The Development of Loran-C Navigation and Timing
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Manual of Avionics by Brian Kendal
Manual of Avionics 11 :q I LNVM 81453 11111111111111111 IIIII IIIII IIII IIII Library © Brian Kendal 1979, 1987, 1993 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Blackwell Science Ltd, ISBN 1-4051-4654-0 Editorial Offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Library of Congress Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Cataloging-in-Publication Data 25 John Street, London WClN 2BL 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ Kendal, Brian 350 Main Street, Malden, Manual of avionics: an introduction to the MA 02148-5020, USA electronics of civil aviation/ Brian Kendal. 54 University Street, Carlton p. cm. Victoria 3053, Australia Includes index. 10, rue Casimir Delavigne ISBN 1-4051-4654-0 75006 Paris, France I. Avionics. I. Title. TL695.K46 1993 Other Editorial Offices: 629.135-dc20 92-28100 CIP Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Kurfiirstendamm 57 For further information on 10707 Berlin, Germany Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Blackwell Science KK MG Kodenmacho Building Licensed for sale in India, Nepal, Bhutan, 7-10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Bangladesh and Sri Lanka only. Sale and Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan purchase of this edition outside these territories is unauthorized by the publishers. The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
Electronic Warfare Fundamentals
ELECTRONIC WARFARE FUNDAMENTALS NOVEMBER 2000 PREFACE Electronic Warfare Fundamentals is a student supplementary text and reference book that provides the foundation for understanding the basic concepts underlying electronic warfare (EW). This text uses a practical building-block approach to facilitate student comprehension of the essential subject matter associated with the combat applications of EW. Since radar and infrared (IR) weapons systems present the greatest threat to air operations on today's battlefield, this text emphasizes radar and IR theory and countermeasures. Although command and control (C2) systems play a vital role in modern warfare, these systems are not a direct threat to the aircrew and hence are not discussed in this book. This text does address the specific types of radar systems most likely to be associated with a modern integrated air defense system (lADS). To introduce the reader to EW, Electronic Warfare Fundamentals begins with a brief history of radar, an overview of radar capabilities, and a brief introduction to the threat systems associated with a typical lADS. The two subsequent chapters introduce the theory and characteristics of radio frequency (RF) energy as it relates to radar operations. These are followed by radar signal characteristics, radar system components, and radar target discrimination capabilities. The book continues with a discussion of antenna types and scans, target tracking, and missile guidance techniques. The next step in the building-block approach is a detailed description of countermeasures designed to defeat radar systems. The text presents the theory and employment considerations for both noise and deception jamming techniques and their impact on radar systems. -
Loran C Cycle Matching Operational Evaluation in North Pacific Area
~Opy 19 Report No. FAA ...RD-75-142 1-= FAA WJH Technical Center 1111\\\ 11\\1 11m 11111 11m 11111 1III1 11111 11111111 00090609 LORAN C CYCLE MATCHING OPERATIONAL EVALUATION IN NORTH PACIFIC AREA Jon R. Hamilton . .. NAFEC :~. LIBRARY DEC 2197~· # . October 1975 Final Report Document is avai lable to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Preparell for u.s. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Systems Research &Development Service Washington, D.C. 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of infor mation exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 1 -=~,....e;.,...~_r~_~.,...~.,...' ~T 'I";~T,iW', 1--:-_' -..,..7_5..,..-_1_4_2 ....'·-O:;;;;-"=;;;;=:--.-- (000'0' No 4. Tit'e and Subtitle 5. Rer,ort Dote Loran C Cycle Matching Operational Evaluation in October 1975 North Pacific Area I-:- ------::-------:::----~--_1 1'-::--:---:--:-:---------------------------- ,g. P .. rio-Ming Orgonlzation Report N.o. 7. Author/ .) Jon R. Hami 1ton P~rfo,mi"g 9. l.Ontlnenta Organitotjpi) I-\lr N.p[e. lneS, and Acld'fu nco In. Wark Unit No. /TRAIS) International Airport 11. Cont'oct or Grant No. Los Angeles, California 90009 DOT -FA75WA-3607 -:-. '--'~"--"----'-'" ._.--------- 1J. 1" yp.. "f Qepc"t 01"1' Period Coy"r.d ~-....,.....-----_._---_._._._----.-_._--.-. __._._.__..._. __ ._---._.._." 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and ~cldr..". Final Department of Transportation I October 1975 Federal Aviation Administration Systems Research and Development Service 14. Spc.nsorinll Agene./ Code Washington, D. -
Radio Communications in the Digital Age
Radio Communications In the Digital Age Volume 1 HF TECHNOLOGY Edition 2 First Edition: September 1996 Second Edition: October 2005 © Harris Corporation 2005 All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-94476 Harris Corporation, RF Communications Division Radio Communications in the Digital Age Volume One: HF Technology, Edition 2 Printed in USA © 10/05 R.O. 10K B1006A All Harris RF Communications products and systems included herein are registered trademarks of the Harris Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS .....................................6 CHAPTER 2 THE IONOSPHERE AND HF RADIO PROPAGATION..........................16 CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS IN AN HF RADIO ..........................................................24 CHAPTER 4 NOISE AND INTERFERENCE............................................................36 CHAPTER 5 HF MODEMS .................................................................................40 CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) TECHNOLOGY...............48 CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL VOICE ..............................................................................55 CHAPTER 8 DATA SYSTEMS .............................................................................59 CHAPTER 9 SECURING COMMUNICATIONS.....................................................71 CHAPTER 10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .....................................................................77 APPENDIX A STANDARDS -
Comparison of Available Methods for Predicting Medium Frequency Sky-Wave Field Strengths
NTIA-Report-80-42 Comparison of Available Methods for Predicting Medium Frequency Sky-Wave Field Strengths Margo PoKempner us, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary Henry Geller, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information June 1980 I j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES iv ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MF FIELD-STRENGTH PREDICTION METHODS 2 3. DISCUSSION OF THE METHODS 4 3.1 Cairo Curves 4 3.2 The FCC Curves 7 3.3 Norton Method 10 3.4 EBU Method 11 3.5 Barghausen Method 12 3.6 Revision of EBU Method for the African LF/MF Broadcasting Conference 12 3.7 Olver Method 12 3.8 Knight Method 13 3.9 The CCIR Geneva 1974 Methods 13 3.10 Wang 1977 Method 15 3.11 The CCIR Kyoto 1978 Method 15 3.12 The Wang 1979 Method 16 4. -
A History of Maritime Radio- Navigation Positioning Systems Used in Poland
THE JOURNAL OF NAVIGATION (2016), 69, 468–480. © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0373463315000879 A History of Maritime Radio- Navigation Positioning Systems used in Poland Cezary Specht, Adam Weintrit and Mariusz Specht (Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland) (E-mail: [email protected]) This paper describes the genesis, the principle of operation and characteristics of selected radio-navigation positioning systems, which in addition to terrestrial methods formed a system of navigational marking constituting the primary method for determining the location in the sea areas of Poland in the years 1948–2000, and sometimes even later. The major ones are: maritime circular radiobeacons (RC), Decca-Navigator System (DNS) and Differential GPS (DGPS), as well as solutions forgotten today: AD-2 and SYLEDIS. In this paper, due to its limited volume, the authors have omitted the description of the solutions used by the Polish Navy (RYM, BRAS, JEMIOŁUSZKA, TSIKADA) and the global or continental systems (TRANSIT, GPS, GLONASS, OMEGA, EGNOS, LORAN, CONSOL) - described widely in world literature. KEYWORDS 1. Radio-Navigation. 2. Positioning systems. 3. Decca-Navigator System (DNS). 4. Maritime circular radiobeacons (RC). 5. AD-2 system. 6. SYLEDIS. 7. Differential GPS (DGPS). Submitted: 21 June 2015. Accepted: 30 October 2015. First published online: 11 January 2016. 1. INTRODUCTION. Navigation is the process of object motion control (Specht, 2007), thus determination of position is its essence. -
Reception of Skywave Signals Near a Coastline
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards-D. Radio Propagation Vol. 67D, No.3, May- June 1963 Reception of Skywave Signals Near a Coastline J. Bach Andersen Contribution from Laboratory of Electromagnetic Theory, The Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (Recei\'ed November 5, 1962) An experimental investigation has been made on t he influence of gt'ou nd inhomoge neities on the reception of skywave sig nals, especiall y t he in fluence of the conductivity contrast ncar a coastline. This gives rise to a r apid decrease in fi eld strength ncar til(' coastline as is "'ell known from g roundwave mixed path theory. Comparison with Lheory is given. Infl uC'llce of dilhts(' reflection from t he ionosplwre is also cOIl :; idereri . 1. Introduction conditions, i. e., a s Lraight boundary lin e, n,lt <l IH1 homogeneo us sectiollS , it was co nsidered worthwhile ;,lany factors influence the radiation 01' reception to measure tbe field in tensity at a n actual reception of skywave signals in the shortw,we ra nge, a nd in site in order to find Lhe deviation s from the simple choosing a proper site for a HF-a ntenna it is impor theory. tant to evaluate the influence of the various factors. lnstead of m eftsuring t he verticlll radiation pat They include th e electrical parameters (the conduc tern aL d iIrerent distances from Lhe coastlin e, the tivity and the p ermi ttiv ity) of the groulld, hills, or fi eld intensity from a distf\nL Lran smitter was m eas clift's a nd other irregularities of the sbape of the ured simultaneo usly at two d ifr erent places. -
Interpretation and Utilization of the Echo
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 1974 673 Sea Backscatter at HF: Interpretation and Utilization of the Echo DONALD E. BARRICK, MEMBER, IEEE, JAMES M. HEADRICK, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE, ROBERT W. BOGLE, DOUGLASS D. CROMBIE AND Abstract-Theories and concepts for utilization of HF sea echo are compared and tested against surface-wave measurements made from San Clemente Island in the Pacific in a joint NRL/ITS/NOAA Although the heights of ocean waves are generally small experiment. The use of first-order sea echo as a reference target for in terms of these radar wavelengths, the scattered echo is calibration of HF over-the-horizon radars is established. Features of the higher order Doppler spectrum can be employed to deduce the nonetheless surprisingly large and readily interpretable in principal parameters of the wave-height directional. spectrum (i.e., terms of its Doppler features. The fact that these heights are sea state); and it is shown that significant wave height can be read small facilitates the analysis of scatter using the perturbation from the spectral records. Finally, it is shown that surface currents approximation. This theory [2] produces an equation which and current (depth) gradients can be inferred from the same Doppler 1) agrees with the scattering mechanism deduced by Crombie sea-echo records. from experimental data; 2) properly predicts the positions of I. INTRODUCTION the dominant Doppler peaks; 3) shows how the dominant echo magnitude is related to the sea wave height; and 4) per mits an explanation of some of the less dominant, more com T WENTY YEARS ago Crombie [1] observed sea echo plex features of the sea echo through retention and use of the with an HF radar, and he correctly deduced the scatter higher order terms in the perturbation analysis. -
First Developments of Electronic Navigation Systems
ARTICLE HOW TELEVISION €˜GHOSTS€™ CONTRIBUTED TO POSITIONING First Developments of Electronic Navigation Systems Before and during the Second World War, there were several developments in electronics that changed the course of hydrographic history. These aircraft bombing systems were what ultimately led from the medium-frequency systems to super-high-frequency navigation systems that characterised navigational control for hydrographic surveying throughout much of the world for the next 50 years. Not by coincidence did they also lead to many advances in distance measurement in geodetic and plane surveying. Oboe, Gee, Decca and Loran were developed by the British for various types of navigation during the war. Oboe was the equivalent of a super-high-frequency range- range system in which a bombing aircraft would follow a pre-set range arc from one station called the ‘cat' and would drop its ordnance when it intersected a second predetermined arc from a second station termed the ‘mouse'. This system was capable of placing bombs within at least 65 metres of the desired target. Gee, Decca and Loran were usually set up so that navigation was accomplished by observing and plotting intersecting hyperbolic lines of position. Accordingly, they had varying accuracies depending on factors such as system frequency, hyperbolic lane expansion, lines-of- position intersection angles and the weather. The US contribution to these navigation methods was a 300MHz line-of-sight system called Shoran (an acronym for short-range navigation). The origins of Shoran can be traced to a serendipitous discovery before the war. Stuart Seeley, an engineer with the Radio Corporation of America, developed a concept for an extremely accurate navigation system based not on work with radar, but with television. -
Maritime Patrol Aviation: 90 Years of Continuing Innovation
J. F. KEANE AND C. A. EASTERLING Maritime Patrol Aviation: 90 Years of Continuing Innovation John F. Keane and CAPT C. Alan Easterling, USN Since its beginnings in 1912, maritime patrol aviation has recognized the importance of long-range, persistent, and armed intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance in sup- port of operations afl oat and ashore. Throughout its history, it has demonstrated the fl ex- ibility to respond to changing threats, environments, and missions. The need for increased range and payload to counter submarine and surface threats would dictate aircraft opera- tional requirements as early as 1917. As maritime patrol transitioned from fl ying boats to land-based aircraft, both its mission set and areas of operation expanded, requiring further developments to accommodate advanced sensor and weapons systems. Tomorrow’s squad- rons will possess capabilities far beyond the imaginations of the early pioneers, but the mis- sion will remain essentially the same—to quench the battle force commander’s increasing demand for over-the-horizon situational awareness. INTRODUCTION In 1942, Rear Admiral J. S. McCain, as Com- plane. With their normal and advance bases strategically mander, Aircraft Scouting Forces, U.S. Fleet, stated the located, surprise contacts between major forces can hardly following: occur. In addition to receiving contact reports on enemy forces in these vital areas the patrol planes, due to their great Information is without doubt the most important service endurance, can shadow and track these forces, keeping the required by a fl eet commander. Accurate, complete and up fl eet commander informed of their every movement.1 to the minute knowledge of the position, strength and move- ment of enemy forces is very diffi cult to obtain under war Although prescient, Rear Admiral McCain was hardly conditions. -
LORAN-A Historic Context
' . Prepared by Alice Coneybeer U.S. Coast Guard, MLCP (se) Coast Guard Island, Bldg. 540 Alameda, CA 94501-5100 Phone 510.437.5804 Fax 510.437.5753 U.S. Coast Guard- Maintenance & Logistics Command Pacific • • • • • • • • • • LORAN-A Historic Context Alaska (District 17) September 1998 ENCLOSURE(2.} ( LORAN-A Context 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS .........•.....................................................•......................•........•..................................•. 1 2. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 2 3. IDSTORY OF LORAN-A STATIONS.............................................................................................................. 2 4. LORAN-A IN ALASKA. ..................................................................................................................................... 3 5. LORAN-A DURING THE COLD WAR IN ALASKA (1945-1989) ............................................................... 4 6. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGffiiLITY EVALUATION .............................................................................. 4 6.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF LORAN-A WITIIIN TilE CONTEXT OF TilE DEVELOPMENT OF AIDS TONAVIGATION ............................................................................................................................... 5 6.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF LORAN-A WITIIIN TilE CONTEXT OF WORLD WAR II IN ALASKA .............. 5 6.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF LORAN-A WITIIIN TilE HISTORIC CONTEXT -
Inventing the Endless Frontier: the Effects of the World War II Research
Inventing the Endless Frontier: The Effects of the World War II Research Effort on Post-war Innovation∗ Daniel P. Gross† Bhaven N. Sampat‡ Harvard Business School and NBER Columbia University and NBER June 2, 2020 first draft: June 2, 2020 Abstract: During World War II, the U.S. government launched an unprecedented effort to mobi- lize science for war: the newly-established Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) entered thousands of R&D contracts with industrial and academic contractors, spending one to two orders of magnitude more than what the government was previously investing in science. In this pa- per, we study the long-run effects of the OSRD-supported research effort on U.S. invention. Using data on all OSRD contracts, we show that these investments had large effects on the direction and location of U.S. invention and high-tech industrial employment, setting in motion agglomeration forces which shaped the technology clusters of the postwar era. Our results demonstrate the effects of a large, mission-driven government R&D program on the growth of domestic technology clusters and long-run technological progress. JEL Classification: H56, N42, N72, O31, O32, O33, O38, R11 Keywords: World War II; Vannevar Bush; OSRD; Mission-oriented R&D; Direction of Innovation; Geography of Innovation; Technology Clusters; U.S. Innovation System ∗We thank Ashish Arora, Pierre Azoulay, Wes Cohen, Jon Gruber, Adam Jaffe, Simon Johnson, Tom Nicholas, Scott Stern, and audiences at the HBS Faculty Research Symposium and the Urban Economics Association meetings (discussant Alex Whalley) for helpful comments. We also thank Hayley Pallan, Greg Saldutte, and Innessa Colaiacovo for outstanding research assistance, and the Harvard Business School Division of Faculty and Research Development and NBER Innovation Policy grant (2016) for financial support.