Manual of Avionics by Brian Kendal

Manual of Avionics 11 :q I LNVM 81453 11111111111111111 IIIII IIIII IIII IIII Library © Brian Kendal 1979, 1987, 1993 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Blackwell Science Ltd, ISBN 1-4051-4654-0 Editorial Offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Library of Congress Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Cataloging-in-Publication Data 25 John Street, London WClN 2BL 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ Kendal, Brian 350 Main Street, Malden, Manual of avionics: an introduction to the MA 02148-5020, USA electronics of civil aviation/ Brian Kendal. 54 University Street, Carlton p. cm. Victoria 3053, Australia Includes index. 10, rue Casimir Delavigne ISBN 1-4051-4654-0 75006 Paris, France I. Avionics. I. Title. TL695.K46 1993 Other Editorial Offices: 629.135-dc20 92-28100 CIP Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Kurfiirstendamm 57 For further information on 10707 Berlin, Germany Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Blackwell Science KK MG Kodenmacho Building Licensed for sale in India, Nepal, Bhutan, 7-10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Bangladesh and Sri Lanka only. Sale and Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan purchase of this edition outside these territories is unauthorized by the publishers. The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published by Granada Publishing Ltd 1979 Second edition published by BSP Professional Books 1987 Reprinted 1989 Third edition published by Blackwell Scientific Publications 1993 Reprinted by Blackwell Science 1999 First Indian Reprint 2006 Set by DP Photosetting, Aylesbury, Bucks Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry Contents Preface vu Acknowledgements IX Section 1 A Brief History 1 1.1 The origins of radio 3 1.2 Towards ILS and VOR 5 1.3 Towards radar 11 1.4 The development of radar in the UK and Germany 18 1.5 The war years 21 Section 2 Air Traffic Management and Operational Facilities 27 2.1 The elements of air traffic management 29 2.2 Operation of an air traffic control centre 34 2.3 Telecommunications organisation on airports 39 Section 3 Radio Telephony Communication 45 3.1 Radio telephony 47 3.2 Direction finding 74 3.3 Siting of direction finders 81 Section 4 Short Range Navigation and Approach Aids 83 4.1 Non-directional beacons and automatic direction finders 85 4.2 VHF omni-range beacons (VOR) 91 4.3 Distance measuring equipment (DME) 101 4.4 Instrument landing system (ILS) 112 4.5 Microwave landing systems (MLS) 122 Section 5 Radar 127 5.1 Primary ground radar 129 5.2 Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) 153 5.3 Radar display 168 5.4 Radar data processing systems 180 Section 6 Hyperbolic Navigation Systems 187 6.1 Decca Navigator 189 6.~2 The Loran systems .12.6 6.3 The Omega system 202 vi CONTENTS Section· 7 Airborne Systems 207 7.1 Inertial navigation 209 7.2 Doppler navigation 223 7.3 R-Nav 230 Section 8 Space Systems 233 8.1 Search and rescue satellites 235 8.2 Geostationary meteorological satellites 238 8.3 Global Positioning Systems 244 8.4 Satellite communication systems 251 Section 9"'Miscellaneous Systems 255" 9.1 Runway visual range assessment 257 9.2 Speech and radar recording sy.stems 269 Appendix l Units of measurement used in telecommunications 277 Appendix 2 Designation of radio emissions 278 Appendix 3 Radio frequency band designation.s 280 Glossary 281 Index 289 Preface Many people express a wish to write a book, but few are offered the opportunity to proceed further. I therefore owe a great debt to my colleague Ronald Hurst for not only suggesting that I shquld put pen to paper but also arranging the necessary introductions which made publication possible. Once afforded such an opportunity, the prospective author must decide for whom the book is intended. Memories of the perusal of technical books over a period of over thirty years give the impression that, in general, such books are written at one of two levels - either in an extremely elementary form or alternatively as a complex mathematical analysis of the subject. I therefore decided to attempt to steer a course somewhere between the two and, in so doing, hopefully produce a volume which could be of both interest and utility to those concerned with the subject of civil aviation telecommun ications and radio aids to navigation. I have included descriptions of many systems which are no longer representative of modern technology. The reason for this is twofold. First, a belief that by knowing the line of development from past to present, it is far easier to comprehend that from present to future. Second, airport systems are built to extremely high standards and are consequently very expensive. It is not surprising, therefore, that in various, less affluent, parts of the world, older equipment is still in operation, meeting the original specifications and still performing an excellent job. The pace of development in the field of aviation electronics ensures that any volume concerned with the subject must be updated at relatively frequent intervals. For example, practical space systems have been developed since the first edition went to press and digital recording systems for both audio and radar have been introduced since the second. Political events also have a- considerable effect. For example, the political changes in what was formerly the Soviet Union have made it possible to describe, in this third edition, the Glonass satellite navigation system, about which little, other than its existence, was known just a few years ago. Undoubtedly, the development of satellite navigation systems using either or both Navstar and Glonass will be the most important feature of the next decade, for not only have they global coverage, but their accuracy is such that they may well render unnecessary many of the CAT 1 landing systems currently used in many parts of the world. Even closer to home, it had been expected that the Decca Navigator system would cease operations in the early 1990s, but political <;Iecisions have ensured that it will be still current at the turn of the century and perhaps for viii PREFACE much longer. For this, l am able to describe a .new generation of Decca Navigator Equipment which is fully compatible with modern navigational computers. Brian Kendal Section 1 A brief history Acknowledgements The wide ranging nature of a book such as this inevitably necessitates description of subjects outside the author's ·personal experience. On these topics one must rely on the generosity and expertise of others .. For this reason I would like to express my grateful thanks to the many organisations, colleagues and friends who so willingly gave me the benefit of their expertise and experience. In this context I should particularly like to mention my friends Harry Cole (of Marconi Radar) and Walter Blanchard, without whose assistance the revision of this book would not have been possible. I should also like to acknowledge the assistance which I have received from the following firms: Aeronautical and General Instruments Ltd; Civil Aviation Authority; Becker Flugfunk; Collins; Decca Navigation Co.; Fernau Electronics; Litton Systems (Canada) Ltd; Marconi Radar Systems Ltd; Marconi Secure Radio Systems Ltd; Park Air Electronics Ltd; Plessey Radar Ltd; Racal Avionics Ltd; S. E. Labs (EMI) Ltd; Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG and Walton Radar Systems Ltd. 1.1 The origins of radio In his book Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, published in 1873, James Clerke Maxwell brought together the known facts concerning light, electricity and magnetism. Developing from his postulation of the electromagnetic theory of light was the prediction that other waves existed which would propagate through space with a velocity equal to that of light. These would be produced whenever oscillatory currents were set up and would obey the classical laws of geometric optics. In 1879 Professor D. E. Hughes of London demonstrated to a group of distinguished scientists that it was possible to transmit signals over several hundred yards without the use of interconnecting wires. His first experiments were conducted in his own home but on later occasions he walked up and down Great Portland Street with a telephone receiver to his ear, hearing signals up to a distance of almost 500 yards from the transmitter. For these demonstrations he used an induction coil for the transmitter and a microphonic joint with a telephone earpiece as a receiver. It is interesting to note that much of Professor Hughes' early apparatus now has a permanent home in the Science Museum in London. Some five years later a Professor Onesti demonstrated that if iron filings were placed in a tube of insulating material between copper electrodes, the application of a fairly high voltage could cause them to cohere, or stick together sufficiently to allow a current to pass. Revolving the tube decohered them. In 1889 Oliver Lodge again demonstrated the same phenomena, this time between two metal spheres, and later manufactured a coherer using a microphonic contact between a watch spring and an aluminium plate. Some two years later Professor Branley verified the previous experiments and also demonstrated that the filings could be made to cohere by an electrical discharge in the vicinity of, but not connected to, the coherer.

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