 8.0 and any other acceptable solutions identified in the relevant codes explicitly referred to in Subclause 7.1. 2.5 The Spit (Gold Coast Harbour) is included within the study area for the Gold Coast City Harbour Study, a joint investigation currently underway between Council and the state government of future land use and development options for the southern Broadwater and its shores. -
Coastal Dynamics 2017 Paper No.222 1278 BYPASS in GROYNE FIELDS: CASE STUDY ALONG the LOBITO SPIT Sten Esbjørn Kristensen1, Ni
Coastal Dynamics 2017 Paper No.222 BYPASS IN GROYNE FIELDS: CASE STUDY ALONG THE LOBITO SPIT Sten Esbjørn Kristensen1, Nils Drønen2, Rolf Deigaard3, Berry Elfrink4 Abstract The Lobito spit, in Angola, is fronted by a groyne field along the entire length of the spit. The groynes were intended to halt the development of the spit, by lowering the littoral drift along the spit. The stability of the spit itself appears however to be threatened because beach sections along the downstream end are narrow, thus suggesting that the supply of sediment from the longshore transport cannot balance offshore losses. Aerial images from 2004 to 2015 show also a gradual filling of downdrift empty groyne compartments. Sediment budgets are formulated to support the two observations, 1) tendency for half-empty groyne compartments in downdrift end and 2) gradual filling of empty groyne compartments. The sediment budgets rely on an empirical expression for the bypass transport in groyne fields, which is based on modelling of 2D shoreline morphology of idealised groyne fields. Keywords: Groyne field, bypass transport, numerical modelling. 1. Introduction Coastal structures constitutes a perturbation to the natural morphological system. By investigating and understanding the natural response to such structures, we can learn much about the natural system and e.g. obtain knowledge about how to develop a morphological design that both reflects the coastal communities’ need for defences against erosion and flooding and is line with the rules of nature. The present study concerns a groyne field located along a sandy spit, where the groyne field has modified the littoral drift conditions and thereby changed the stability of the spit itself. -
A Precious Asset
Gulf St Vincent A PRECIOUS ASSET Gulf St Vincent A PRECIOUS AssET Introduction It is more than 70 years since Since that time, the Gulf has We need these people, and other William Light sailed up the eastern provided safe, reliable transport for members of the Gulf community, side of Gulf St Vincent, looking for most of our produce and material to share their knowledge, to the entrance to a harbour which needs, as well as fresh fish, coastal make all users of the Gulf aware had been reported by the explorer, living, recreation and inspiration. of its value, its benefits and its Captain Collet Barker, and the In return we have muddied its vulnerability. It is time for us all to whaling captain, John Jones. waters with stormwater, effluent learn more about Gulf St Vincent, He found waters calm and clear and industrial wastes, bulldozed to recognise the priceless asset enough to avoid shoals and to its dunes, locked up sand under we have, and to do our utmost to safely anchor through the spring houses and greedily exploited its reverse the trail of destruction we gales blowing from the south-west. marine life. Just reflect a moment have left in the last 00 years. Perhaps even he saw sea eagles on what Adelaide in particular, and The more we know of the Gulf, fishing or nesting in the low trees South Australia as a whole, would its physical nature and marine life, and bushes on the dunes, which be like without Gulf St Vincent, to the more readily we recognise extended along the coast from realise the importance of the Gulf the threats posed by increasing Brighton to the Port River. -
Fishes-Of-The-Salish-Sea-Pp18.Pdf
NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 18 Fishes of the Salish Sea: a compilation and distributional analysis Theodore W. Pietsch James W. Orr September 2015 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce Papers NMFS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientifi c Editor Administrator Richard Langton National Marine Fisheries Service National Marine Northeast Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Service Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Science and Technology Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientifi c Publications Offi ce 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service - The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is published by the Scientifi c Publications Offi ce, National Marine Fisheries Service, The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, fl ora and fauna studies, and data- Seattle, WA 98115. intensive reports on investigations in fi shery science, engineering, and economics. The Secretary of Commerce has Copies of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series are available free in limited determined that the publication of numbers to government agencies, both federal and state. They are also available in this series is necessary in the transac- exchange for other scientifi c and technical publications in the marine sciences. -
On a Neck, on a Spit: Controls on the Shape of Free Spits
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 193–210, 2016 www.earth-surf-dynam.net/4/193/2016/ doi:10.5194/esurf-4-193-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. On a neck, on a spit: controls on the shape of free spits A. D. Ashton1, J. Nienhuis1,2, and K. Ells3 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 3University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA Correspondence to: A. D. Ashton ([email protected]) Received: 8 May 2015 – Published in Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss.: 12 June 2015 Revised: 31 December 2015 – Accepted: 21 January 2016 – Published: 3 February 2016 Abstract. We investigate the controls upon the shape of freely extending spits using a one-contour-line model of shoreline evolution. In contrast to existing frameworks that suggest that spits are oriented in the direction of alongshore sediment transport and that wave refraction around the spit end is the primary cause of recurving, our results suggest that spit shoreline shapes are perhaps best understood as graded features arising from a complex interplay between distinct morphodynamic elements: the headland updrift of the spit, the erosive “neck” (which may be overwashing), and the depositional “hook”. Between the neck and the hook lies a downdrift- migrating “fulcrum point” which tends towards a steady-state trajectory set by the angle of maximum alongshore sediment transport. Model results demonstrate that wave climate characteristics affect spit growth; however, we find that the rate of headland retreat exerts a dominant control on spit shape, orientation, and progradation rate.