“Hexing Herbs” in Ethnobotanical Perspective: a Historical Review of the Uses of Anticholinergic Solanaceae Plants in Europe
“Hexing Herbs” in Ethnobotanical Perspective: A Historical Review of the Uses of Anticholinergic Solanaceae Plants in Europe KARSTEN FATUR Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Though not the most frequently used botanical family, the Solanaceae or nightshade family has provided many plants of great importance around the world. Throughout Europe, the “hexing herbs,” plants from this family with anticholinergic alkaloids, have played an especially impor- tant role in the history and formation of traditions pertaining to plant use in many aspects of human life. Represented in Europe by the genera Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora,and Scopolia, the alkaloids hyoscyamine/atropine and scopolamine in these plants have allowed them to be used as medicines, poisons, and intoxicants, leading to the creation of a large mythos and extensive cultural valuation. Through a review of the literature, the exact roles that these “hexing herbs” have played in Europe in the past and present are discussed in this paper, ultimately showing the immense importance of these often misunderstood and vilified plants. Key Words: Ethnobotany, Solanaceae, Hexing herbs, Europe, Anticholinergic, Tropane alkaloids. Introduction made them invaluable to humans throughout the ages (Arroo et al. 2007;Boydetal.1984). Used as OVERVIEW inebriants, medicines, poisons, in rituals, and for many cultural inspirations, these plants have played Informally known as the “hexing herbs,” the a crucial role in the shaping of Europe. anticholinergic members of the Solanaceae that are Among these plants, five genera have been long found in Europe likely earned this name through represented in, or are native to, Europe. All are closely association with witches and magic.
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