DOCSLIB.ORG

Stomatal Ontogeny and Phylogeny. I. Monocotyledons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stomatal Ontogeny and Phylogeny. I. Monocotyledons Stomatal ontogeny and phylogeny. I. Monocotyledons G.S. Paliwal Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 1. introduction The study of the cuticle in living and fossil gymnosperms has made it abundantly clear that stomatal and other epidermal characters are often of great value not only in the delimitation of genera but also in distinguishing the fragmentary fossil remains of allied species (see Florin 1931, 1933, 1958). In the early thirties of the present century, two comprehensive works appeared dealing with the systematic valueof these characters in the living and fossil angiosperms. The first by Odell (1932) describes the cuticle in 84 genera of the living angiosperms and the conclusion is reached that of the features of the none epidermal vege- tative of the fossil is for parts living or angiosperms really satisfactory diagnostic work. Contrary to this Edwards (1935) stated that the structural differences in the leaf epidermis do provide a means of distinguishing some closely related taxonomic groups. He, however, argued that as with other features in classi- fication a sum total of the epidermal characters must be taken into account. Since the appearance of these two publications, a considerable body of data absence has accumulated regarding the cuticle. However, in the of any com- prehensive account, it was thought worthwhile to bring together the available information this it under two on aspect. I propose to complete separate articles, the first one will deal with the monocotyledons and the second with the dicoty- ledons. A “stoma” two cells the enclosed In comprises guard surrounding pore. some plants the epidermal cells adjacent to the stoma also become modified in shape, size and contents and are thenknown as subsidiary or accessory cells. Ontogene- tically they may or may not be related to the guard cells. The stoma along with the subsidiary cells, when present, is termed as the “stomatal apparatus” or the “stomatal complex”. led to As stated earlier, Florin’s pioneering work on gymnosperms the appre- ciation of the fundamentalvalue of the epidermal features in interpreting rela- this idea the tionships between major groups of plants. The basis for was opinion held the of divisions to the of by him that sequence leading arrangement cells in the mature stomatal complex is a relatively fixed character in a leaf. Although several recent works tend to suggest that there is much more variation than what Florin had appreciated, his investigations have stimulated a good deal of the and of in subsequent work on morphology ontogeny stomata ferns, gymnosperms and dicotyledons. As regards the monocotyledons the most comprehensive work is that of Stebbins & Khush (1961) who have attached great phylogenetic significance to 654 Acta Bot. Need. 18(5), Oct. 1969 STOMATAL ONTOGENY AND PHYTOGENY I this feature based on two assumptions: (I) that the developmental modes are from and that the and constant, organ to organ within a plant, (2) genera even families exhibit constancy for their possession of a particular complex. A brief of the recent literature, indicates that in several instances, survey however, e.g. & Roy Ananas comosus (Krauss 1948), Oryza sativa (Richharia 1961), Panda- members of the Philydraceae and nus spp. (Tomlinson 1965), (Hamann 1966) still others, the results are at variance with those of Stebbins Khush. The to evaluate and reconsider of the present paper is, therefore, an attempt some this The that deserves main consideration is prevalent ideas on subject. point that these authors appear to have failed to demarcate between observations and inferences and one is unable to understand the bases of comparisons between different families, whether these are purely morphological, or developmental, or both. 2. CLASSIFICATION AND TERMINOLOGY have been made of Although attempts towards classifying the stomata gym- and nosperms dicotyledons (see works of Vesque, 1889; Florin, 1931; Met- and later calfe & Chalk 1950; publications of Metcalfe; Pant 1965; and serious has been Guyot 1966), no thought paid to the proper grouping ofthese or- We know of in which gans in monocotyledons. only the gramineous type stomata cells have two lateral subsidiary along the dumb-bell-shaped guard cells and are characteristic of and Gramineae. so Cyperaceae Morerecently Metcalfe(1961, the term for such which 1962) gave tetracytic stomata are accompanied by 2 cells lateral and 2 polar subsidiary as seen in some members of the Commelina- two terms ceae. However, these are hardly sufficient to demarcate the various encountered the types of stomata among monocotyledons. of the above realization, Stebbins & Khush made of In view (1961) 4 groups the basis of the and the these stomata on number, shape arrangement of subsi- the first in the order there diary cells. In group represented Liliales, are no The second with subsidiary cells. category two or more subsidiary cells sur- rounding the guard cells is found in members of the Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Haemadoraceae, Juncaceae, Pontederiaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae. The have four or more remaining two categories subsidiary cells and are represented in the families Agavaceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Palmae, and Pandanaceae. has Although this attempt helped to remedy the situation to a certain extent, suitable in the absence of any terminology it becomes extremely difficult to imagine any particular type immediately on looking at a given preparation. like the I would, therefore, to propose following classification for the stomata so the familiarwith the far recorded among monocotyledonous plants. Being more native ancient language Sanskrit, I have derived these terms from it (p. 664). 1 I. asahkoshik - (Aperigenous). These stomata are formed by direct 1 = = Sans: ‘A’ First letter of Devnagari Script; used to denote without - sahkoshika Asahkoshik = Without Subsidiary cell. (adj.) subsidiary cells, dwi = two + sahkoshik; = Six = chatur = four + sahkoshik; shat + sahkoshik; bahu Many 4- sahkoshik. Acta 801. Need. 18(5), Oct. 1969 655 G. S. PALIWAL divisions 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) ) of 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)1) 1) 1) (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ No. involved 2(+ K+ 4(+ variable variable 2(+ 6(+ 4(4-4(+l) 4(+l) 6(+ variable 2(+ variable 3(+ 3(+ 3(4- 2 1 1 4 2 6 4 6 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 subsi- ofsubsi- cells more of 2 diary or or No. 2 3-7 2-6 2 0 0 4 2 0 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 Haber (1960) & (1962); (1881);(1881); Jain (1866); Foard (1966) & Haber & 1962) Haber (1961) Campbell (1946); Stebbins (1960) (1960) Strasburger (1959; (1961) (1960); Northcote Khush (1866) (1866); Roy & Jain (1892) Jain (1966) (1937) (1937)(1937) Shah (1881) (unpublished) (unpublished) (unpublished) (1963) (1941); Stebbins & Moreland & & & Stebbins Moreland & (1965) (1948) & (1905); & & & Strasburger Strasburger Benecke & (1961) Picket-Heaps Author/s Stebbins Paliwal Shanks Strasburger Krauss Paliwal Paliwal Hamann Drawert Stebbins Strasburger Stebbins Porsch Tomlinson Porterfield Shah Riccharia Porterfield Flint Stebbins Campbell investigated lancasteri; Narcissus Z. communis sanguinea C. pubescens Monocotyledons. species ajax; aristata vulgaris quadrangularis offlcinarumojflcinarum vittata; sp., sp. vittata; umbellatusumbeiiatus vulgare vulgare and comosus pendulapendida generagenera in sp. edulis discolor saliva pseudonarcissus rosea mays stomata Genera Sagittaria Amaryllis Zephyranthes Z. Pathos Dieffenbachia Ananas Butomus Canna Centrolepis Commelina Rhoeo Tradescantia ZebrinaZebrina Several ArundinariaArundinaria Hordeum Oryza Phyllostachys Saccharum Triticum Pathos ~'* Zea of Ontogeny 1. Alismataceae Amaryllidaceae Araceae Bromeliaceae Butomaceae Cannaccae Centrolepidaceae Commelinaceae Gramineae Table Family 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 656 Acta Bot. Need. 18(5), Oct. 1969 STOMATAL ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY I 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) (+ K+(+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+ (+5(+ (+5(+ variable variable variable 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 more more or or 2-6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 2- (1961) (1953); (1960); (1966) (1866) Khush Biegert Jain (1866) (1866) (1866) (1965) (unpublished) (unpublished) (unpublished) (unpublished) (unpublished) (unpublished) (1968) (1966) (unpublished) & & & & (1965) (1965) (1965) (1870) Kidwai Strasburger Strasburger Strasburger & Strasburger Paliwal StebbinsStebbins Paliwal BanningBiinning Stebbins ShanksShanks Paliwal Paliwal PaliwalPaliwal Shanks Shanks Paliwal Strasburger Inamdar Strasburger PfltzerPfitzer Tomlinson Pant Hamann Pandanus of capense chinensis zeylanica marginata species acorifolia glaberrimus lanuginosum candicans uniflorum graminifolius fasicularis pygmaea cepa barbadensis novoguineensisnovoguineensis Agrostocrinum porrum sativum Chlorophytum Hyacinthus Ornithogallum unnamed Belamcanda Juncus Allium Aloe Galtonia Ipheion Sanseviera Maranta Habenaria Orchis Pandanus Pandanus Helmholtzia Orthothylax Philydrum Philydrella Iris A. A. 4 H. IridaceaeIridaceae Juncaceae Liliaceae Marantaceae Orchidaceae Pandanaceae Philydraceae 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Acta Bot. Need. 18(5), Oct. 1969 657 G. S. PALIWAL division of the meristemoid and are completely devoid of subsidiary cells; e.g. members of the Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Liliaceae and Orchidaceae. In cotyledonary leaves of Oryza sativa a similar situation has been noticed by Richharia & Roy (1961). 2. dwisahkoshik - (Biperigenous). Such stomata are recognized by the of2 to the cells either presence subsidiary cells, placed laterally guard (one on side). The subsidiary cells owe their origin to the adjacent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Global Flower Bulb Industry
    1 The Global Flower Bulb Industry: Production, Utilization, Research Maarten Benschop Hobaho Testcentrum Hillegom, The Netherlands Rina Kamenetsky Department of Ornamental Horticulture Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Marcel Le Nard Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 29260 Ploudaniel, France Hiroshi Okubo Laboratory of Horticultural Science Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan August De Hertogh Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 29565-7609, USA COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL I. INTRODUCTION II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES III. GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD FLOWER BULB INDUSTRY A. Utilization and Development of Expanded Markets Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright Ó 2010 Wiley-Blackwell. 1 2 M. BENSCHOP, R. KAMENETSKY, M. LE NARD, H. OKUBO, AND A. DE HERTOGH B. Introduction of New Crops C. International Conventions IV. MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH A. Plant Breeding and Genetics 1. Breeders’ Right and Variety Registration 2. Hortus Bulborum: A Germplasm Repository 3. Gladiolus 4. Hyacinthus 5. Iris (Bulbous) 6. Lilium 7. Narcissus 8. Tulipa 9. Other Genera B. Physiology 1. Bulb Production 2. Bulb Forcing and the Flowering Process 3. Morpho- and Physiological Aspects of Florogenesis 4. Molecular Aspects of Florogenesis C. Pests, Physiological Disorders, and Plant Growth Regulators 1. General Aspects for Best Management Practices 2. Diseases of Ornamental Geophytes 3. Insects of Ornamental Geophytes 4. Physiological Disorders of Ornamental Geophytes 5. Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) D. Other Research Areas 1. Specialized Facilities and Equipment for Flower Bulbs52 2. Transportation of Flower Bulbs 3. Forcing and Greenhouse Technology V. MAJOR FLOWER BULB ORGANIZATIONS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dyuhei Sato Division of Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo
    ANALYSIS OF THE KARYOTYPES IN YUCCA, A GA VE AND THE RELATED GENERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCEI~ Dyuhei SATo Divisionof Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University McKelvey and Sax (2933) have called attention to the existence of taxonomic and cytological similarities of the genera Yucca, Hesperoyucca, Gleistvucca,Hesperoaloe and Samuela of the Liliaceae with the genera Agave and Fourcroya which belong to a related family, Amaryllidaceae. Wh.itaker (1934) also has reported that Polianhes and Fourcroya have exactly the same chromosome constitution as the Yucca-Abave karyotype (5 long and 25 short chromosomes) (Figs. 1, 2). These observations when considered in respect to taxonomic resemblances, seem to indicate that the genera mentioned above are more closely related than it is shown by their classifica- tion into distinct families. Whitaker also has remarked that Dasylirion (2n=38) and ATolina(2n=36) in Yucceae and Doryanthes (2n=36) in Agavoideae are of different karyotypes from the Yucca-Agave type. In the present work an analysis of the karyotypes in Liliaceous plants has been attempted and several karyotypes have been found in Scilloideae. Eucornis and Carassia have been selected with the purpose of discovering a possible connecting link between these genera and the Yucca-Agave group. In the present paper an analysis of the karyotypes of the following species is given. LILIACEAE Scilloideae 211 Fig. Euconis undulata 60=8L+8M+44S (4b)2) 3 Euconsispallidi ora 60=8L+8M+44S (4b) 4 Eucomispunctata 60=8L±8M+44S (4b) 5 Camassiaescrema 30=6L+24S (2b) 6 Yucceae Yuccafilamentosa 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 1, 7 Yuccarecurvifolia 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 2, 8 Yuccaaloifolia 60=1OL+50S (2b) 9 „ var.
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Helmholtzia Acorifolia F.Muell
    Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online edition Helmholtzia acorifolia F.Muell. Family: Philydraceae Mueller, F.J.H. von (1865) Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 5: 203. Type: Queensland, Rockingham Bay, 1866, J. Dallachy s.n.; lecto: MEL; iso: B, K, M. Fide U. Hamann, Willdenowia Beiheft 4: 155 (1966). Common name: Puckerum; Helmholtzia; Kuranda Stem Stem or rhizome +/- horizontal or slightly ascending but the leaves +/- erect and reaching to a height of 1-2 m. Leaves Leaves arranged in one plane and held like a hand fan. Leaf blades glabrous, sword-like, up to 100- 200 x 4 cm, venation longitudinal and parallel. Leaf blade constricted on one side about 1/4 of the way up from the base to form a 'petiole'. Reticulate veins sinuous, +/- at right angles to the midrib. Flowers Inflorescence up to 30 cm long, bracteoles lanceolate up to 12 mm long. Individual flowers sessile, Flowers. © Barry Jago outer tepals lanceolate, about 8-14 mm long, hairy on the outer surface, inner tepals about 3 mm long. Stamens about 4 mm long, anthers bright yellow, locules about 2 mm long +/- clasping the style. Ovary about 2 mm long, densely hairy on the outer surface. Ovules numerous in each locule. Style about 5 mm long. Fruit Fruit globose, about 5-10 mm diam., 3-lobed, +/- translucent. Seeds about 2 mm long, dark reddish- brown. Seedlings First pair of leaves linear, about 4-10 x 0.5-1 mm, apex acute, base sheathing the stem, glabrous, venation longitudinal and parallel, petiole absent. At the tenth leaf stage: leaf blade produced in one Leaves and Flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Eidothea Hardeniana (Nightcap Oak) September 2004 © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), July 2004
    Approved NSW & National Recovery Plan Eidothea hardeniana (Nightcap Oak) September 2004 © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), July 2004. This work is copyright. However, material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from NSW Department of Environment and Conservation. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 43 Bridge Street (PO Box 1967) Hurstville NSW 2220 Tel: 02 9585 6444 www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au Requests for information or comments regarding the recovery program for the Nightcap Oak are best directed to: The Nightcap Oak Recovery Co-ordinator Threatened Species Unit, North East Branch NSW Department of Environment and Conservation Locked Bag 914 Coffs Harbour NSW 2450 Tel: 02 6651 5946 Cover illustrator: Lesley Elkan © Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney Cover illustration: Adult and juvenile leaves and fruit of Eidothea hardeniana This plan should be cited as follows: NSW Department of Environment and Conservation 2004, Recovery Plan for the Nightcap Oak (Eidothea hardeniana), Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Hurstville. ISBN 0 7313 6781 2 Recovery Plan The Nightcap Oak Draft Recovery Plan The Tumut Grevillea Recovery Plan for the Nightcap Oak (Eidothea hardeniana) Foreword The New South Wales Government established a new environment agency on 24 September 2003, the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), which incorporates the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Responsibility for the preparation of Recovery Plans now rests with this new department.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 49 2006 The volutE ionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales W. John Kress Smithsonian Institution Chelsea D. Specht Smithsonian Institution; University of California, Berkeley Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Kress, W. John and Specht, Chelsea D. (2006) "The vE olutionary and Biogeographic Origin and Diversification of the Tropical Monocot Order Zingiberales," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 49. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/49 Zingiberales MONOCOTS Comparative Biology and Evolution Excluding Poales Aliso 22, pp. 621-632 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden THE EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE TROPICAL MONOCOT ORDER ZINGIBERALES W. JOHN KRESS 1 AND CHELSEA D. SPECHT2 Department of Botany, MRC-166, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA 1Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Zingiberales are a primarily tropical lineage of monocots. The current pantropical distribution of the order suggests an historical Gondwanan distribution, however the evolutionary history of the group has never been analyzed in a temporal context to test if the order is old enough to attribute its current distribution to vicariance mediated by the break-up of the supercontinent. Based on a phylogeny derived from morphological and molecular characters, we develop a hypothesis for the spatial and temporal evolution of Zingiberales using Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis (DIVA) combined with a local molecular clock technique that enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple gene loci with multiple calibration points.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainforest Gully
    Australian National Botanic Gardens Rainforest -surviving the wet and dark Artwork Leife Shallcross Pages 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 20 This material can only be copied for non-commercial education purposes. Produced by Education Australian National Botanic Gardens. Clunies Ross Street, Acton ACT 2601 Ph (02) 6250 9408 fax (02) 6250 9477 [email protected] The Rainforest Gully Contents Page Planning the Excursion 1 Purpose About the Questions Curriculum links Rainforests in Australia 2 Distribution 2 Common Features of Rainforests 3 Layers in the rainforest 3 Tall trees 4 Climbers 4 Epiphytes 4 Special flowers in pollination 5 Buttress roots 5 The Rainforest Gully in the Gardens 6 Shelter 6 Water 6 Plant selection 6 Rainforest of Tasmania 7 Temperate rainforests of South East Australia 7 Mosses 7 Palms 8 Vines 8 Araucarian dry forest 8 Lowland subtropical rainforest 8 Epiphytes 9 Rainforests of Eastern-central Queensland 9 Rainforests of Northern Queensland 9 Some Plants of the Rainforest Gully 10 Coachwood 10 Lilly-pilly 10 Antarctic Beech 10 Hoop Pine 10 Australian Red Cedar 11 Soft Tree Fern 11 Blue Quandong 11 Blackwood 11 Leatherwood 11 Stream Lily 12 King Billy Pine 12 Huon Pine 13 Student Discussion Questions 14 Rainforest Bibliography 16 History of Australia’s Rainforests 17 Pre-visit and post-visit ideas 18 Shapes of rainforest leaves 19 Birds of the rainforest 19 Insects and Spiders 19 Rainforest trees 19 Rainforest animals 20 Creative writing 20 Map of the Rainforest Gully 21 Planning the Excursion We want you to use the Information Resource Notes and example Student Worksheets as resources for planning your excursion.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Emes RESPONSE of Ornithogalum Saundersiae Bak. TO
    ISSN 1644-0692 www.acta.media.pl Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(1) 2016, 123-134 RESPONSE OF Ornithogalum saundersiae BAK. TO SALINITY STRESS Piotr Salachna, Agnieszka Zawadzi ńska, Cezary Podsiadło 1 West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Abstract. Most of the studies on the effects of salinity stress are conducted on ornamental bedding plants and perennials but little is known on flower bulbs response to this stress factor. Ornithogalum saundersiae is an attractive bulbous plant recommended for grow- ing in pots, gardens and green areas. The study conducted in the years 2013–2014 investi- gated the effects of NaCl on the growth, flowering, photosynthetic activity, pigment con- tent, and macro- and micronutrient content in the leaves of O. saundersiae . The plants were grown in pots in a plastic tunnel. NaCl was applied once a week for six weeks at concentration of 100 mM or 200 mM. The salt treatment did not cause chlorosis and did not affect flowering rate and number of inflorescences. The plants exposed to salinity stress had lower fresh weight of leaves, inflorescences and bulbs and their flowering be- gan later than in the control plants. Photosynthesis and transpiration intensity decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in NaCl treated plants was significantly higher than in the control plants. Salinity stress increased the leaf content of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chlorine and reduced the concentration of cal- cium, zinc and iron. Key words: Giant Chincherinchee, NaCl, gas exchange, mineral content, photosynthetic pig- ments INTRODUCTION The issue of salinity stress in the cultivation of ornamental plants is receiving global attention [Niu and Cabrera 2010, Cassaniti et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutgers Home Gardeners School: the Beauty of Bulbs
    The Beauty of Bulbs Bruce Crawford March 17, 2018 Director, Rutgers Gardens Rutgersgardens.rutgers.edu In general, ‘bulbs’, or more properly, geophytes are easy plants to grow, requiring full sun, good drainage and moderately fertile soils. Geophytes are defined as any non-woody plant with an underground storage organ. These storage organs contain carbohydrates, nutrients and water and allow the plant to endure extended periods of time that are not suitable for plant growth. Types of Geophytes include: Bulb – Swollen leaves or leaf stalks, attached at the bottom to a modified stem called a basal plant. The outer layers are modified leaves called scales. Scales contain necessary foods to sustain the bulb during dormancy and early growth. The outermost scales become dry and form a papery covering or tunic. At the center are developed, albeit embryonic flowers, leaves and stem(s). Roots develop from the basal plate. Examples are Tulipia (Tulip), Narcissus (Daffodil), and Allium (Flowering Onion). Corm – A swollen stem that is modified for food storage. Eyes or growing points develop on top of the corm. Roots develop from a basal plate on the bottom of the corm, similar to bulbs. The dried bases of the leaves from an outer layer, also called the tunic. Examples include Crocus and Erythronium (Dog Tooth Violet). Tuber – Also a modified stem, but it lacks a basal plate and a tunic. Roots, shoots and leaves grow from eyes. Examples are Cyclamen, Eranthis (Winter Aconite) and Anemone (Wind Flower). Tuberous Roots – These enlarged storage elements resemble tubers but are swollen roots, not stems. During active growth, they produce a fibrous root system for water and nutrient absorption.
    [Show full text]
  • Peach Myrtle)
    Approved NSW & National Recovery Plan Uromyrtus australis (Peach Myrtle) August 2005 © Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 2005. This work is copyright. However, material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 59-61 Goulbourn Street (PO Box A290) Sydney South NSW 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131 555 (information & publications requests) TTY: (02) 9211 4723 Fax: (02) 9995 5999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au Requests for information or comments regarding the recovery program for the Peach Myrtle (Uromyrtus australis) are best directed to: The Uromyrtus australis Recovery Co-ordinator Threatened Species Unit, North East Branch Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Locked Bag 914 Coffs Harbour NSW 2450 Phone: 02 6651 5946 Cover illustrator: Adam Gill This plan should be cited as follows: Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) 2005, Approved Recovery Plan for the Peach Myrtle (Uromyrtus australis), Department of Environment and Conservation(NSW), Sydney. ISBN 1 74137 387 5 August 2005 DEC 2005/238 Printed on recycled paper Approved Recovery Plan Uromyrtus australis Recovery Plan for the Peach Myrtle (Uromyrtus australis) Foreword The New South Wales Government established a new environment agency on 24 September 2003, the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC), which incorporates the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 27
    Richmond Birdwing Conservation Network Newsletter No 27. September 2013 ISSN 1833-8674 Richmond Birdwing Conservation Network | Newsletter No 27, 2013 | Richmond Birdwing Conservation Network The Richmond Birdwing Conservation Network (RBCN) operates under the umbrella of Wildlife Queensland, publisher of this newsletter. RBCN promotes conservation of the Richmond birdwing butterfly Ornithoptera richmondia, its food plant, Pararistolochia spp. and butterfly habitats. Membership of RBCN is open to anyone interested in the Richmond birdwing butterfly or insects of conservation concern. RBCN encourages liaison between community members, catchment and landcare groups and government authorities. RBCN Committee Richard Bull [email protected] Ian Gynther [email protected] Chris Hosking [email protected] Susan Hollindale [email protected] Catherine Madden [email protected] Phil Moran [email protected] Don Sands (Chair) [email protected] Area Representatives Dale Borgelt (Brisbane Region) [email protected] Richard Bull (Gold Coast-Tamborine) [email protected] Keith McCosh (Scenic Rim) [email protected] Phil Moran (Sunshine Coast) [email protected] Why not receive your newsletter by email? If you have access to the internet, please consider receiving your newsletter in colour by email. saving on printing and postage costs. Email [email protected] to let us know your choice. Newsletter: Ewa Meyer Cover image: Pararistolochia praevenosa Photo © Paul Grimshaw Richmond Birdwing
    [Show full text]