Manual on Metric Building Drawing Practice Strelka, C
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Manual on Metric Building Drawing Practice Strelka, C. S.; Loshak, L.; Torrance, J. S.
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Manual onMetric Building Drawing Practice
PREPARED BY C.S.STRELKA, L. LOSHAK ANDJ.S.TORRANCE
MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP, SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR METRIC CONVERSION National Research Council of Canada
Conseil national de recherches du Canada
MAN UAL o N MET RIC BUIL DIN G D RAW ING P RAe TIC E
Prepared by
C.S. Strelka, National Research Council of Canada L. Loshak, Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation J.S. Torrance, Department of Public Works, Canada
Members of the Working Group, Subcommittee on Design and Construction, Interdepartmental Committee for Metric Conversion
Special Technical Publication No. 3 of the Division of Building Research
Price: $3.00 Ottawa, April 1976 NRCC 15234 Revised June 1977 The ｾ･ｴｲｩ｣ Commission has granted use of the National Symbol for Metric Conversion PREFACE
The Canadian construction industry is preparing for conversion to the metric system beginning in January 1978. This manual, prepared by the Working Group of the Subcommittee on Design and Construction of the Interdepartmental Committee for Metric Conversion, has been developed to assist in the preparation of proper construction drawings that are so essential to a smooth transition.
This Manual is a basic tool for metric conversion. The first three Parts explain what is involved in this conversion. Part 4 gives a step-by-step procedure for the production of metric drawings; the following Parts will assist, it is hoped, in design decisions and offer help with the actual act of "translating" a design approach to metric.
One of the main responsibilities of the Division of Building Research is to serve the Canadian construction industry. The Division was pleased, therefore, to have one of its members serve on the Working Group responsible for preparing this Manual and to arrange for its pub 1ication.
It is hoped that this Manual will be of assistance to those in the construction industry who are concerned with the conversion to metric. Comments on the Manual will be welcomed.
C.B. Crawford Director Ottawa Division of Building Research April 1976 National Research Council of Canada
(iii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES
In the preparation of this Manual the Working Group consulted many texts, not only Canadian but also those issued by other countries that have recently converted to SI. Although these have not been cited in the text, the authors wish to acknowledge the information gained from the following references:
Metric Conversion in Building and Construction, 1972, Standards Association of Australia.
Metric Data for Building Designers, 1975, Standards Association of Australia.
AJ Metric Handbook, 1969, The Architectural Press, London.
CAN-3-Z234.l-76. Metric Practice Guide.
CAN-3-Z234.2-76, The International System of Units (SI).
CAN-3-A3l.M-75, Series of Standards for Metric Dimensional Co-ordination in Building.
CSA B78.3 (draft) Building Drawings.
CGSB 88-GP-20M, Standard for Scales (Ratios) for Charts, Maps, and Plans in Metric (SI) System.
Metric Monitor and various booklets published by the Metric Commission, Ottawa.
The Working Group also wishes to credit the source of the following tables that are reproduced in this Manual:
Tables Nos. 8.1 to 8.4 and 8.6 to 8.14 from Metric Conversion in Building and Construction, 1972, Standards Association of Australia;
Tables Nos. 6.1 to 6.4 from Metric Data for Building Designers, 1975, Standards Association of Australia.
(iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
PART 2 METRIC CONVERSION 4
PART 3 SI METRIC 6
PART 4 DRAWING PRACTICE 10
PART 5 DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION 51
PART 6 AN1HROPOMETRIC DATA AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION 53
PART 7 EXTERNAL CIRCULATION 65
PART 8 CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLES 69
PART 9 SI UNITS FOR USE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 80
APPENDIX A NAME AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF METRIC 92
CONVERSION COMMITTEES
(v) -1-
PART 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
In the Whi t e Paper on Metric Conversion, released in January 1) ,the Covernment of Canada responded to numerous representations from widely diverse segments of the nation (Canadian Construction Association, Engineering Institute of Canada, Canadian Council of Professional Engineers, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, and Canadian Teachers' Federation to name only a few of the organizations that presented briefs on this matter). All these groups realized the desirability and inevita- bility of Canada's "going metric" in conformity with the world-wide trend exhibited in the 1960's and 70's by which time almost all nations were committed to this international system of weights and measures. General policy, set out in the White Paper, adopted the International System of Units (SI) as the basis for metric conversion in Canada. At the same time the Weights and Measures Act was revised to include the SI units, thus making them legal in Canada.
1. 2 1>lETIUC COMMISS ION
To achieve one orderly change to the metric system of measurement, the Federal Government, by Order in Council in June 1971, established the Ne t r i c Commission to co-ordinate and stimulate metric conversion throughout the nation's economy. The Commission, in turn, established eleven Steering Committees, each responsible for co-ordinating a group of economic sectors wi t.h related interests. A chart of the distribution of the various engineering industries sectors in the Steering Committee is shown on rig. 1.1. From this chart it is obvious that although the building industry as such comes under Steering Committee 5, the complexity of the industry necessitates co-operation with other sectors. The refo re , aside from the regular Sector Committee wo rk in Steering Committee 5, intersectoral links were established to serve the interests of the building industry. To further co-ordination of metric conversion in the public service sector, two other committees were established: an Interdepartmental Committee for Metric Conversion (ICMC) Subcommittee on Design and Construction, and the Intergovernmen• tal Design and Construction Committee on Metric Conversion (IllCC) (provincial level). (Names and addresses of members of Committees concerned with metric conversion in Canada's construction industry are included in Appendix A.)
1.3 M-DAY
By consensus of the representatives of the Canadian construction industry, 1 January 1978 has been selected as "M-Day" for construction. This is the first day of Metric Construction Year -- the year in which the Canadian construction industry will work mainly in the SI system. Following M-day, drawings and specifications will be prepared in metric terms and materials or components that are required in metric sizes will become available.
A timetable bar chart for metric conversion prepared by Sector 5.01, Construction, is shown on Fig. 1.2. DATE ISSUEO ｾｒｃｈ ]1.1977 Metric. Comrrnssion Ccwm1uion du sy.tlme STEERING a SECTOR COMMITTEE STRUCTURE Canada milr""e Conada B' •• RESEARCH & PLANNING DIRECTORATE ｾＧｴＭＢＺｊＢＬｱＮＮ ｾｾ ｾＧｴＭｲＮＮＺＬ＼ＮＮｱＮＮ ':!.-Q;. ｾ＼ＡｊＭＢＧ ... ｾ 1>'" ｾ 1>'" ｾ ｾ SECTOR NO. .,,,. ",,"'" ')ECTOR TiTlE SECTOR NO...... ",,'" SECTOR TITLE SECTOR 110. Ｎ ＬＬ Ｍｴ ｾ ,it-"'-'; SECTOR TITL£ / "l.'v ｾ «: ｾＨＮＺＬ ＯＢｴＺＺＺＧｊｾ ｾＬｾ c:.Q;-- *'-, Ｇ｜ＮｾＢＢ ＪＬＬＧＫｾ <: ＢｴＭｾ / ..,,,<0 q".f ｾＢ ｾ ･ＮＬＬＬｾ ""J<"; q""" I[ STEER 1NG COMMI TTEE # 1 STEERING COMI TTEE # 5 STEERING COMMI TTEE # 7 1.01 8 i C AIR TRANSPORT 5.01 IDE CONSTRUCTION 7.1{)· /, A TEXTILES 1 02 o [' C RAILWAY TRANSPORT 5.02 10 E NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS I CLOTHING 1.03 B C I WATE R TRANSPORT S.OJ 10 E STRUCTURAL & ARCHITECTURAL MUAlS LEATHER (FOOTWEAR I ［［ｾ A 1 .04 B C ROAD 6 URBAN TRANSPORT 5.05 10 E I: REAL ESTATE, LAND SURVEYORS & TOWN PLANNERS 7 'I I ｾ JEWELR' 1.07 B C '" TEOROLOGY 5.06 10 E ROAD OESICJl, CONSTRUCTION & OPERATIONS 7 '/ I ｾ I SPORTING GOODS I. 20 ｾ Ｍｾｌ WOR'ING GROUP ON TARIFFS 7 'J I ,I TO'S II ! BRUSH. BROOM 8. fo(W STEERING COMMITTEE # 2 LUGGAGE & LEATHE R GOODS
2.011 6 B KllOR VEH ICLE & PARTS K'\NUfACTURERS ｾｾｴＭＭＭＭ 61.01 BULK GRAIN HANDLING INDUSTRY STEERING COMMITTEE # 8 /05 6 B TRUC' BOD' & TRAILER MANUFACTURERS 61.02 FEED INDUSTRY I 2.06 6 RAILROAD ROLLING STOC' B 61.0J paULTRY B.IO I: A FORESTRY " .07 6 B SHIPBUILDING & BOATBUILDING 61.04 LIVESTOC' A B.17 UR8AN FORESTR' AR80RICULTURE lOB 14 B HEATING.'ENTlLATlNG.AIR CONO.& FOOD SERVICE EQUIP. 61.05 HaRTlCULTURE B.20 9 A WOOD (INCL. SUB-COMMITTEE) 14 B 2.09 PllJ1tJING & HYORONIC HEATING 61.06 FISHING & FISH PRODUCTS 9 A B.21 SOFT WOOD ｌｕｾｅｒ 2,10 15 B IRON & STEEL MILLS 6 F()tJN[JARIES 61.07 DAIRY FARMERS 9 A B./2 HARWOOD ｌｕｾｅｒ ! FLOORING 15 B 2.11 FASTENERS INDUSTR' 61.0B SEED 9 A B.13 PANEL PRODUCTS 2.21 15 B METAL STAMPING, FORMING. PRESSING. CQATING 61.09 TOBACCO FAR1'ERS 9 A B.24 SASH. OOORS & MILLWORK 1.22 14 ｾ CAN MANUFACTURERS 61.10 TOBACCO PRODUCTS 9 8.25 LAMINATING 2,23 14 B COOKWARE & HOUSEWARES 9 :I ｾＮ 26 PALLETS 2.24 14 B TOOLS & MEASURING DEVICES STEERING COM ITTEE #62 FOOD 9 A 8.27 PRESERVATION 1.25 IS B BUILDERS & HOME HARi)/ARE 9 A B.1B POLES! PILING 2.27 6 B FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT - SMAlL ARMS - Ｔｾｕｎｉｔｉｏｎ 62.02 II F CONFECTIONER' 9 A B.29 SHINGLES MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY ｾ 61.03 12 F MEAT PACKE RS B. JO 9 A FURN I TURE & FI XTURE S 2.JI 6 AGRICULTURAL & CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 62.04 12 F OAIR' PROCESSORS B.4S 9 A PAPER & ALLIED IND. PRINTING & PUBLISHING 2. Jl MACH I NER' & FLUIO POWE R 61.05 12 F FOOD PROCESSORS /.JJ METAL WOR,ING MACHINES - MACHINE SHOPS 61.06 12 F PET FOODS STEERING COMMITTEE # 9 TOOL & DIE SHOPS - CUTTING TOOLS 61.07 11 F 81SCUITS 61.0B 12 F EDIBLE OILS 9.10 2 0 HEAL TH ! wELFARE 62.09 12 F SUGAR 9.21 2 0 AMUSEMENT & RECREAT ION ---- II 62.10 11 F BAKERS 9.21 2 0 ARTS & CULTURE 62.11 1/ F TEA & COFFEE 9.30 5 0 SERVICES TO BUSINESS MANAGEMENT STEERI NG COMMITTEE # 3 61.13 12 F MILLERS 9.40 5 0 ACCO"ffiGATION & FOOD SER"CES 62.21 12 F COLO CEREALS 9.50 2 0 RET AI L. HOME ECONO"I CS & CONSUMERS 3.01 13 ELECTRI CAL MANUFACTURE RS 61.12 12 F HOT CEREALS 9.60 5 0 LABOUR ORGAN I1ATlONS 3.02 13 RADIO, TELEVISION. ｃｏｾｕｎｉｃａｔｬｏｎＬ ELECTRONIC 62.13 12 F SPICES.EXTRACTS ! FOOD COLOURING 9.70 5 0 PERSONAL SERVICES EQUIPMENT & PARTS 61.24 12 F COLD 8EVERAGES,MIXES 6 DR' DESSERT MIXES J .03 1] C AI RCRAFT & AI RCRAFT PARTS MANUFACTURERS 62.2S 12 F CHOCOLATE DRINKS & COCOA POWDER STEERI NG COMMITTEE # 10 3.04 13 F BUSINESS MACHINES. SCiENTIFIC 6 PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMEN 62.26 12 F PASTA PRODUCTS 3.05 lJ C COMMUNiCATIONS 62./7 12 F BAKING MI XES 10.01 7 A ELEMENTAR' 6 SECONDAR, SCHOOLS 3.06 11 C HECTRIC POWER 62.28 12 F SNAC' FOODS 10.03 7 A POST SECONOAR' NON-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 3.07 16 E RUBBE R PRODUCTS 62.29 11 F RICE 10.04 7 A UNIVERSITIES! COLLEGES 3.0B 16 E CHEMiCALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 62.50 12 F WORKING GROUP ON PACKAGING 3.09 16 E PLASTICS INDUSTRY 3.10 14 F WOR,ING GROUP ON SCALES IN THE RETAIL FOOD INOUSTR'
SECTOR STRUCTURE APPROVED 8Y THE "'TRIC COMMISSION SEPT.15, 1976 STEERING COMMITTEE # Y REV.OEC.1S/1976
4.01 J MINES ASSICJl"lNTS OF SECTORS 4.02 3 E PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS INDUSTR' & SERVICES STEERING CONMITTEE # 63 - BEVERAGES 4.0J 3 E PETROLEUM REFINERIES. WHOLESALERS 6 GASOLINE TO SECTOR PLAN MANAGERS TO PLANN I NG MANAGERS SERVICE STATIONS 63.01 12 F DISTILLED SPIRITS I- ALPERS P. 9 - EARLE J. A- 8ERRY J. 4.04 JE NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION & TRANSPORT 63.02 11 F 8REWERIES ｾ 2 - BENNETT J. 10 FRIEDMAN I. B - 80lSVERT C. 4.05 3 E NON-FERROUS METALS 63.03 12 F SOFT DRINKS ROCKBURN( C.A. 11 - N. 3 • rANAPATHY C- DREYER B. 6J.04 12 F WINE 4 - CRAIG B. 12 - GULAS G.M. o - ECCLESTONE G. ｾＮｾ 12 F LIQUOR ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｾｓ 5 - OEACHMAH R.J. 13 - SWAIN G. E- SPARKES E. 63.06 12 F MINERAL ｗａｔｅｾ PRODUCERS 6 - MANSOUR [. 14 - WASSINK 8. F- TALWAAR K. 63.07 II F FRUIT JUICE INDUSTRY 7 - OESBARATS G. IS - 8RIGHT R. ｾＮｾ 12 F CIDER R _ nnw H ,. - TROTTIER THIS TABLE IS BEING UP[JATED EVER' TWO /1JNTHS AS NECESSAR' FIG. 1.1 ORGANIZATION CHART OF STEERING COMMITTEES, METRIC COMMISSION, CANADA BAR CHART SECTOR 5.01 CONSTRUCTION
'T1 ...... LEGEND 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 6. KEY EvE'll ON CRITICAL PATH C1 MAJOR ACTIVITY AREAS ｟＼ＧｔＢｔＢｾＢｗ MIAIM M O KEY [V['H WITH FlOAT ＮＮＭＭＭＭＭＭｦｾﾣｾｾ J'FIMIAIMI JI JIAlslolNIDIJ IFIMIAIMI JIJ IAI SlolNIDIJ IF1 JI SIINIIJj'MIIM' JI Is! 'N! IJI 1 ... !.IM IJ Ilsjl.,Ni.IJIIMIIMIIJ1 I 'ISI1INI ...... 1J A 0 ° FI AJ AI 101 10 iFI jA JA 0 ° Fi AJ A, 0 D EARLIEST EARLIEST LATEST KEY EVENTS START FINISH FINISH N I I I MEASUREMENT UNITS mmmMJlll' 1, CONSENSUS ON UNITS & RATrDS -3 I r m, ...... , 2, STANDARDS CONVERSION PRIORITIES ESTABLISHED 3:: I rn I 3, 1ST PR:ORITY STANDARDS PUB_ISHED -3 STANDARDS ):> Ih 1/3'1 114\ S\J III 1.., 2ND PRIORITY STANDARDS PUBLISHED OJ I 3RD PRJOfUTY STANDARDS PUBLISHED r• I rn ; I i 5, :977 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE & METRIC SUPPLEMENT PUBLISHED 'T1 LEGISLATION a REGULATIONS 7, REVISE.D FEDERAL PROVINCIAL 8. MUNICIPAL LEGISLATION lW I o i II VI ENACTED :;0 I Ｄｉｾ 8. 1979 NATIDNAL BUILDING CDOE PUBLISHED IN METRIC I 3:: ｣ｾＮ START PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR METRIC CONSTRUCTION rn 1 I 10, START U"DATE OF ｄｒａｾｉｎｇｓ FOR METRIC CONSTRUCTION -3 DESIGN ENGINEERING :;0 a I" 11I111 ｾ 11, INITIAL METRIC TENDERING DOCUMENTS COMPLETED ...... ｾ II 11.6J i I o --I- 12 INf riAL MeRIC CONSTRUCTION TENDERED (M-DAY) , I 0"J o I , 13. START ON-SITE METRIC CONSTRUCTION o PRODUCTION PROCESSES I I I I I IIII II II I z I I I ｾ ｾ 14. ALL CONSTRUCTION SUBSTANTIA ...LY MEnnc < I tTl ! :;0 Ul ...... ｉｾﾷＮﾷＧＬｉ 15. START ACQUISITION OF METRiC DRAFTING EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT II IG. START ACQUIS[T:ON OF METRIC ON-SITE MEASURING o 15 11 I I I EQUI PMENT z I ...... Z II - START OBTAINING METRIC PRODUCT LITERATURE ｾＢＢ I 17, MATERIALS a SUPPLIES o 18, Ｂｾｅｔｒｉｃ MATERIALS & COMPONENTS AVAILABLE UlO 1?- IAI II c:::Z I ｾ II I OJUl ,--<-3 I II tTl:;o I II I Ii Oc::: BUSINESS SYSTEMS I ••• 19, DATA PREPARED FOR METRIC ESTIMATING -30 ｾ -3 II -3 ...... 20. ｓｔａｾｮ TRAINING PROFESSIONAL DESIGNERS & CONSULTANT 00 I Z 21. START TRAINING TECHNICIANS & TECHNOLOGISTS TRAINING ｾ ...... 21 2,3 22, START TRAINING ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｖｾ PERSONNEL r$ iii KeTOI' PLAN MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION ORIG OATE AUG ＱＵＱＱｾ ISSUE 9 JIME IlSIre -4- PART 2. METRIC CONVERSION 2.1 GENERAL The actual act of metric conversion can take two basic forms: "soft conversion" defined as "a change of measurement language to SI units, which may include physical changes not exceeding those permitted by former measurement tolerances," and "hard conversion" defined as "a change of measurement language to SI units, which necessitates physical changes outside those permitted by former measurement tolerances." 2.2 SOFT CONVERSION In "soft conversion" the actual dimensions of a product (or, for example, of a set-back distance, floor area, etc.) are not changed but are only expressed in appropriate SI units. (i\ecessary conversion factors are in Part 8 of this Manual.) Inevitably in most ｰｲ｡｣ｴｩｾ｡ｬ cases, when a workable number is required a certain rounding off of the calculated figure will be involved. Here commonsense, practice and technical knowledge will come into play. The intention is to convey the degree of precision implicit in the original dimension, therefore a decision on the appropriate number of digits to be retained is necessary prior to rounding off the result of calculation. As an example let us assume that by exact calculation using conversion factors from Part 8 the resulting figure has more digits than required. Then the procedure is as follows: a) when the first digit discarded is less than five, the last digit retained should not be changed, e.g., 7.151 426 rounded to 4 digits -- 7.151; b) when the first digit discarded is greater than five, or if it is a five followed by at least one digit other than zero, the last digit retained should be increased by one unit, e.g., 3.416 72 rounded to 4 digits ."i.4l7 2.213 501 rounded to 4 digits 2.214 ; c) when the first digit discarded is five, followed only by zero, the last digit retained should be increased by one if it is odd, but no adjustment made if it is an even number, e.g., 2.35 rounded to 2 digits 2.4 2.45 rounded to 2 digits 2.4 It must again be stressed that the most accurate equivalents in conversion are obtained by multiplying the quantity to be converted by the conversion factor given in the Tables in Part 8, ｡ｮｾ then, and only then, rounding the product. If the equivalent is obtained by first rounding the conversion factor to the same number of significant digits as in the quantity being converted, the calculation will most probably not be accurate. - 5- 2.3 HARD CONVERSION With very few exceptions, hard conversion to metric, as defined, involves a physical change (as may happen in the case of products originally manufactured to metric dimensions and up to now described in imperial units of measurement only for convenience). As far as manufactured goods are concerned, the change to metric dimensions offers in many instances an opportunity to rationalize product lines. For the construction indistry this may lead to dimensional standardization of units and components. Advantages of this spin-off of metric conversion are numerous and can only improve the economy of the industry. These changes of course will not occur by a mere \,i:>'J or by an isolated decision. Canadian standards-writing organizations, e.g., CSA and CGSB, are at present involved in the standards conversion program. Many standards written ir. 51 units will be ｰｲ･ｲｾｲ･､ before M-[)ay; the rest will be converted as quickly as possible and as required. It is expected that various professional organizations and industrial sectors will make available design tools specifically for their field o f work. (111is Manual is but one example.) The Intergovernmental Committee on Design and Construction has begun to issue bulletins indicating preferred dimensions of b ui lding conponents. 2.4 METRIC CONVERSION OF TIlE 1977 EDITION OF THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE The next (7th) edition of the National Building Code will be published in July 1977. It will be issued as an all-imperial Code accompanied by a pamphlet giving either hard or soft metric conversions depending on available standards and product information. Thi s pamphlet will be in tabular form. In addition, Metric Product Bulletins will be published at intervals to accommodate subsequent introduction of metric products. Other documents associated wi th the 1977 Code will be changed to metric by the use of supplementary metric pamphlets where appropriate. - 6- PART 3. SI METRIC 3.1 GENERAL The International System of Units (SI) represents a coherent system usable for measurement of all physical quantities in present-day technology. Seven base units are used together with two supplementary units and a series of prefixes denoting decimal mul tiples or submul tiples. Definitions and symbols of the complete system are given in National Standards CAN 3-Z.234.2-76, the International System of Units (SI) and CAN 3-Z.234.l-76, Metric Practice Guide. Recommended applications of multiples and submultiples, conversion factors relating SI and imperial systems and a table of "working units" applicable to various sectors of design and construction are shown in Part 9 of this Manual. 3.2 RULES FOR WRITING SI UNITS ｦｵｾｄ SYMBOLS One of the main advantages of the SI is that there is a unique symbol for each unit. Throughout this text, the word "symbol" is used to refer to the signs used to represent the various un i t s , for that is what they are: symbols, not abbreviations; and they remain the same in all languages. The word "syrm 01 ," not "abbreviation," should always be used. This makes fo r greater c l arity and reduces the chance 0 ferro r. The following are the basic rules for the use of these symbols. 3.2.1 Symbols are always printed in upright (roman) type. When according to ISO Standard 1000, "SI Units," the symbol for the litre, a lower case 1 (ell), is used without a prefix, it may be confused with the figure 1 (one). Canadian practice until now, there• fore, has been to use the script ell (Q,), as shown in several places in this Manual. It should be noted, however, that the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide has recently recommended that a capital ell (L) be used as the symbol for litre in all applications. (This decision has recently also been taken by standards-writing organizations in the U.S.A.) . 3.2.2 Symbols do not change in the plural: e.g., 1 kg, 45 kg (not 45 kgs). 3.2.3 A full stop after a symbol is not used, except when the symbol occurs at the end of a sentence. 3.2.4 When symbols consist of letters, there is always a full space between the quantity and the syntiol s : e.g., 45 kg (not 45kg). !lowever, when the first character of a symbol is not a letter, no space is left: e.g., 32°C (not 32°C or 32° C), and 45°12'45" (not 42 ° 12 ' 45 "). 3.2.5 Symbols are written in lower case, except when the unit is derived from a proper name. Examples: m for metre, s for second; but A for ampere, Wb for weber, N for newton, W for watt. Prefixes are printed in upright type without spacing between the prefix and the unit symbol: e.g., km is the symbol for kilometre. 3.2.6 When associated with a number, symbols for SI units should always be used and unit names not written out, e.g., 16 mm 2 and not 16 square millimetres; however, when no number is inVOlved, the unit should be spelled out in full. Abbreviations such as "sq.mm" are not acceptable. 3.2.7 Where a decimal fraction of a unit is used, a zero should always be placed before the decimal marker: e.g., 0.45 kg (not .45 kg). This practice draws attention to the decimal marker, and helps avoid errors of scale. - 7- 3.2.8 Beware of the confusion which may arise wi th the word "tonne" (1000 kg). When this occurs in French text of Canadian origin, the meaning may be a "ton of 2000 pounds". 3.2.9 Names and symbols should not he mixed, e.g., N·m or newton metre but NOT N metre or newton m. Note that a multiplier dot is used between symbols in a compound unit but no dot is required whe n that unit is written out, e.g., W/(m2.oC) is written as "watt per square metre degree Cels ius." 3.2.10 Compound units formed by division employ an ohlique stroke (solidus) when symbols are used, e.g., km/h, not kph or km per hr. When the un i ts are written out, the word "per" is used, e.g., ki lonewtons per square metre NOT kilonewtons/square metre. 3.2.11 In text, a symbol should not he used to start a sentence. 3.3 RULES !-'OR WRITlNG NLJ1vlBERS 3.3.1 The decimal marker is independent of any language or system of units. Both the point and the comma are widely used throughout the world as the decimal marker. In Canada and the United States the decimal marker is the point. The comma may be used, however, depending on industrial, commercial or regional requirements. 3.3.2 To facilitate the reading of long numbers, the digits are commonly separated into groups of three, counted from the decimal marker to the left and right, e.g., 32 453.246 072 5. To avoid confusion with the decimal marker, the separator should be a space, not a comma, period, or any other mark. TIle space is optional wi th a 4-digi t number, i.e., 1 234 or 1234. TABLE 3.1 SI BASE UNITS Physical Quantity Unit Symbol length metre m mass kilogram kg time* second s electric current* ampere A thermodynamic temperature kelvin K luminous intensity* candela cd amount of substancet mole mol * Three of these units (the second, ampere and candela) are already in use with the imperial system. t The mole, which has recently been added to sr, will have no application in the building construction industry. - 8- TABLE 3.2 SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS Physical Quantity Unit Symbol plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr TABLE 3.3 DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES Physical Quantity Unit Symbol Derivation frequency hertz Hz s-l force newton N kg.m/s2 pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2 work, energy, quantity of heat JOUle J N'm power watt W -l/s electric charge coulomb C A· s electric potential volt V W/A electric capacitance farad F C/Y electric resistance ohm ｾ Y/A electric conductance siemens S ｾＭＱ magnetic flux weber Wb Y's magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m 2 inductance henry H V·s/A temperature (for temperature clegree interval 1°C lK) Celsius °c K-273.1S luminous flux lumen 1m cd'sr illumination lux Ix Im/m2 -9- TABLE 3.4 SI DERIVED UNITS (expressed in terms of other units and base units) Physical Quantity Unit Symbol area square metre m2 volume cubic metre m3 density kilogram per cubic metre kg/m 3 velocity metre per second m/s angular velocity radian per second rad/s acceleration metre per second squared m/s 2 angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s 2 volume rate of flow cubic metre per second m3/s moment of inertia kilogram metre squared kg om2 moment of force newton metre Nom surface tension newton per metre N/m dynamic viscosity pascal second Paos kinematic viscosity metre squared per second m2/s calorific value joule per cubic metre J/m3 intensity of heat flow watt per square metre W/m 2 thermal conductivity watt per metre kelvin W/ (m- K) electric field strength volt per metre Vim magnetic field strength ampere per metre A/m luminance candela per square metre cd/m 2 TABLE 3.5 PREFERRED MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES Prefix Symbol Factor Magnitude exa E 1018 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 peta P 10 15 1 000 000 000 000 000 tera T 10 12 1 000 000 000 000 giga G 109 1 000 000 000 mega M 106 1 000 000 kilo k 10 3 1 000 milli m 10- 3 0.001 micro u 10-6 0.000 001 nano n 10-9 0.000 000 001 pico P 10- 12 0.000 000 000 001 femto f 10- 1 5 0.000 000 000 000 001 atto a 10-18 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 -10- PART 4. DRAWING PRACTICE 4.1 DRAWING PAPER SIZES In the absence of a Canadian national standard for drawing paper sizes, it is recommended that the ISO 'A' series, as described in CGSB 9-GP-IOO, be adopted. 4. 1. 1 Basic PrincipLee The 'A' series of paper sizes is a rationally designed system based on a sheet having an area of 1 m2 (841 x 1189 mm) from which all other sizes are derived by successively dividing it into two equal parts parallel to the shorter side (Figure 4.1). Consequently, the ratio of the areas of any two successive sheets is 2:1 and the ratio between the short side x and the long side y, of any sheet, is 1:/2, i.e., the ratio between a side and the diagonal of a square (Figure 4.1). 841 mm c-r------.....,"I - ...... , ...... AI " 1189 -----r----- mm I y : A3 I 1, A2 L_ : : A5 I A4 t--r I ｉａＶｾ '-- L...- ...J...._...... L.....I ___J ｾＧＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ x ..I FIG. 4.1 SHEET SIZES 4.1.2 150 Series 'A' Trimmed sheet sizes are designated in Table 4.1 by 'A' followed by a number indicating the number of divisions that have been made. For example, sheet size A4 is produced from the basic AO sheet by four successive divisions. Sizes larger than AO may be designated by a prefix. Size 2AO is a sheet 1189 x 1682 rom and size 4AO is a sheet 1682 x 2378 mm. 4.1.3 Tolerances The tolerances on the above dimensions will vary depending on the sheet size and the end usc. Unless otherwise specified in the product standards, the following tolerances shall apply: Sizes AO to A3 -0; +2 mm Sizes A4 to AIO -0; +1 mm -11- TABLE 4.1 ISO SERIES 'A' PAPER SIZES Designation Dimensions, mm AO 841 x 1189 Al 594 x 841 A2 420 x 594 A3 297 x 420 A4 210 x 297 AS 148 x 210 A6 105 x 148 A7 74 x 105 A8 52 x 74 A9 37 x 52 AI0 26 x 37 TABLE 4.2 DIMENSIONS OF OVERSIZE SHEETS Designation Ordering Cut Sheet Dimensions, mm Purposes Only Standard RAO AO 860 x 1220 RAI Al 610 x 860 RA2 A2 430 x 610 RA3 A3 305 x 430 RA4 A4 215 x 305 Note: Until a final decision or standard sheet sizes in Canada is taken by the appropriate CGSB Standard Committee drawing sheets in inch sizes can be used. 4. 1 . 4 Overe i.se Drcaainq Sheets To provide added protection or to permit edge binding and subsequent print trimming to regular sizes, the over-all paper sizes listed in Table 4.2 are recommended. 4.1.5 Supplementary Size B1 For drawing offices that cannot conveniently accommodate the ISO-AO size drawing sheet, but require a size larger than AI, an intermediate sheet size ISO-Bl (707 mm x 1000 mm) is recommended as an interim measure. -12- 4.2 LAYOUT AND IDENTIPICATION OF DRAWING SHEETS 4.2.1 General: All drawing sheets require certain basic information, such as title and scale, but additional information is generally desirable. The use of preprinted sheets enables inclusion of information which would be uneconomical if done hy hand. Sheets may be preprinted for general use or for a particular project. Every sheet should include the following: a) Border lines b) Binding margin c) Title block d) Information panel. Sheets may also contain: e) Sheet grid reference systems =) Camera alignment marks for microfilming g) Marks to facilitate folding. 4 . 2 . 2 Borders All drawing sheets should have a border on all four edges, that on the left-hand side being substantially wider than the others to provide a binding margin. When borders are not provided, there is a risk of information being lost should the printing paper slip or be carelessly trimmed, or the print damaged in use. Recommended border widths are shown in Table 4.3. TABLE 4.3 DIMENSIONS OF DRAWING FRA}!E: WITH BINDING MARGIN NOIllinal Width of Borders IllIll Drawing Dimensions of Sheet Size On Top Rectangular Designation and On On Drawing Frame, mm Bottom LHS RHS AO 20 40 16 801 x 1133 Al 14 28 12 566 x 801 A2 10 20 8 400 x 566 A3 7 20 6 283 x 394 A4 7 20 6 283 x 184 NOTE: Binding margin on A4 sheets IS on a long edge, on other sheets it is on a short edge. -13- 4.2.3 Print Trimnr:ng Line Where ISO-RA series (oversize) drawing sheets are used, a method of indicating the trimming line should be marked on the sheets. This may be by means of broken lines forming a frame, dimensioned to the cut sheet dimensions of regular size sheets specified in Table 4.1, or by other suitable methods of indication. 4.3 MICROfILMING 4.3.1 Relationship of Microfilm and Paper Sizes The TSO-A series drawing sheets ｾｲ･ particularly well suited to reduction on a 35-mm microfilm. Their aspect ratio is 1:/2 throughout the range; this is also the aspf'ct ratio of the microfilm frame. A selection of print sizes on A series standard sensitized sheets can be obtained by employing uniformly related reduction and enlargement ratios. For example, a plan produced at 1:100 on an A2 sheet can be reproduced as 1:50 on Al or 1:200 on A3 size. Where required, camera alignment marks should be provided at the centre of each of the four sides of the drawing sheet. Marks should be in the form of an outline arrowhead pointing outwards and should be placed outside the drawing frame. 4.3.3 Graphic Scale Drawings prepared for microfilming should contain means of determining the original size. This should be achieved preferably by indicating the drawing frame dimensions. These may be shown outside the drawing frame near a corner. In addition, a graduated line 300 rum long should be shown in a suitable location representing the scale of the drawing for use when a microfilm printout to a different sheet size is required. 4.4 SHEET SIZE DESIGNATION The sheet size designation number should be indicated on the drawing, preferably in the left-hand bottom corner outside the drawing frame. 4.5 ORIENTATION OF PLANS A North point should be shown on every location plan, adjacent to the title panel. Whenever practicable all plans for a particular project should be drawn with the same orientation on the drawing sheet. The North point should preferably face the top of the drawing sheet. 4.6 KEY DIAGRAMS Where a particular plan occupies more than one sheet, a key diagram may be included to relate graphically the particular block to the over-all design. This key, with the appropriate part hatched or blacked in, should be located in or adjacent to the information panel on each relevant drawing sheet. -14- Sheet size Fold lines Intermediate Final /\ ＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭｔＭＭＭ + ,I /\ I , \ ', " 1) I I <, ＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭ｟Ｎ｟ｾＬＭＭＭＭ｟Ｎ ) I / / ,/ -+ ------.----...... AO ------> -- --- ,\ / '. ' I ｜ｾ｜ ,I r-- . t _ 84,1 X 1189 V I I i I \ /\, r-, I ｾ \ I ｾＭＭ >' ---...,.....--- _. I I A1 I I ｅＺＺＭｾ ｬｾ ｾ 594 X 841 I L= AlAi I I --- --1-----1 / / A2 f\. 420 X 594 ) A2 -----+-----...... 420 X 594 v ｴＭＭＭＭＭＭｴＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ｟｟｟｟｟ｴ｟ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ｟｟Ｋ｟ＭＭＭ｟｟｟｟ｉ A3 297 X 420 FIG. 4.2 SIMPLE FOLDING OF SHEETS -15- Sheet size Fold lines Intermediate Final 1 I I / I I I 1 1 I +-J- +- +- -+ - - ,- -+ --- +--- +- -- IIII I II f I I I I I 1 r- 1 I I 1 I I 0' I 1 I I IN I 1 III 1 ---+-+--t-- - +--- -l-----t-----l---t I I: I I I I 1 I AO I 1 I 6: I III NI 1 x 118 III --.1 iｾ 210 I = I = ! 190 ｾＮＮ II 190 ..,...--.,.----.....,I 190 : 190 I I '> II / / 1 I I / II /\ I / II ./'\ /-; \ /I I I - -- +- - -t r- -;-- -- -T-----I-i III A1 I 1 1 (J;) III III 594 x 841 1 I I _.--1. ｾ = .j. =.1. 190 .L ＬｾＹｑＬＮＱ 105 1 r- I I) I I I' 1 I ( 1 I .I I I /II ｾ -+- / I A2 I , I 7 1 I A2 420 x 594 A3 f.:n1 297 x 420 UM-.J Ｒｾｾ FIG. 4.3 FOLDING OF SHEETS FOR FILING -16- 4.7 ｄｾ｜ｗｉｾｇ SHEET REFERENCE Drawings may be classified according to the source of production, e.g., architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical. Drawings within these categories should then be numbered sequentially. 4.8 FOLD LINES Fold lines should be indicated on drawings irrespective of whether prints are intended to be folded or rolled for storing. Hethods of folding are shown in Pigures 4.2 and 4.3. The number and position of fold lines should be specified by the user, but generally drawings should be folded to A4 size. Drawings preferably should be file folded. 4.9 INl'ORMATTON PANEL All notes and general information should be located in an information panel. This information panel should combine with the title panel to form a block on the drawing sheet, in a vertical or horizontal arrangement as shown in Figures 4.4 and 4.5. The panel may contain the following information: a) Revision details (each of which is indexed to the revision suffix, dated and initialled b) Notes (general or specific which arc better consolidated under this heading rather than loosely placed on the drawing) c) Key to ｳｊｾ｢ｯｬｳ and abbreviations. (The application of these by rubber stamp or transfer will save labour and also assist in standardization.) 81 AD A4 ｾ｟ｾ｟｟ A2. ｛ｔﾷﾷＺ］ｓＺ］Ｍｾ｟ｔｉ -=- -r-:'-:'--,- I t- T --;-' 'i I I, :I ｉｬｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｾｯｮ ｐ｡ｮ･ｬＭｾ I I I I II I I :I Title ｐ｡ｮ･ｬｾＭｾＭＭ __==i I I -- . ------II ------_.. _- I II I I' :I ,I I I :I I I II b- ±='f;e--:::1_ ------ｾ ｉｾ ,I t----, ｾＭＭＭｉ L J II r-- --, ------______ｾＭ］ＭＭ -i,ＮＮｬｾ FIG. 4.4 VERTICAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIG. 4.5 HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT OF INFORMATION AND TITLE PANELS INFORMATION AND TITLE PANELS -17- 4.10 TITLE PANEL To facilitate reference when prints are simple or file folded, the title panel should be in either the vertical or horizontal format, located in the position shown in Figures 4.4 and 4.5. It should include the following office information as applicable: bureau consultant a) Job title (usually made up of nature expert-conseil of project, name of proprietor and site address) b) Subject of the drawing c) Scale seal d) Date of drawing sceau designed by e) Job number corcu par drawn by oessoe par approved by date f) Drawing number and revision suffix approuve par g) Drawing reference, where a scale classification system has been echelle detaIl no adopted no, du detail sheet no. - where detail required no. de la teudle - au detail eXlge h) Name of architect (and associated sheet no, - where detailed architect where required) together no. de la feuille - ou oetame revercns with address and telephone number. revisions It may also include names or initials of the person (5) drawing or checking the drawing, and the name of the architect in charge of the job. Title panels may be preprinted on the project drawing sheet or on adhesive plastic film projet to avoid repetition of work. Examples of title panels are given in Figures 4.6 and 4.7. drawrng cessm project No. du projet sheet No de la feuttle FIG. 4.6 HORIZONTAL TITLE PANEL FIG 4.7 VERTICAL TITLE PANEL Dr..-Ing title" desIgned by date Titre du dellin ccncu par drawn by dessine par scale: reviewed by echelle ell.mlne par date reVl!llons approved by approuIIl!l par PubliC Works Trav... publiCs project no •• Canada Canada no d\.i c-orer IdwO"0dellSln no -18- 4.11 SCALES 4.11.1 standard Scales The Canadian Government Specifications Board (CGSB) Standard 88-GP-2OM sets out scales and ratios recommended for use in charts, maps and plans in metric SI. The standard includes a comprehensive list ranging from 1:1 000 000 reduction ratio to 100:1 enlargement based on the 1.2.5 series for use in architecture, engineering, construction and surveying and mapping. For convenience, the preferred scales for building drawings are reproduced in Table 4.4. 4.11.2 Choice of Scale The scale selected for a particular drawing should be determined by consideration of: a) The type of information to be communicated; b) The need for the drawing to communicate adequately and accurately the information necessary for the particular work to be carried out; c) The need for economy in time and effort in drawing production. 4.11.3 Indication of Scales The drawing scale should be stated in the title panel of each drawing sheet. e.g., Scale 1:100 or Scale: Not To Scale ＨｾｲｲｓＩ ｾｮ･ｔ･ two or more scales are used on the same sheet, the particular scales should be clearly indicated. In addition to the statement in the title panel, it may be advisable to indicate the scale graphically, e.g., o 20 40 60 80 ; ; ; ; ｾﾭ ｾ 20 15 10 5 FIG. 4.8 GRAPHIC SCALE 4.11.4 Metric Scales (Tnet.rument.e ) The simplicity of the metric system is reflected in the ease with which metric ratios can be operated (see Figure 4.9). The decimal subdivision of the scale 1:1 and 1:100 allows for almost all drawings to be done with one metric scaling instrument. However, to acquire metric knowledge quickly, it is suggested that the recommended ratios of the metric scales, as listed in Table 4.4, should be used. -19- TABLE 4.4 PREFERRED SCALES FOR BUILDING DRAWINGS Drawing Recommended Use Former Scales Scales (Ratios) Block Plan 1:2000 To locate the site within the 1"=200' (1 : 2400) 1: 1000 general district 1"=100' (1: 1200) 1:500 1"=40' (1 :480) Site Plan 1:500 To locate building work, 1"=40' (1 :480) 1:200 including services and site 1/16"=1' (1:192) works, on the site. Sketch Plans 1:200 To show the over-all design of 1/16"=1' (1: 192) General 1:100 the building. 1/8"=1' (1:96) Location 1:50 To indicate the juxtaposition 1/4"=1' (1:48) Drawings of rooms and spaces, and to locate the position of components and assemblies. Special Area 1:50 To show the detailed location 1/4"=1' (1 :48) Location 1:20 of components and assemblies 1/2"=1' (1 :24) Drawings in complex areas. Construction 1:20 To show the interface of two 1/2"=1' (1:24) Details 1:10 or more components or 1"=1' (1:12) 1:5 assemblies for construction 3"=1' (1:4) 1: 1 purposes. Full size (l: 1) Range Drawings 1:100 To show in schedule form, the 1/8"=1' (1: 96) 1:50 range of specific components 1/4"=1' (1:48) 1:20 and assemblies to be used in 1/2"=1' (1: 24) the project. Component and 1:10 To show precise information 1"=1' (1:12) Assembly 1:5 of components and assemblies 3"=1' (1:4) Details 1: 1 for workshop manufacture. Full size (1:1) - 20- THIS DRAWING MAY BE USED TO CHECK THE CORRECT INTERPRETATION OF A SCALE. tt this length of scale represents on plan 10 m 50 m 100 m 150 m 200 m 1:2000 111I11111 I I I I I [ I I I Ｎｊｾ this length of scale represents on plan 1m f- this length of scale represents on plan 10 m 1 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 III 50 m 1:500 11111111111 I I I I * this length of scale represents on plan 1m ｾ ｾ this length of scale represents on plan 10 III 5 III 10 m 15 m 20 III 1:200 I I I I I I -W- this length of scale represents on plan 1m this length of scale represents on plan 10 m 1m 2 m 3 III 4 m 5 m 6 III 7 m 8 III 9 m 10 II 1:100 111111111\1 II I 1 I II II this length of scale represents on plan.1 I. 100 mm this length of ｳ｣｡ｬ･ｾ represents on pl an 1m ｾ ｾ this length of scale represents on pIan 1m 1m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 3.5 m 4 m 1:50 111111"'11 I I I I I I * this 1ength of scale represents on plan 100 mm IE- this length of scale represents on plan 1m 1m 1.5 m 2 m 1:20 I I I I M this length of scale represents on plan 100 mm Ｑｆ］］］］ｾｾ this length of scale represents on plan 100 mm 0.1 III Q.2 m 0.3 m 0.4 m 0.5 III 1:5 this length of scale represents on plan 10 11m FIG. 4.9 REPRESENTATION OF METRIC LENGTHS (TO SCALE) -21- 4.12 LINES 4.12.1 General Lines of differing thicknesses should be used to facilitate the reading of a drawing. The actual thickness of lines used will depend on the purpose of the drawing, its size, scale, whether the lines are in ink or pencil, the proposed method of reproduction and if to be microfilmed. The range of line thicknesses on each drawing should be kept to a minimum and once determined, they should be used consistently for the same type of drawing throughout a project. 4.12.2 Minimum Thickness The minimum thickness of line to be used is largely dependent on the proposed method of reproduction. The minimum ink line thickness recommended for 1:1 dyeline reproduction is 0.18 mm. ｨｾ･ｲ･ drawings are made for reproduction at a reduced scale, either by microfilming or other method, the minimum line thickness used in the original drawing shall be such that in the smallest print to be made, the line will have a thickness of not less than 0.18 mm. ,+.12.3 Range of thicknesses The recommended range of line thickness for general use is 1.0 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.18 mm. These thicknesses form a series which follows a /2 progression in accordance with the sizes of drawing sheets given in clause 4.1 of this Manual. One great advantage in the use of this series is that when drawings are microfilmed and re-enlarged to a different scale, using standard reduction and enlargement ratios, the resulting line thicknesses are still standard and any necessary modification can be made using standard drawing pens and lettering stencils. 4.12.4 Thickness Grouping It is not necessary, or desirable, that all of the line thicknesses given in clause 4.12.3 be used together. For anyone drawing it is recommended that lines from only one of the groups given in Table 4.5 be adopted. For general office use Group C is recommended. TABLE 4.5 LINE THICKNESS GROUPINGS, mm Size A B C D Thick 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.35 Medium 0.7 0.5 0.35 0.25 Thin 0.5 0.35 0.25 0.18 4.12.5 Thicknesses for Specific Purposes A guide to the relative thicknesses of lines for specific purposes is given in Table 4.6. - 22- TABLE 4.6 LINES FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES Drawing Line Thickness Block Plans Outline of new building and site boundaries. Thick Outline of existing buildings. Medium Reference and dimension lines and hatching. Thin Site Plans Outline of site and new building. Thick General building works and landscaping. Medium Reference grid, dimension lines and hatching. Thin Location Primary elements in horizontal or vertical section, Thick Drawings outlines requiring emphasis. Components and assemblies in plan, section and Medium elevation. Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching. Thin Construction Primary components and assemblies in horizontal or Thick Details vertical section. Components and assemblies in plan, section and Medium elevation. Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching. Thin Range Outlines requiring emphasis. Thick Drawings Components and assemblies in elevation. Medium Reference lines, dimension lines and hatching. Thin Component Profiles in horizontal or vertical section. Thick and Profiles in elevation. Medium Assembly Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching. Thin Details -23- 4.13 LETTERING AND NOTES 4.13.1 General Lettering should be used on drawings to convey information that is not readily or clearly indicated by graphics alone, and the combination of lettering and graphics should fully and concisely define the object being drawn. The most important requirements for lettering are legibility, reproducibility and ease of execution. These are particularly important due to the increased use of microfilming which requires optimum clarity and adequate size of all details and lettering. It is recommended that all drawings be made to conform to these requirements, and that particular attention be paid to the avoidance of the following common faults: a) Unnecessary fine detail, b) Poor spacing of details, c) Carelessly drawn figures and letters, d) Inconsistent delineation, e) Incomplete erasures, leaving ghosted images, f) Use of differing densities, such as pencil, ink and typescript on the same drawing, g) Use of heavy guidelines for lettering. 4.13.2 Notes on Drawings In placing notes on drawings the following principles should be applied: a) Generalized notes, i.e., those that apply to the drawings as a whole or involve similar parts of detail over the body of the drawing, should be consolidated in a prominent position on the sheet or, preferably, in the notes column of the information panel and referred to if necessary by a notation adjacent to the detail, e.g., Note 1, Notes 1 and 2, etc. b) Special notes should be placed clear of, but as close as practicable to, the items to which they refer. In no case should lettering obscure any part of the drawing. c) Leaders linking notes with details should be used only where confusion might otherwise arise. d) The underlining of lettering or notes is not recommended. If special attention is required to be drawn to a note, the word "Important" or "Note" should prefix the lettering. e) Lettering, when not written to be viewed from the bottom of the sheet, should be placed for viewing from the right-hand side of the sheet. 4.13.3 Lettering The requirements and principles listed in clauses 4.13.1 and 4.13.2 are best met by the style of lettering known as standard upper case roman (simple block without serif or scroll) which should be used exclusively, except for metric symbols requiring lower case letters, e.g., millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm). Condensed or extended styles are not recommended. - 24- Decimal points should be heavier than the lettering and should be shown on the lower line, e.g., 53.4 kg. 4.13.4 Size of Lettering The line thickness for letters and figures should be in the same range as the line thicknesses used on the particular drawing, as described in clause 4.17..2. These bear the same 12 relationship to one another as do paper sizes. It is expected that pens in the full range of sizes recommended will be available commercially. The height of lettering should be in accordance with Table 4.7 consistent with line thickness used. TABLE 4.7 ｒｅｃｏｈｾｉｅｎｄｅｄ HE ICHT OF LETTER INC Height of Letters, mm Thickness of For Contact Lines, mm Printing For Hicrofilming (Ratio 1:10) (Ratio 1:14) 0.18 1.8 2.5 0.25 2.5 3.5 0.35 3.5 5.0 0.5 5.0 7.0 0.7 7.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 14.0 For microfilming, letters and figures should be drawn so that in the smallest print to be made from the film, they will have a height of not less than 1.3 mm. The use of the recommended line thickness of 0.25 mm for lettering on the Al sheet, using a thickness/height ratio of 1:10 (and therefore a height of 2.5 mm) will, when reduced to A2, give a height of 1.8 mm and when reduced to A3 a height of 1.3 mm, which is still legible to most people. Further reduction to 0.9 mm is not advisable. Where microfilming, rather than contact printing, is the major consideration, a thickness/height ratio of 1:14 is recommended. Fine lines and miniature lettering should not be used because they are unsuitable for reproduction either by contact printing or microfilming. The size of the figures denoting the project and drawing numbers should be not less than 7 mm high, so that the microfilm will be readily identifiable at low magnitudes. Symbols, such as signs for power outlets and telephones, should be at least as large as the lettering. -25- 4.13.5 Spacing There should be adequate and even spacing between letters and adequate space inside enclosed letters such as P and R. Words should be compact without being cramped and close enough to one another to allow sentences to be easily read. The clear space between letters and figures should be not less than double the thickness of the line used. The space between words should be equal to that required by the letter a if touching both words and the space between sentences should be double that between words. Spacing between lines of lettering should be not less than one half the height of the characters. 4.13.6 Typewriting Where variable typeface typewriters are used, the previously recommended relationships between height and thickness of letters should be maintained, particularly if reduction of the drawing is planned. Where typewriting is used, the type face, size and density should be selected or controlled to conform as nearly as possible with the line work previously recommended and to that used on the drawing. A typeface without serifs is preferred. - 26- 4.14 SYMBOLS MATERIALS GENERAL LOCATION DRAWINGS ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS SCALE 1·50 OR SMALLER SCALE 1 10 OR LARGER ＭＭＭＧｾＭＧＭＧＭＧＭＧＭＭＮＭ PLAN & SECTION ELEVATION Pl.AN & SECTION BRICK MASONRY I I ｾＺ ----1 SPACING TO REPRESENT COURSING ｾＢ . _ .." .. ',' ,...... -' ."-,':, CUT 510 NE MASON RY - . - .. + c=J.: ..•.• >•• ARTIFIC IAL STONE MASONRY LINE SPACING TWICE AS WIDE STIPl'LE DENSITY ONE-HALF OF ___ ｾｦｏｒＸｒｉｃｋ THAT fOR CUT STONE MARBLE TOO FINE TO HATCH --;-', ' '0 ｾ "',: ｾｪｊＮＢ ＭＬＭｾ CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE . Ｙｾ .' ＱＮﾷＧﾷﾷＮＧﾷﾷﾷｾﾷﾷ ﾷﾷﾷＮﾷｾＮﾷﾷｬﾷﾷﾷＭ ,.p -'.... ' ... S1IPPLE OEHSITY ONE-THIRD __ ＡｦｔｲｉｾｭｒＮＮ｣ｕＱｓｔｏｎｅ ------, I ------j CONCRETE OR CINDER BLOCK ＭＭＭＭＭｾ LINE SPACING THREE TIMES SPACING TO REPRESENT COURSING AS'II1IJE ａｌｆｏｾｊｬＮｒｬｃｋ I- ＧｾＢＢＢＧＭＱ l ＭＭｾＭＭＭＮＧＡｾ CERAMIC TILE TOO ANE TO HATCH -27- GENERAL LOCATION ORAWINGS ASSEMBLV ORAWINGS SCALE 1 SO OR SMALLER SCAli ',10 OR LAR6ER__ __ PLAN & SECTION ELEVATION PLAN & SECTION TERRAZZO TOO fiNE TO HATCH SHOW PA1TERN Of STRIPS ----r------'---- ｾＭＭ :GL GLASS *9 INCLUDE GL WHERE REOUIREO FOR CLARITY + + fOR NEW WORK WllOO FRAMI NG fOR ALT£RATION WORK J,' .',! i", " / i WOOD (FINISHED I TOO FINE TO HATCH ",,,,,,,,··,'/ .,'•.,.'.,,·,,···,, ..' I fl,/// RIGID INSULATION + 1------,-, ------+------ I > ",_ (.' ( I ,) r(,ll," ",:, , BATT INSULATION n\:\\ \ L7 ------+------1 Ｎ ＢＬ ｩ Ｌ Ｇ Ｌ Ｗ ＬＧ Ｏ Ｇ STRUCTURAL STEEL ,./d / I[ L .L ｾｾ " f" ;I ｉＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾ ------ BRONZE. BRASS. COPPER. & ASSOCIATED ALlDYS AS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL 1------>.------t------j ALUMINUM AS fOR STRUCTURAL STEEL EM I -28- GRAVEL FILL CINDER OR SLAG FILL ------i I FIRE BRICK PLYWOOD GLASS BLOCK II it NATURAL STONE - II Ii + RIP RAP, FIELD STONE, ETC. + SAND, FILL. PLASTER, GYPSUM BOARD & CEMENT t f i - 29- WALLS WAll MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE SHOWN lilLY WHERE MATERIAL OR lIINSTRUCTION CHANGES OR TERM INATES WALL MATERIAL SYMBOLS NEED NOT BE USED WHEN WALL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS ARE SHOWN IN A WALL TYPE SCHEDULE ESPECIAllY APll.ICABlE TO SMAll scm ORAWING NOTE, IN RENOVATION WORK MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE NOT USED FOR EXISTING WALLS; MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE USED ONLY TO DIFFERENTIATE NEW WORK FROM EXISTING; WALLS OR PARTITIONS TO BE REMOVED ARE SHOWN BY BROKEN LINES WALL OF SHEET GLASS OR OTHER TRANSPARENT OR TRAtjSLlICENT SHEETS IN WOOD OR METAL FRAME; E.G STORE WINDOW WALL OF GLASS BLOCK OR OTHER TRANSPARENT III Itt OR TRANSLUCENT MASONRY A WINDOW BUILT INTO A TRANSPARENT OR i i 31 I IOi I II III t TRANSLUCENT MASONRY WALL PANEL TYPE CURTAIN WALL, WITHOUT WINDOWS PANEL TYPE CURTAIN WALL. WITH WINDOWS -30- PARTITION S FRAME PARTITION IN NEW WORK MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE NOT SHOWN 1flNISHEO BOTH SlOES FINISHEO ONE SlOE ONLY GLAZED PARTITION - ANY TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT SHEET MATERIAL, EITHER FLAT. CORRUGATED, OR TEXTURED IN ANY WAY TOILET PARTITIONS THE SAME PARTITION SYMBOL IS TO BE USEO FOR All TYPES OF TOIlET PARTITION CONSTRUCTION AT SCAlES Of 1,50 & 1,100 - - ..iUlr1.J - WITH OOORS WITHOUT OOORS WITH CURTAIN ｾ MOVABLE PARTITIONS + + + + t=+ Ｋｾ SOllO GLAZEO WIRE PARTITION S ---x------' :------'X------' ,.------X--- ＭＭｾ \ill",OOORS INllACKEO POSITION TWO - TRACK ACCOROID N PARTITIONS III \ III 'J--- --=_ _---= L .-:::::: OOORS ARE HUNG ON TWO TRACKS AND STACK WHEN OPfN; PILOT OR PASS OOORS ARE SHOWN IN USUAL WAY ARCHWAY - AN OPENING IN AWALL ｾ ｾｉ ｾ］］ｾｉ ｾ OR PARTITION, WITHOUT DOORS i OPENING EXTENOS UP TO A LINTEL, ARCH OR VALENCE + - 31- DOORS SINGLE SWING DOORS II II " NOTE SIZE AND TYPE Of ODOR IS SHOWN WHEN A DOOR SCHEDULE IS NOT USED USE ONLY If SPACE AND CLARITY DICTATE WITH SIDElIGHT WITH THRESHOLD Iii DOUBLE ODORS •DUTCH ODOR, IN TwtJ SECTIONS, \11TH UPPER AND LOWER LEAVES DOUBLE ACTING DOORS IN·AND - OUT DOORS FOLDING DOORS CENTRED ON TRACK --N'TO ONE SIDE Of. RACK ACCORDIO N DOORS t WITHOUT POCKET WITH POCKET SLIDING DOORS t DOOR SLI DES INTO POO ET SURFACE ｾｍｏｕｎｔｅｏ ODOR SLIDING EXPOSED ON FACE OF WALL TWO ODORS SLIDING U ONE WAY BYPASSING SLIDING ODORS BOTH MOVING TO ON THE FACE, LEAV',NG mAR OPENING EI1HER SIDE BUT NOT ,EAVING CLEAR OPENING - 32- I AREA octUPIEO BY DOOR HOUSING ROLL - UP DOORS PlAN SECTION AREA Of DOOR IN OPEN POSITION OVERHEAD DOORS PLAN ｟ｾｬｬＮＮＮＭ SECTION Ｏｾ］］］ VERTICAL LIFT ODORS , , ,I I , ,I I 'I PLAN I 1'1I.. SECTION JJL1 1 \\ \\ REVOLVING DOORS + I DOUBLE - LEAF SWI NGI NG DOORS / ｾ v/ｾ .. - 33- WINDOWS IN PLAN, FOR ALL TYPES OF SASH fLUSH SILL MULLIONS fLUSH WITH WALL ON INSIDE SLIP SILL WITH MULLIONS & CONTINUOUS STOOL LUG SILL WITH MULLIONS Of TYPICAL WALL CONSTRUCTIOI IN ELEVATION I SYMBOLS APPLY REGARDLESS Of MATERiAl .> <, USED IN MANUfACTURE Of SASH. - - Q"<,...-, /'/ I DOUBLE HUNG PROlE ClEO PIYOTTEO 1\ / \ 1/ \ 1\ / \ / \ 1/ CASEMENT LEFT SIDE HINGED RIGHT SIDE HINGED /\ I\ / ' / \ I\ / / TOP HINGED BOTTOM HINGED HORIZONTAL SLIDING - 34- MISCELLANEOUS SURFACE SLOPE TO IHOICATE FLOOR OR ROOF COHOITiOHS OROTHERSLOPIHG SURFACES IH PlAH; ARROWS IHOICATE OIRECTIOH OF SLOPE STAIRS HOTE : ALL ARROWS SHOWIHG A UP --++++-t-H-f--, SLOPE OR STEPS SHOULD BE PRECEDED BV THE IHFORMATIOH UP OR 'OOWH'; THIS MAV BE FOLLOWED BV AH IHOICATIOH OF THE HO. OF RISERS OOWH --+-t-tl FROM FLOOR 10 FLOOR; EGUP 12 RISERS' OPEH WELL ｕｐｾ STRAIGHT FLIGHT Il SPIRAL STAIRS ESCALATOR ELEVATORS DUMBWAITER DUCTS DlA CHIMHEY FLUE Ｂａｾ 11: ｾｌＮ ｾ - 35- ACCESS HATCH ｾＭＭＭＭＷＱ I" /1 -. I ACCESS' I ACCESS I HATCH I HATCH I/ ',I L' ｾＬｪ LOCATED IN CEILING LOCATED IN FLOOR SKYLIGHTS CABINETS RECESSED SURFACE MOUNTED FURNITURE & I L ____ APPLIANCES D C+ + C RANGE REFRIGERATOR SINK IN COUNTER & WALL CABINETS D DO DISHWASHER WASHER & DRYER COMBINED WASHER & DRYER ------ SINGLE & DOUBLE BED CHESTERFIELD & ARMCHAIR - 36- STRUCTURAL THE DESIGNATION OF ROLLED STEEL SHAPES ARE TO BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THOSE PUBLISHED IN THE C.I.S.c. HANDBOOK OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION. SYMBOLS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ABOVE DESIGNATIONS TO INDICATE THE MAKE-UP OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. I BEAM WITH WEB IN VERTI CAL PLANE BEAM WITH WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE [ CHANNEL WITH WEB IN VERTICAL PLANE CHANNEL WITH WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE, TOES DOWN L.J CHANNEL WITH WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE, TOES UP li 2 ANGLES, BACK TO BACK ..J r 2 ANGLES, STARRED UNEUUAL ANGLE, O.S.L. IS THE SHORT LEG li 2 UNEQUAL ANGLES, LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK 2 UNEUUAL ANGLES, SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK 2 UNEQUAL ANGLES, SHORT LEGS IN VERTICAL PLANE TOED TOWARDS EACH OTHER ANO BATTENEO OR LACED 2 CHANNELS, WEBS IN VERTICAL PLANE, TOED OUT, BATTENED OR LACED [] 2 CHANNELS, WEBS IN VERTICAL PLANE, TOED IN AND 2 PLATES, BOXED 4 ANGLES, BATTENS OR LACING ON ALL FOUR SIDES - 37- STRUCTURAL ABBREVIATIONS TO S TOP OF STEEL BM BEAM COL COL UM H U/H UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED UIS UHOERSIOE MIH MINIMUM MAX MAXIMUM HF HEAR FACE FF FAR FACE EL OR ELEV ELEVATIOH CL CEHTRE - LI HE OPHG OPENIHG ARCH. ARCHITECTURAL MECH. MECHAHICAL ELEC. ELECTRICAL STRUCT. STRUCTURAL OWG IS) ORAWIHG IS) PL PLATE BPL BASE (BEARING) PLATE FL FLAT LLV LOHG LEG VERTICAL LLH LOHG LEG HORIZOHTAL HO. HUMBER CAP CAPACITY (a) AT ole or ee CENTER TO CEHlER REI NF REINFORCING CON C CONCRETE TOP BOT BOTTOM BROG BRIOGIHG OWSJ OPEH WEB STEEL JOIST OWSSJ OPEN WEB SHORT SPAH JOIST OWL SJ OPEN WEB LOHG SPAH JOIST - 38- EW EACH WAY EF EACH FACE ES EACH SIDE Ef EACH END IF INSIDE FACE OF OUTSIDE FACE UL UPPER LAYER LL LOWER LAYER VERT VERTICAL HOR Z HORIZONTAL OWLS DOWELS FTG FOOTING INT INTERIOR EXT EXTERIOR WWM WELDED WIRE MESH TEMP STL TEMPERATURE STm DIAG JIAGONAL ｒｾＮｄｉｕｓ 0 DIAMETER EXIS T EXISTING WWF WELDE 0 WIDE ｆｾａｎｇｅ - 39- ELECTRICAL CEILING WAll 0 -0 OUTLET (B) ｾ BLANKED OUTLET @ DROP CORD ELECTRIC OUTLET IF CONFUSION CD -® LAMPHO LDER ® ｾ PULL SWIT CH (If) -({) OUTLET FOR VAPOUR DISCHARGE LAMP =@ DUPLEX RECEPTACLE ::@l,J SINGLE. TRIPLEX RECEPTACLE SPLIT - SWITCHED - DUPLEX RECEPTACLE THREE - CONDUCTOR SPLIT - DUPLEX RECEPTACLE THREE - CONDUCTOR SPLIT - SWITCHED - DUPLEX RECEPTACLE =@WP WEATHERPROOF RECEPTACLE RANGE RECEPTACLE SWITCH & RECEPTACLE RADIO & RECEPTACLE SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET, I.INDESIGNATED FLOOR RECE PTACLE o.,,., DESIGNATED SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET =@..,b,c.!tc. DESIGNATED SPECIAL PURPOSE RECEPTACLE FLUORESCENT FIXTURE S SINGLE POLE SWITCH DOUBLE POLE SWITCH THREE WAY SWITCH FOUR WAY SWITCH So AUTOMATIC DOOR SWITCH ELECTROLIER SWITCH KEY OPERATED SWITCH Sp SWITCH & PILOT LAMP SCB CIRCUIT BREAKER SWCB WEATHERPROOF CIRCUIT BREAKER MOMENTARY CONTACT SWITCH REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH SWP WEATHERPROOF SWITCH FUSED SWITCH SWF WEATHERPROOF FUSED SWITCH S.,b,c,etc SPECIAL SWITCH OR CIRCUIT BREAKER LIGHTING PANEL - POWER PANEL BRANCH CIRCUIT IN CEILING OR WALL BRANCH CIRCUIT IN FLOOR EXPOSED BRANCH CIRCUIT HOME RUN TO PANELBOARO NUMBER OF CIRCUITS INDICATED BY NUMBER OF ARROWS UNOERFLOOR DUCT & JUNCTION BOX © GENERATOR MOTOR CD INSTR UMEN T Q) POWER TRANSFORMER CONTROLLER ISOLATING SWITCH - 41- G PUSHBU TTON [Jt BU ZZER [J:> BELL -0 ANNUNCIATOR I []<] TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD cD BELL - RINGING TRANSFORMER []] ELECTRIC ODOR OPENER [IP FIRE ALARM m FI RE ALARM STATION til CITY FIRE ALARM STATION [ill FIRE ALARM CENTRAL STATION WJ AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM DEVICE ｾ WATCHMAN'S STATION m WATCHMAN'S CENTRAL STAT ION OJ] HORN 00 NURSE'S SI GNAL PLUG [MJ MAID'S SIGNAL PLUG m RADIO OUTLET 00 SIGNAL CENTRAL STATION D INTERCONNECTION BOX 'l'IJi'I'1 BA TTERY AU XI LIARY SYSTEM CIRCUITS ri.; SPECIAL AUXILIARY OUTLETS -42- TElE PHONE SIZE _"_00_00- CABLE EXPOSEO ____.J!ll _ CONDUIT ＲＱｾＭＭＭＭＭ _____ CONDUIT, HOME RUN _0_0=t=J=0-._ UNDER FLOOR DUCT & _0 0_ JUNCTION BOX o SIZE CONDUIT RISER f-----i SIZE RISER SLEEVE FLOOR OUTLET BOX ＭＭｾＩＭＭ CEILING OUTLET BOX y WALL OUTLET BOX PRIMARY ENTRANCE LOCATION UTI L1TY COLUMN ｾｓｉｚｅ BACKBOARD D SIZE METAL WALL CABINET SWITCHBOARD DSIIE PULL BOX I TRENCH HEADER FEED ON UNDERFLDDR DUCT SYSTEM •I 0- HEADER DUCT WITH ACCESS UNIT ON _0--0- UNDER FLOOR DUCT SYSTEM i - 4 ＮｾＭ PLUMBING ---+--- SOl L & WASTE --+-- SOIL, WASTE OR LEADER BELOW GRADE ---v--- VENT COLO WATER HOT WATER ｾｦＮｄＮ FLOOR OR ROOF DRAIN RAINWATER LEADER o SOIL STACK GREASE INTE RCEPTE R SERVICE SINK 9 V' URINALS UR UR Do W.e. WATER CLOSET WITH TANK WATER CLOSET, FLUSH VALVE TYPE c::::> 8 BIDE T BATH TUB II 81. II [> SMOKE DETECTOR - -14- HEATING, VEHTlLATlNG, AIR COHDITIONING ---<<31---- DIRECTION OF FLOW DIRECTION OF PIPE SLOPE 5' 5' if HIGH PRESSURE STEAM / / / LOW PRESSURE STEAM -1f--;f---If-- HIGH PRESSURE RETURN ＭｾＭｾＭＭｦＭＭ LOW PRESSURE RETURN if SUPER HEATED STEAM /li l ,i" UNTREATED STEAM HOT WATER HEATING SUPPLY HOT WATER HEATING RETURN ---AB--- ANYTYPE OF SUPPLY ----AB---- ANY RET URN GATE VAL VE RISER, SUPPLY & RETURN ELBOW TEE Y CONNECTION RECESSED CONVECTOR RADIATOR SURFACE MOUNTED CONVECTOR com CTOR t --- i DUCT & DIRECTION OF FLOW ｾ SUPPLY DUCT IN SECTION [;2J RETURN DUCT IN SECTION t F 0 c· t FIRE DAMPER ACCESS DOOR +=A01 -45 - 4.15 ABBREVIATIONS FOR USE IN BUILDING DRAWING PRACTICE Abbr cv i a t i ons used in building drawings should he those recommended in CSA Standard Z-85 (new Standard now (1977) being prepared). When using abbreviations, care should be taken that an abbreviation cannot be mistaken for an SI symbol; in typewritten text, use of italic type is recommended for abb revi a t i on s , e.g., A for area, A for ampere. 4.16 DRAWING EXAMPLES 4.16.1 Ceneval. The following examples arc given solely to show certain of the drawing conventions previously described and the appearance of drawi ng s at three of the commonly used scales. The examples are not only deliherately simplified hut also incorporate a numb e r of assumptions, necessitated by lack of information at the time of publication. These assumptions concern the dimensions of materials and spaces which cannot be confirmed until the relevant codes and standards are established and the manufacturing industry has made decisions ab ou t product sizes. Th e examples, therefore, must not be considered as guides to design or construction practice. ｾ 8PX) ｾ ｾＮｏｏｏ 1t.oo 0 § s -1 ｾ § - I ｾ _J tf)' so.coo NOTE All dimensions ore given in metres FIG. 4.10 EXAMPLE OF PLOT PLAN 1:500 -46- 4 .16.2 I 'j', raY'Y'ed Uni te in Dimensioning Units for linear measurement in building and cons t ruc t i on should normally be restricted to the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm). TIle kilometre (km) may also b e used where necessary. However, the centimetre (em) should be avoided, as should the hectometre (hm), the decimetre (dm) and the decametre (dam). These recommendations are made for the following reasons: a) The preferred mul tiples and suhmul tiples in 51 arc those that are related to the base unit by a factor of 1000. b) Not using the centimetre, etc., means uni t s ymbo l s are not requi red after dimensions. Whole numbers will always indicate millimetres, and de c i mal i zc d expressions (which must be taken to three decimal places) will indicate met r es . For example, the dimensions 600, 1200, 25 OUO are all in millimetres and 1.200 and 25.000 are in metres. c) TIle use of uni ts other than the metre and the mill i met re would introduce an unnecessary degree of complexity and ambiguity into drawings, and would increase the likelihood of errors in c a l cul a t i nj: and checking of di mcns i on s , Until metric usage is completely familiar it may he useful to add to drawings a note such To avoid the need of using numbers with an excessive number of digits, particularly in the dimensioning of areas or volumes, it j,. recommended that mathematical 2 2 notation be used: e.g., 2 160000 mm (1200 x 1800) may be wr i t ten as 2.16 x lOb r;m or 2 more s i mpl y, 2.16 m . For room and other spaces in b ui l d i ngs it is sufficient to give areas to the nearest one tenth of a square metre. 1200 f-- o o N 'If 4500 LR 14.5 m2 I' 1400 ! 1100 1500 3000 11 00 f NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres unless otherwise indicated FIG. 4.11 EXAMPLE OF FLOOR PLAN 1:100 11 ------ｾ ------8 ,..8 ------I -- -- '1 Ｑ］Ｎｌｾｙａｔｉｏｎ A .r------. 4oQ:J --t I .. I l 1 r ----t --,J J ..... I '-j:;. 7 0 'V ｾ - ,00 I +----, -, I J I -,r- I -= I I UP I ｾＮ -- I L_, ---- I D ｾ - -J PLAN NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres FIG. 4.12 EXAMPLE OF DETAILED PLAN &ELEVATION 1:50 - 48- A6R-4Al-T ｾＱＩＴｴＺ［ｌＡｓ ｔｾｕｓｓﾣｓ ｾｯ -r-""" c/c \2. t"I\m Ｕｕｅａｾ ｉｾｃＺ［ 36 )(r40 ToP c.HOR,t> ---• 38K8'3 aoTn:lM ｃｦＮＧｾ AWMINUM Ea=p'rr---.J ｬｾ "'89 ｾＧｌＤＮｒ ...... ｾｉＭＭＭ 2. - 38 l<.8<3 f>l-ATE. ｖａｾｏｾ ｓａｾＱ ER. IZ M'" c:4YRS"M B'j). - 2D hi", 5l'Uc£:£) ｍｾｌ LA11-4 e.UIU>Wu -PA-PE£ 12.ｾｲｮ -Pl."'/. ＵｈｅａＱＱﾷｈｾ ｾｕｊＺｎｔ ｾｉｎｇ 39"69 SfLU:6 1.'I. UNtIE ｾ l5AlT y.Aft>Oe. ｾｾｉＧＺｉｅＮｒＮ 12. J'nl'1\ PlY. Sua- P. 12 ""'n! CiAS\.SM J3OAeI> ｴＺＺＡＺｾｾｾ［［［ＺＺＺ［ｾ［［Ｚ［ｩｾﾷ ｾｻｕｾＮＮＮＮＮＭＭＭ 3B')C. 09 ｾｔｅｓ . . .I ｾ ... 1"' ＧＮｾ !F ..,...---t----+--+----- 12.eP )t 140 ＢＢｾ ANCJ..Ie" I) . ｾｾ｟ｾ '. <, .1/ 6::)PS @ ｾ ｾＢＢ etc.. . 100" FIG. 4.13 EXAMPLE OF SECTION 1:5 6000 , 1..- 3000 , II.· 10 0 ｾ 0 L{) V ｉｾ '---- ｾ ｾ (.-. " .." ｾ .. : ; ｾ］ＭＱｾ --_. ... I" ＭＭｲｾ f+:' '.'. ｾＺ . .' ·,ta· Ｎｾ ·4 300 l?: ｾ ｾ '+500_ - v ·... V 4· l.:..i: I " o 0 o 0 o 0 1'1') "7 ...-i :;;I: I /. 0 0 !=== /: 0 0 ;/ 0 0 N so Il 1050 l\ 900 1050 / rl V I ｾ f- VｾＮ 0 0 0 ＵＰＰｾ ...-i v 0 ｾ ＮＺｾ ｾ 0 0 V ｾ 0 ｾ V 0 ... ": ｖ［ＺｴＺｾＺ ｾｹｾｹ .. ...-i ": ...... lj(); r.':4:''Z: /··../:·/:d··:/:·/l t':Y·/.X .. ＧＮｾ ｾ '/.////IIL/ 170 1000 2000 1000 170 I, 1000 , 1000 1 ＭＭＭＭＭｴｾ --1fL--- 6000 NOTE : ALL DIMENSIONS GIVEN IN MILL IMETRES FIG. 4.14 EXAMPLE OF OFFICE FLOOR PLAN 1:50 -50- FINISHED FLOO) ｾＮ .' ----t :4- .<1'. '. b o o N o o ｾ o o ;/ N ＮｾＬ ------j \4. c . 4. .' 1•..- II ｾ L ---+.------<411 o ｾ LO N FINISHED o FLOOR/ ｾ o 300 o / N :/ . '- . ＧｾＮＮＭ J. .' o o N NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS FIG. 4.15 EXAMPLE OF SECTION 1:5 IN MILLIMETRES - 51- PART S. DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION 5.1 PRODUCT SIZES The sizes of products and the ways of putting them together to make a building have seldom been guided by a cornmon dimensional framework understood by all. Traditionally, each major participant in the building process, the manufacturer, the designer, and the builder, has been obliged to make compromises that take account of individual dimensional constraints. Dimensional co-ordination is simply a means of ensuring that everyone concerned with building is using the same dimensional language, and that manufactured components will fit together in the spaces allocated to them in a building. The change to the metric SI system will oblige many manufacturers to change the actual physical size of their products. If these new sizes are chosen with reference to a cornmon dimensional framework the entire building process, from manufacturing to on-site construction, will be simplified. This is particularly true in view of the trend in the industry toward the increasing use of pre-manufactured components which cannot be easily modified on site. The use of dimensional co-ordination means that the manufacturer will be able to standardize his products and reduce their variety, the designer will be able to use off-the-shelf components with the assurance that they will fit together without complex detailing, and the builder will have no need to cut and fit on site or resort to makeshift and wasteful building techniques. 5.2 DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION IN DESIGN 5.2.1 Modular Grid Dimensional co-ordination relies on the establishment of rectangular and three• dimensional grids of basic modules into which components can be introduced in an inter-related pattern of sizes. The modular grid delineates the space into which a component fits. This is the most important characteristic of dimensional co-ordination: the component must always be under-sized in relation to the grid. just as a piston must be of smaller diameter than that of the cylinder in which it moves. The grid therefore is made up of spaces which permit the insertion of a component plus a joint. 5.2.2 Basic Module The modular grid is based on a basic module of 100 rnm, an internationally accepted module. The basic module is used to generate a practical and acceptable range of preferred multiples of 100 rnm which at the same time gives sufficient flexibility to the designer and an economic range of product sizes to the manufacturer. The preferred multiples (and sub-multiples) of the basic module for vertical and horizontal use are fully described in the CSA A31.M-75 series of Standards. 5.2.3 Multimodule The mu1timodu1e for horizontal controlling dimensions is 600 rnm. Horizontal controlling dimensions are dimensions between vertical controlling planes, i.e., planes generated by the modular grid. Horizontal controlling dimensions should be in increments of: a) 600 rnm up to 9600 rnm b) 1200 rnm above 9600 rnm. Below 600 rnm, increments of 300 rnm (1st preference) and 200 rnm (2nd preference) may be used. -52- 5.2.4 Vertical Controlling Planes Vertical controlling planes may be placed either on the axis of structural members or on their boundaries. When boundary controlling planes are used, the width of the zone for the structure (columns or loadbearing walls) should be in mUltiples of 100 mm. The multimodules for vertical controlling dimensions are 300 mm and 600 mm. Vertical controlling dimensions are dimensions between horizontal controlling planes. 5.2.5 Floor Heights For floor-to-f1oor (storey) heights, vertical controlling dimensions should be in increments of: a) 100 mm from 2400 mm up to 3000 mm b) 300 mm from over 3000 mm up to 4800 mm. For floor-to-ceiling (room) heights, vertical controlling dimensions should be in increments of: a) 100 mm from 2100 mm up to 2700 mm b) 300 mm from over 2700 mm up to 3600 mm c) 600 mm above 3600 mm. It is recommended that floor-to-ceiling heights of 2200 mm or less be restricted to multi-storey carparks, unfinished basements, agricultural buildings and residential bathrooms, utility rooms, passages and halls. For changes in levels of floors and roofs, vertical controlling dimensions should be in increments of: a) 100 mm up to 2400 mm b) 300 mm above 2400 mm. The height of the zones for floors and roofs which contain structural elements, and which may also include floor and ceiling finishes and services, should be in increments ｯｾ a) 100 mm up to 1200 mm b) 300 mm over 1200 mm. 5.2.6 Door Heights Height of door head, taken from controlling plane at the surface of the finished floor to the underside of rough opening, should be 2100 mm or 2200 mm. 5.2.7 Window Heights Height of windows taken from the controlling plane at the surface of the finished floor: a) to the underside of the rough opening at the head should be: 2100, 2200, 2400, or 2700 mm. b) to the top of the rough opening at the sill should be: 300, 600, 900 or 1200 mm (1st preference) 400, 800 or 1000 mm (2nd preference). It should be noted that a sill height of 800 mm may be appropriate for a window above a desk, and 1000 mm for a window above a kitchen counter or laboratory bench. - 53- PART 6. ｦｵｾｔｈｒｏｐｏｍｅｔｒｉｃ DATA AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION 6.1 GENERAL The body and reach characteristics of persons have a direct influence on design. Average (mean) dimensions of some of the more important of these characteristics for men and women between the ages of 18 and 40 are shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2. 6.2 AVERAGES It must be emphasized that averages should be treated with caution as only about half the population will be included in the "average" group. It is seldom economic or practicable to consider 100 per cent of the population in design calculations. The dimensions shown in the Figures in this Part are thus only guidelines for general design purposes. 6.3 STATISTICAL DATA AVAILABLE As the only statistical data available for Canadian adults are for heights and weights,* the dimensions shown in the following Figures are from United Kingdom data. The heights shown include an allowance for footwear. The average Canadian man between the ages of 18 and 40 is 1739 mm tall (barefoot) and has a mass of 72.8 kg. The figures for Canadian women are 1604 mm and 58.5 kg. * "Tables of Heights and Weights of Canadians," Health and Welfare Canada 1975, a report on a national survey taken in 1970-72 for Nutrition Canada. rrre NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimerest IL ＱｾＱ .- ｾｾＧ ｾ I 0 § ｪｾ 2 ,..CO S ...... II) -, 1.1 1\ ｾ r- ｾｾ I j ｾ ' , r 480 0 , ｾ ., ｾ j ｾＧｯ • 1060 ｾ FI G. 6.1 AVERAGE MAN -55- o en l./) NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres 560 1000 FIG. 6.2 AVERAGE WOMAN ＬＢＬＢｾｯｲ i 12CQ =t t o ｾｊｄ｝ L/) -o from handle side ,,50 <000 800 * 1'-----f I'fIIn. doot"l ｾ 1 ;1...--- I I N:81 -i -1 t------=----- from hinge side ----} I 1080) I 1 NOTE: All dimensions are 2 given in millimetres FIG. 6 . 3 DISABLED PERSON IN WllEELCllAI R approach to out-swinging doors -57- single twin double NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres FIG. 6.4 INTERNAL CIRCULATION SCHEMES - SLEEPING SPACES i 950 r ｾ ＭＭＭＭＭＭｴ 01 rｉｾＬｉ \ , \ ｾ \ 1 \ / --J " ...... ,/ / - ---- washing helping on drying child with coat NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres FIG. 6.5 INTERNAL CIRCULATION SCHEMES - PERSONAL CARE - 58- 850 ISO maximum d,elt ｨＶＭｾｈ -for ｾｾｦｲ｡Ｎ｜ ｬ＾ｾＢＧＷ t-- ｾ ｾｩ ｾＭＭＭ L- oa ｾｬ 00 -f-- plan ｾ section 1300 I ｾ '" + FIG. 6.6 KITCIIEN SPACE ____ NOTE: All dimensions given in millimetres I ｾ I hatch I ｾｬ I cabinE-ts or ｩｦｦＧｩ｡ｨ｣ｾｳｬ I panel ------Ｍｾ FIG. 6.7 ACCESS FIG. 6.8 EATING SPACE -59 - 162.0 900 taisle 1 i I s I IGaO r- I rｾＶＰ r 8 I Ar {"Of I:Jjｾ (J) J,410Je. I §(l] j ｴ［ｾ I ｾ {r- al;t. I I (0 I ＿ｾ § I ------ｊｾｾ executive secretariat/cleri ca I NOTE: All dimensions are given in millimetres 5-clr.\ A-ell'. 1. I 140 LG10 ,450· 550; 160 7&0 960 -[ -.r-- .. --f--f-----r- ---.rI'<--- of +- typical requirements FIG. 6.9 OFFICE SPACES -60- 6.4 INTERNAL CIRCULATION 6.4.1 Tables 6.1 to 6.4 can be used to estimate areas, e.g., floor areas. The dimensions of the area to be determined are given in millimetres at the edge of the table; the area is given in square metres and square feet (square feet in italics). From these tables one can determine: - areas, given the dimensions of the area; or - possible lengths and widths of the area (in preferred dimensions), given a specific area. 6.4.2 Example '&rl the Use of Area Tahles Prob lem: Determine the preferY'ed metric dimensions for an office with an area of approximately l50 ft 2 • From Table 6.2, alternative possible dimensions are: 5400 x 2600 mm 14.04 m2 151 ft 2 *5100 x 2700 mm 13.77 m2 148 ft2 4800 x 2900 mm 13.92 m2 150 ft2 4500 x 3100 mm 13.95 m2 150 ft 2 *4200 x 3300 mm 13.86 m2 149 ft 2 *3900 x 3600 mm 14.04 m2 151 ft2 Although there are other dimensions that are close to 150 ft 2 , those listed above were selected because the first figure is a multiple of 300 mm. In this range a multiple of 600 mm is the most preferred. It will be found, however, that on this basis the obtainable area nearest to 150 ft 2 is 4800 x 3000 mm, 14.40 m2 or 155 ft 2 . By resorting to the second preference of 300 mm increments, those marked * are valid alternatives. When the third preference of 100 mm increment is considered, all the above examples, and others, become valid. Note: Examples of the utilization of various spaces in home and office are shown in Figs. 6.4 to 6.9 (pages 57 to 59). -61- Table 6.1 100 x 100 mm to 2400 x 4800 mm Q Q Q Q QQ QQQ Q Q Q QQQ Q Q Q Q :l QQQQ Q QQQ Q Q Q QQQ Q Q QQQQ QQQQ Q QQ Q ... N C"') ｾ Lf) CD r- eo O'l Q ... N C"') ｾ Lf) CD r- eo O'l Q ... N C"') ｾ ...... NN NN N -. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 100 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1. C 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 200 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.2 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 300 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.8 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 !\.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 400 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.2 L.6 3.0 3.4 3.9 4. J 4.7 5.2 5.6 6. C 6.5 6.9 7.3 7.8 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.5 9.9 10.3 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 500 0.5 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.6 9.1 9.7 10.2 10.8 11. 3 11.8 12.4 12.9 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.14 1. 20 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.44 600 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.7 10.3 11.0 11.6 12.3 12.9 13.6 14.2 14.9 15.5 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.19 1.26 1.33 1.40 1.47 1.54 1.61 1.68 700 0.8 1., 2.3 3. C 3.8 4. c, 'i.3 f. :" 6.8 7." 8.3 9. n Q.8 i o.» ; 1. 3 12.1 12.8 13 .6 14.3 15.1 15.8 16.6 17.3 18.1 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.80 0.88 0.96 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1. 36 1.44 1. 52 1.60 1.68 1.76 1.84 1.92 800 0.9 1.7 2.6 J.4 4.3 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.8 8.6 9.5 10.3 11. 2 12.1 12.9 13.8 14.6 15.5 16.4 .7.2 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.7 0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.45 0.54 n.63 0.72 0.81 0.90 0.99 1. 08 1.17 1.26 1. 35 1. 44 1. 53 1.62 1.71 1.80 1.89 1. 98 2.07 2.16 900 1.0 1.9 2.9 J.9 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.7 9.7 10.7 11.f 12.6 1].6 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.4 18.4 19.4 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1. 20 1. 30 1.40 1. 50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1. 90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 1000 1.1 2.2 3.2 4.3 5.4 6.5 7.5 R. t- 9.7 10.8 11.8 12. , 14. C 15.1 16.1 17.2 18.3 19.4 20.5 21. 5 22.6 23.7 24 .8 25.8 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.10 1. 32 1. 43 , 1.21 1. 54 1.65 1.76 1.87 1. 98 2.09 2.20 2.31 2.42 2.53 2.64 1100 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.7 s. o ., 8.3 9.5 n.7 11.8 1] .r: 14.2 15.4 16.6 17.8 18.9 20.1 21.3 22.5 23.7 24.9 26.0 27 .2 28.4 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.84 0.96 1.08 1. 20 1. 32 1.44 1. 56 1. 68 1. 80 1. 92 2.04 2.16 2.28 2.40 2.52 2.64 2.76 2.88 1200 1.3 2.6 _1.9 5.2 {).S 7.8 9. C . ｾ 1. f· 12. Q ; 4.2 1'<5 16.8 18 . .:. ; 9.4 20.7 22.0 23.3 24.5 25.8 27.1 28.4 29.7 31.0 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.78 0.91 1.04 1.17 1. 30 1. 43 1. 56 1.69 1. 82 1. 95 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.47 2.60 2.73 2.86 2.99 3.12 1300 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6 r.c 8.4 Q .8 11 . ｾ 12.f: 14. C 15.4 16.8 18. ｾ ｾ 9 . f. 71,(1 zz.« 23.8 25.2 26.6 28.0 29.4 30.8 32.2 33.6 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1. 26 1. 40 1. 54 1.68 1. 82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.38 2.52 2.66 2.80 2.94 3.08 3.22 3.36 1400 1.5 J. C 4.5 6. C , .:0 10.5 12. ; 1 J. 6 15.1 16.6 18.1 19.6 21.1 22.6 24.1 25.6 27 .1 28.6 30.1 31. 6 33.2 34.7 36.2 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1. 05 1. 20 1. 35 1. 50 1. 65 1. 8(· 1. 95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.55 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.15 3.30 3.45 3.60 1500 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.5 8.1 3.7 11.3 12. 0 14.5 16.1 17.8 19.4 21.e' n.6 24.2 25.8 27.4 29.1 30.7 32.3 3J.9 35.5 37.1 38.8 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 0.80 0.96 1.12 1. 28 1.44 1.60 1. 76 1. 92 2.08 2.24 2.40 2.56 2.72 2.88 3.04 3.20 3.36 3.52 3.68 3.84 1600 1.7 3.4 5.2 6.9 R. f- ic .' 12 .1 13. F 15.5 17.2 18.9 20.7 22.4 24.1 2 5.8 27.6 29.3 31.0 32.7 34.4 36.2 37.9 39.6 41. 3 0.17 0.34 0.51 0.68 0.85 1. 02 1.19 1. 36 1. 53 1. 70 1.87 2.04 2.21 2.38 2.55 2.72 2.89 3.06 3.23 3.40 3.57 3.74 3.91 4.08 1700 1.8 3.7 5.5 7.3 9.1 11. C 12.8 ; 4.6 16. ' 18. J 20.1 22.C 23.8 2' .6 27.4 29.3 31.1 32.9 34.8 36.6 38.4 40.3 42.1 43.9 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.90 1.08 1.26 1. 44 1. 62 1. 80 1. 98 2.16 2.34 2.52 2.70 2.88 3.06 3.24 3.42 3.60 3.78 3.96 4.14 4.32 1800 1.9 3.9 5.8 7.8 9.7 11. {3 1?6 155 17.4 18.4 21. ? 23. ' .'5.2 2 7.1 29.1 31. 0 32.9 34.9 36.8 38.8 40.7 42.6 44.6 46.5 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.14 1. 33 1. 52 1.71 1. 90 2.09 2.28 2.47 2.66 2.85 3.04 3.23 3.42 3.61 3.80 3.99 4.18 4.37 4.56 1900 2.0 4.1 6.1 8.2 10.2 12.3 14. -' 16.4 18.4 20.5 22.5 24.5 2f.t 28. f, 3C.7 32.7 34.8 36.8 38.9 40.9 42.9 45.0 47.0 49.1 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1. 40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 z.so 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 ｾ 2000 2.2 4.3 6.5 8.6 : 0.6 ｾ - .. 17.2 19.4 21. 5 21.7 25.8 2 B . .'4.4 36.6 38.8 40.9 43.1 45.2 47.4 49.5 51. 7 0.21 0.42 0.63 0.84 1. OS 1. 26 1.47 1.68 1.89 2.10 2.31 2. Q4 3.36 3.57 3.78 3.99 4.20 4.41 4.62 4.83 5.04 2100 2.3 4.5 6.8 9. c 11.3 13.6 15.8 18.1 20. _' 22.6 24.9 27 .. 29.4 31.6 33.9 36.2 J8.4 40.7 42.9 45.2 47.5 49.7 52.0 54.3 0.22 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.10 1. 32 1. 54 1. 76 1. 98 2.20 2.42 2.64 2.86 3.08 3.30 3.52 3.74 3.96 4.18 4.40 4.62 4.84 5.06 5.28 2200 2.4 4.7 7.1 Q t; 11.8 ｾ 4.2 If.6 18. ::, 21.3 23.7 26.0 28.4 30.8 33 .2 35.5 37.9 40.3 42.6 45.0 47.4 49.7 52.1 54.5 56.8 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.92 1.15 1. 38 1.61 1.84 2.07 2.30 2.53 2.76 2.99 3.22 3.45 3.68 3.91 4.14 4.37 4.60 4.83 5.06 5.29 5.52 2300 2.5 5.0 7.4 9.9 12.4 14.9 17.3 19. B n.3 24.8 27.2 29.7 32.2 34.7 J7.1 39.6 42.1 44.6 47.0 49.5 52.0 54.5 56.9 59.4 0.24 0.48 0.72 0.96 1. 20 1.44 1.68 1.92 2.16 2.40 2.64 2.88 ).12 3.36 3.60 3.84 4.08 4.32 4.56 4.80 5.04 5.28 5.52 5.76 2400 ,{. c 5.2 7.8 10.3 12.9 15.5 18.1 20.7 23.3 25.8 28.4 31.0 33 .6 36.2 .JB.8 41. 3 43.9 46.5 49.1 51. 7 54.3 56.8 59.4 62.0 0.25 0.50 0.7':> 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 2500 2.7 5.4 8.1 10.8 13.5 16.1 18.8 21. S 24 .2 26.9 29.6 32.3 35.0 37.7 40.4 43.1 45.7 48.4 51.1 53.8 56.5 59.2 61.9 64.6 0.26 0.52 0.78 1.04 1. 30 1.56 1.82 2.08 2.34 2.60 2.86 3.12 3.38 3.64 3.90 4.16 4.42 4.68 4.94 5.20 5.46 5.72 5.98 6.24 2600 2.8 5.6 8.4 11.2 14.0 16.8 19.6 22.4 25.2 28.0 30.8 33.6 36.4 39.2 42. c 44.6 47.6 50.4 53.2 56.0 58.8 61.6 64.4 67.2 0.27 0.54 0.81 1.08 1. 35 1.62 1.89 2.16 2.43 2.70 2.97 3. ?4 3.51 3.78 4.05 4.32 4.59 4.86 5.13 5.40 5.67 5.94 6.21 6.48 2700 2.9 5.8 8.7 11.6 14.5 17.4 20.3 2].3 26.2 29.1 32.0 34.9 37.8 40.7 43.6 46.5 49.4 52.3 55.2 58.1 61.0 63.9 66.8 69.8 0.28 0.56 0.84 1.12 1.40 1.68 1.96 2.24 2.52 2.80 3.08 3.36 3.64 3.92 4.20 4.48 4.76 5.04 5.32 5.60 5.88 6.16 6.44 6.72 2800 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.1 15.1 18.1 21.1 24.1 27.1 30.1 33.2 36.2 39.2 42.2 45.2 48.2 51.2 54.3 57.3 60.3 63.3 66.3 69.3 72.3 0.29 0.58 0.87 1.16 1.45 1. 74 2.03 2.32 2.61 2.90 3.19 3.48 3.77 4.06 4.35 4.64 4.93 5.22 5.51 5.80 6.09 6.38 6.67 6.96 2900 3.1 6.2 9.4 12.5 15.6 18.7 21.9 25.0 28.1 31.2 34.3 37.5 40.6 43.7 46.8 49.9 53.1 56.2 59.3 62.4 65.6 68.7 71.8 74.9 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1. 50 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00 3.30 3.60 3.90 4.20 4.50 4.80 5.10 5.40 5.70 6.00 6.30 6.60 6.90 7.20 3000 3.2 6.5 9.7 12.9 16.1 19.4 22.6 25.8 29.1 32.3 ?t;; c; 38.8 42.0 45.2 48.4 51. 7 54.9 58.1 61. 4 64.6 67.8 71.0 74.3 77.5 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1. 55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72 4.03 4.34 4.65 4.96 5.27 5.58 5.89 6.20 6.51 6.82 7.13 7.44 3100 3.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 16.7 20.0 23.4 26.7 30.0 33.4 36.7 40.0 43.4 46.7 50.1 53.4 56.7 60.1 63.4 66.7 70.1 73.4 76.7 80.1 0.32 0.64 0.96 1.28 1.60 1. 92 2.24 2.56 2.88 3.20 3.52 3.84 4.16 4.48 4.80 5.12 5.44 5.76 6.08 6.40 6.72 7.04 7.36 7.68 3200 3.4 6.9 10.3 13.8 17.2 20.7 24.1 27 .6 31.0 34.4 37.9 41.3 44.8 48.2 51.7 55.1 58.6 62.0 65.4 68.9 72.3 75.8 79.2 82.7 0.33 0.66 0.99 1.32 1.65 1. 98 2.31 2.64 2.97 3.30 3.63 3.96 4.29 4.62 4.95 5.28 5.61 5.94 6.27 6.60 6.93 7.26 7.59 7.92 3300 3.6 7.1 10.7 14.2 17.8 21. 3 24.9 28.4 32.0 35.5 39.1 42.6 46.2 49.7 53.3 56.8 60.4 63.9 67.5 70.0 74.6 78.1 81. 7 85.3 0.34 0.68 1.02 1.36 1.70 2.04 2.38 2.72 3.06 3.40 3.74 4.08 4.42 4.76 5.10 5.44 5.78 6.12 6.46 6.80 7.14 7.48 7.82 8.16 3400 3.7 7.3 11.0 14.6 18.3 22.0 25.6 29.3 32.9 36.6 40.3 43.9 47.6 51.2 54.9 58.6 62.2 65.9 69.5 73.2 76.9 80.5 84.2 87.8 0.35 0.70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80 3.15 3.50 3.85 4.20 4.55 4.90 5.25 5.60 5.95 6.30 6.65 7.00 7.35 7.70 8.05 8.40 3500 3.8 7.5 11. 3 15.1 18.8 22.6 26.4 30.1 33.9 37.7 41.4 45.2 49.0 52.7 56.5 60.3 64.0 67.8 71.6 75.3 79.1 82.9 86.6 90.4 0.36 0.72 1.08 1.44 1.80, 2.16 2.52 2.88 3.24 3.60 3.96 4.32 4.68 5.04 5.40 5.76 6.12 6.48 6.84 7.20 7.56 7.92 8.28 8.64 3600 3.9 7.8 11. 6 15.5 19.4 23.3 27.1 31.0 34.9 38.8 42.6 46.5 50.4 54.3 58.1 62.0 65.9 69.8 73.6 77.5 81.4 85.3 89.1 93.0 0.37 0.74 1.11 1.48 1.85 2.22 2.59 2.96 3.33 3.70 4.07 4.44 4.81 5.18 5.55 5.92 6.29 6.66 7.03 7.40 7.77 8.14 8.51 8.88 3700 4.0 8.0 11.9 15.9 19.9 23.9 27.9 31. 9 35.8 39.8 43.8 47.8 51.8 55.8 59.7 63.7 67.7 71. 7 75.7 79.7 83.6 87.6 91.6 95.6 0.38 0.76 1.14 1. 52 1.90 2.28 2.66 3.04 3.42 3.80 4.18 4.56 4.94 5.32 5.70 6.08 6.46 6.84 7.22 7.60 7.98 8.36 8.74 9.12 3800 4.1 8.2 12.3 16.4 20.5 24.5 28.6 32.7 36.8 40.9 45.0 49.1 53.2 57.3 61.4 65.4 69.5 73.6 77.7 81.8 85.9 90.0 94.1 98.2 0.39 0.78 1.17 1.56 1.95 2.34 2.73 3.12 3.51 3.90 4.29 4.68 5.07 5.46 5.85 6.24 6.63 7.02 7.41 7.80 8.19 8.58 8.97 9.36 3900 4.2 8.4 12.6 16.8 21.0 25.2 29.4 33.6 37.8 42.0 46.2 50.4 54.6 58.8 63.0 67.2 71.4 75.6 79.8 84.0 88.2 92.4 96.6 100.8 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40 4.80 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.80 7.20 7.60 8.00 8.40 8.80 9.20 9.60 4000 4.3 8.6 12.9 17.2 21.5 25.8 30.1 34.4 38.8 43.1 47.4 51. 7 56.0 60.3 64.6 68.9 73.2 77.5 81.8 86.1 90.4 94.7 99.0 103.3 0.41 0.82 1.23 1.64 2.05 2.46 2.87 3.28 3.69 4.10 4.51 4.92 5.33 5.74 6.15 6.56 6.97 7.38 7.79 8.20 8.61 9.02 9.43 9.84 4100 4.4 8.8 13.2 17.7 22.1 26.5 30.9 35.3 39.7 44.1 48.5 53.0 57.4 61.8 66.2 70.6 75.0 79.4 83.9 88.3 92.7 97.1 101.5 lCS.9 0.42 0.84 1. 26 1.68 2.10 2.52 2.94 3.36 3.78 4.20 4.62 5.04 5.46 5.88 6.30 6.72 7.14 7.56 7.98 8.40 8.82 9.24 9.66 0 • 08 4200 4.5 9.0 13.6 18.1 22.6 27.1 31.6 36.2 40.7 45.2 49.7 54.3 58.8 63.3 67.8 72.3 76.9 81.4 85.9 90.4 94.9 99.5 104.0 108.5 0.43 0.86 1.29 1.72 2.15 2.58 3.01 3.44 3.87 4.30 4.73 5.16 5.59 6.02 6.45 6.88 7.31 7.74 8.17 8.60 9.46 9.89 10.32. 4300 4.6 9.3 13.9 18.5 23.1 27.8 32.4 37.0 41. 7 46.3 50.9 55.5 60.2 64.8 69.4 74.1 78.7 83.3 87.9 92.6 ｾﾷＷｾｾ 101.8 106.5 111.1 0.44 0.88 1.32 1. 76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40 4.84 5.28 5.72 6.16 106.60 7.04 7.48 7.92 8.36 8.80 9.24 9.68 ＱＰｾＲ 10.56 4400 4.7 9.5 14.2 18.9 23.7 28.4 33.2 37.9 42.6 47.4 52.1 56.8 61.6 66.3 71.0 75.8 80.5 85.3 90.0 94.7 99.5 104.2 108.9 113.7 4500 0.45 0.90 1.35 1.80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60 4.05 4.50 4.95 5.40 5.85 6.30 6.75 7.20 7.65 8.10 8.55 9.00 9.45 9.90 10.35 10.80 4.8 9.7 14.5 19.4 24.2 29.1 33.9 38.8 43.6 48.4 53.3 58.1 63.0 67.8 72.7 77.5 82.3 87.2 92.0 96.9 101.7 106.6 111.4 116.3 4600 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.84 2.30 2.76 3.22 3.68 4.14 4.60 5.06 5.52 5.98 6.44 6.90 7.36 7.82 8.28 8.74 9.20 9.66 10.12 10.58 11.04 5.0 9.9 14.9 19.8 24 .8 29.7 34.7 39.6 44.6 49.5 54.5 59.4 64.4 69.3 74.3 79.2 84.2 89.1 94.1 99.0 104.0 108.9 113.9 118.8 4700 0.47 0.94 1.41 1.88 2.35 2.82 3.29 3.76 4.23 4.70 5.17 5.64 6.11 6.58 i .05 7.52 7.99 8.46 8.93 9.40 9.87 10.34 10.81 11.28 5.1 10.1 15.2 20.2 25.3 30.4 35.4 40.5 45.5 50.6 55.6 60.7 65.8 70.8 75.9 80.9 86.0 91.1 96.1 101.2 106.2 111.3 116.4 121.4 4800 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92 2.40 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 4.80 5.28 5.76 6.24 6.72 7.20 7.68 8.16 8.64 9.12 9.60 10.08 10.56 11.04 11.52 5.2 10.3 15.5 20.7 25.8 31.0 36.2 41.3 46.5 51. 7 56.8 62.0 67.2 72.3 77.5 82.7 87.8 93.0 98.2 101.3 108.5 113.7 11'.8 124.0 -62- Table 6 2 2400 x 2400 mm to 4800 x 7200 mm ｾＬ 2400 2500 ?fiOe 2700 2800esor 3000 3100 3200 33003400 ｾＵＰＰ ｾＶＰＰ 3700 3800 ｾＹＰ｛ 14000 4100 420014300 4400 4500fWoo ｾＷＰＰ ｾＸＰＰ 5.76 6.00 6.24 6.48 6.72 6.96 7.20 7.44 7.68 7.92 8. I 6 8.40 8. EO H. RP 9 . ｾ 2 9.3E 9.60 9.84 10.08 0.32 10.56 10.80 11.04 11.28 [n.sz 2400 62.0 64.5 67. C 70. C 7"2.9 "S.C 77.5 8e. " 82.5 I:f ｾ 5 8i3.C J: n " ｾｾ .. 106 lC9 1.:.1 114 116 119 121 12. 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 B.75 9 00 9.25 9.SC 9.75 0. QC 0.25 10.50 0.75 11.00 11 .25 11.50 I 1.75 12.00 2500 64.5 67.5 70. C 72.5 7,., 78. C 80.5 83.5 8(; . ｾＩ 89. C 91.5 94. (1 I }7. "., •.'< 1,'5 lC8 110 113 116 118 121 124 126 129 6.24 6.50 6 76 7.02 7.28 7.54 7. BO 8.06 8.32 8.58 8.84 9.10 9.36 9. E2 9.88 :'.'4 C_Ｔｾ ,D.66 10.92 I. 18 11.44 11.70 11.96 12.22 12.48 2600 67.0 70.0 73. a 75.5 78.5 81. 0 84.0 87.0 89.5 92.5 95.0 98.0 101 '0' 1](; 109 112 115 118 120 123 126 129 132 13. 6.48 6.75 7.02 7.29 7.56 7.83 8.10 8.37 8.64 8.91 9,18 9.45 9.72 9 99 IS.26 1C. 53 0.80 ,I 07 11.34 1,61 11,88 12.15 12.42 12.69 12.96 2700 70.0 72.5 75.5 78.5 81. 5 84.5 87. C 9C. C 93.0 96. C ')9,0 :-'2 .'5 1::6' ... .. 116 129 In 125 128 131 134 137 140 6.72 7.00 7.28 7,56 7 84 8.12 8.40 8.68 8.96 9.24 9.52 9,80 0.08 10.35 C.64 'C.91 I 10 I. 48 11 .76 2 04 12.32 12.60 12.88 13.16 13.44 ｾＧ 11 ｾ 2800 72.5 75.5 78. :: 81. 5 84.5 87.5 90.5 ')].5 96.5 99.5 1:12 '"'' 1C") 11 118 '" 124 127 130 133 136. 139 142 145 6.96 7,25 7.54 7.83 8.12 8.41 8.70 8,99 9.28 9.57 9.86 10.1 S 044 IO.7J '1 ｾＲ II 31 11,60 1.89 12.18 2.47 12.76 13.05 13.34 13.63 13.92 2900 75.0 78.0 81. 0 84.5 87.5 90.5 93.5 97.0 100 lCJ 106 109 112 1 ! ｾ 11'J .i.,', 125 128 131 134 137 140 144 147 150 7.20 7.50 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9,00 9.30 9.60 9,90 , O.20 I Q. 50 0.80 11 10 ｾ .40 11 Ｗｾ 12,00 2 30 12.60 2.90 13.20 13.50 13.80 14.10 14.40 3000 77.5 80.5 84.0 87.0 90. ') 91.5 97.J 10e lC1 lC7 11'" 113 1U 119 : ｽｾ 12f 129 2.?2 136 119 142 145 149 151 155 7.44 7.75 8.06 8,37 8.68 8,99 9,30 9.61 9.92 0,23 10.54 1C. 85 1.16 I .47 11 78 12.09 12.40 12 71 13,02 13.33 13.64 13.95 14,26 14.57 14.88 3100 80.0 83.5 87.C: ge.O 93.5 97.0 100 103 107 llc; 113 .. 12 Ｌ｟ｾ :23 ". 1 ＳＬＮｾ 133 p ＱＴｾ :4] 147 150 153 157 160 7.68 8.00 8.32 8.64 8.96 9.28 g. EO 9.92 10.24 10,56 10.88 11.20 1.52 11.84 12,IE 11.48 12,80 13.12 13.44 13.76 14.08 14.40 14.72 15.04 15.36 3200 82.5 86 _ Ｌｾ 89.5 9].0 96.5 100 ｾ cs 107 110 114 117 121 124 12"' 1:11 lJ4 138 141 145 148 152 155 158 162 165 7.92 8.25 8. ::.8 8.91 9.24 9.57 9 90 10,23 10.56 10 89 11 21 II 55 , 8,8 12.?1 Ii c, 12.87 13. Ｒｾ 13,53 13,86 14.19 14.52 14.85 15.18 15.51 15.84 3300 85.5 89. J 92.5 96. o 99.5 103 1J7 110 114 117 121 114 128 '" :IS 139 142 146 149 153 156 160 163 167 171 8.16 8.50 8.84 9,18 9.52 9,86 10,20 10.54 10.88 II. 22 11,56 11.9G 12,24 12.58 12.92 IJ 26 13.60 13.94 14.28 14.62 14.96 15,30 15.64 15.98 16.3Z 3400 88. C 91. 5 95, c 99.0 1:)2 106 ｾ ＭＬＭｾＧ 11:< 117 ".c. 124 72R 132 IF ;19 : 4; 146 ",: 154 157 161 165 168 172 176 8.40 8.7\ 9.18 9. ＴｾＬ 9.80 1C. 15 10 50 10.85 11 20 II 55 11.90 12.25 12.60 12.9lJ 11 J0 13. ｦｾ 14.00 :4.35 14.70 15.05 15,40 15,75 16. I 0 16.45 16.80 3500 90.5 94.0 98 . Ｂｾ 102 1C5 109 113 11 7 121 124 128 132 13f 39 14' : Ｔｾ 1 ｾＱ 154 158 162 166 170 173 177 181 8.64 9.72 10.08 1r: 44 10 80 11 16 11 52 II. 88 12,24 12.6C 12.96 13.32 13.6e, :4 14.4C 1476 1S.12 15.48 15.84 16.20 16,56 16.92 17.28 og 9)6 .", I' ;i ｬｾＧ ｾ '0 3600 93.0 109 l12 11t- 12C 124 128 l .' Jf :4 14< l·r ...... / 163 167 171 174 178 182 186 8,88 9,25 9.62 9,99 10.36 le.?3 11. 10 11.47 11.84 12.21 12.58 12.95 13.32 13.69 '}6 14.4j 14 2C 15.:7 15.54 15.91 16.28 16.65 17,02 17.39 17.76 3700 9 ｾ •" 99.5 ｾ ,]4 108 1U 1 ｾ 5 ｾ >'} 12; i r: 131 1 3 ｾ 13'-) :4 ' .'4' " :' .' ＬＬｾ u.: l67 .'71 : 7 ｾ 179 183 187 191 9.12 9.50 9,88 ＱＱｾｽＶ 1G.64 I 1.02 11,40 11.78 12,16 12.54 12.92 1!.3G 1:.62 "'c't 1444 14., 15.22 15.58 15.96 16.34 16,72 17.10 17.48 17.86 18.24 3800 98. ':' 10; 106 115 11'j .. " . 131 : 1 ｾ :.19 :43 :,r ｾ f; ｾ f.4 168 172 176 180 184 188 192 196 9.36 9.75 1C, 14 10,53 I C 92 11.31 11.70 12. OS 12.48 12.87 13.2E 13.65 la. [4 14'3 ｾ J. . 82 i..: I!5 60 ::'.99 16,38 16.77 17.16 17.55 17.94 18.33 18.72 :I__ Ｇｾ 3900 ｾ 01 10" lOY ''< 118 l22 l2f 1.1: 1.14 ;:<9 :4 J : Ｔｾ . " ｾ r'; ｾ c8 172 j 7f, 181 185 189 193 197 202 9.60 10.00 10.40 ｉｾ BO 11,10 11 60 12. DC 12.40 12.8C 13.20 13 6C la. 00 14 40 14 2C l' ｉｾ ; 5 60 16.00 1S, 40 16,80 17,20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18,80 19.20 .,.,. ., 4000 103 108 11 ｾ ｾ • t :21 .. ::2'} .'11 1.18 142 14€ : ｾ J. 1';::- >4 ll'i :..7; 181 185 189 194 198 202 207 9,84 10.25 ic. 66 11.48 11.89 12 30 12 71 13.12 1).53 13.94 14.35 14 76 I' 17 1S. 58 15.99 16 40 16 81 17.22 17.63 18.04 18.45 18.86 19,27 19.68 " 4100 l()fJ 11," 'l" ;;-- 124 128 1_J2 137 141 146 15C 154 15" ltc, .< " , 181 185 190 194 199 2CJ 207 212 I C, 02 io. °2 I: 34 11.76 '2.18 11 E'J 13.02 13.44 13,86 14.22 1'.70 1\,'1 1 S. 96 1(.313 16. eo 17.22 17.64 18.06 18,48 18.90 19,32 19.74 20.16 11: 5,: __;t' :a 4200 1 ｾｾ 9 118 :"22 .e: 131 14:" 145 14':J ':4 .' ｾ B .'f' , '" :71 181 ;8" ] 90 194 199 203 208 212 217 10 32 11.18 I ',bl 12.04- 12, 47 12.90 13.33 13.76 14.19 1S 15 4P, l' 0' '6 34 16.77 '7.10 1763 18.06 18.49 18.92 19,3' 19.78 20,21 20.64 I ｾＱｾＵ I'. E2 " .,. 4300 -",,,. 125 11 " l''} :41 ,'48 ;5, ; c' >2 "' 18 ｾ 19C 194 199 204 208 213 218 222 .. 10.56 11.:0 I'. '4 2e 12.32 '1 76 13.20 13. EO 14 08 14.52 14.96 r c ｾＲ 15.S4 ［ｾｳ " 72 16 17.6e 12. D4 18.48 18.92 '9.3L 19.80 20.24 20.68 21,12 " 16 :2 _1 ｾｦＺＮＮ '1./;'; 4400 ｾ 1': 118 :28 . " ',"' 142 14"' 1" ':56 lU . " ., 194 199 204 208 213 218 223 227 ｾＮ " 10.80 11,25 11.70 12.'5 12. tC n. C5 13.50 13.95 14.40 14.85 ' 5. "JO 1S. 7S Ｌｾｏ If,. fS -; r, 'is HL SS 18_45 18.90 19 ]5 19.80 20.25 20.70 21. 15 21.60 ｾ ｾ ｾ Ｑｾ I f; ｾＬ ｾ , ＵＬｾ 4500 ,'1f- 121: 1Jf ｾＴＧ 14 ;. . , l65 "" .' ｂｾ " Ｎｾ ｾ ,'94 1 09 2:':.J 20R 213 218 223 228 233 11 04 11.5D 11.96 '2.42 12.8?, 13.34 13.80 14.26 14.72 15.18 : ｾＮ E4 ; 6 1S 16. :t; !' '2 1"' .:e 18.40 18.86 19 32 19.78 2e.24 20.70 21 16 21. 62 22.08 4600 ｾ 1 ｾ 1}, : ＬＧｾｉ :J4 :J" ｬＴｾ 14" 15' 1 ":8 1(-1 ;U! .-ｾ lE' :85 I':,;' 1?B .. 2C8 21' 218 2,)3 228 233 238 11 28 11.75 12. 22 12 69 13 ' ｾ 14 10 14.57 15.':;4 15 ｾ 1 ; 5 ,95 it.45 16.92 '7,3 Q 17,26 1E. 33 18.80 19.27 19.74 20,21 20.68 21,15 21.62 22.09 22.56 ' Ｌｾ " 63 ." 4700 121 .:« }2 :'42 .'47 :"2 ;. ＨＭｾＧ ｾ ','; , '2ｾ ; 2,:7 l' :5: '" 212 218 223 218 233 238 243 11 52 12.00 12 48 12 96 13.44 ｾ 3. ?2 Ｌｾ｣ I ｾＮ 38 15 J( 15.84 ［ｾＲ ; E. ED 76 1 14 1i: 7' 19,28 19.68 20.16 20.64 21.12 21. 60 22.08 22.56 23.04 ｂｾＧ 1\ 1 14 I i : f; 17 4800 124 129 1. :'4' 145 lte 1,S :81 '( .c,, __' 2 ;12 217 222 "227 233 238 2.3 248 11.76 Ｗｾ ｾＬ ｾ 12.25 12.74 ＧｌｾＳ 13,72 ＺｳｾＱ 114 : 5,19 ｾＬｾＸ 16.17 1£. f.6 : 7 . ' fA " 12 1 5? 1,9, 11 11 f;0 ｾＹ 20.58 21 07 2156 22. 05 22,54 23.03 23.52 II I " ｾ 12;1 4900 1}7 : '2 148 '58 .e « ｾ 74 " 1 8 ｾ : q 1'5 7 z:» 21 222 227 232 237 243 248 253 12.00 12,50 13 00 13.5D 14.0C 14.50 , 5. CO 16 16, SC 17.00 :7 50 18.20 =8.50 ｾ 20 20,50 21,00 21.50 22,00 22.50 23,00 23.50 24.00 I ｾ Ｌｾｏ 1 ｃｾｄ II ｾ［ｾｏ I 5C1 .; 0 g 1St lC 1 78 ;BJ .'flR ｾ 94 5000 129 '" '" :;.." 221 226 231 237 242 248 253 258 12.24 12.75 13.26 13.77" 14.22 ｾ 4 . 79 '6.83 I)C II; ,81 11 17.34 17,85 ＱＱｾ ,;6 ＱＱｾｾＷ 1S. 38 19.89 20.40 20.91 21.42 21.93 22.44 22.95 23.46 23.97 24.48 :,)2 '>/ ｾ ｾＧ 5100 132 137 :..p 148 154 ;S9 B"' 192 : 9 ::4 22C 225 iJl 236 242 247 253 258 264 12.48 O 13 52 14.04 1',56 ｾＨｾＸ ｾＬｾ｛ 1E.12 16.64 17.68 18,20 18. '2 ｾ 2C.28 20.80 21.32 21. 84 22.36 22.88 23.40 23.92 24.44 24.96 IJS • <' II II 1ｩＸｾＶ :,2' • 7,6 5200 ｾ 34 14E ｾ 57 1:"4 179 19: 0' 2: ｾＧ 2 2 ｾ 8 224 219 235 241 246 252 257 26) 269 12.72 13.25 13.78 14.31 14.84 15,37 15.90 16.43 i 6.96 17.49 18.02 18.55 I ｾ ［ｾＸ I!;{ 10,67 21,20 21.73 22.26 22,79 23.32 23,85 24.38 24.91 25.44 5300 137 143 148 154 115C :.t ｾ :n lSJ : 8E 194 2(1': l'i:,4 222 228 23' 240 245 251 257 262 268 174 12 96 13.51 14,04 14.58 15.66 16. ,0 18.36 19.44 11:,> 11 ｾ ＸｾＴ 1 ｩＸｾＸ ID 2 18.90 8 21_:, 2' ,60 22 14 22.68 23.22 23,76 24,30 24.84 25.38 25.92 5400 140 145 151 157 :"69 ::'4 q5 198 20] 20:; 'U 2i;;2 227 nJ 238 244 250 256 262 267 273 27. 13.20 ｾＮ i 13,75 I 30 14.85 15, '0 15.95 I!1,;0 17.85 17,60 18.15 Ｇｾ｣［ｏ 19.25 19.80 20.3S 1',;;0 2 .45 22.00 22.55 23. I 0 23.65 24.20 24.75 25.30 25.85 26.40 5500 142 148 ｾ 54 uc :66 172 184 189 195 207 21 } 2: 9 :2 3: 237 243 249 255 260 266 272 278 284 13.44 14,00 14.5611;// 15,68 16.24 16.80 17.36 17.92 18,48 19.04 19.60 20.16 20.72 2' .28 21.84 22.40 22.96 23,52 24.08 24.64 25,20 25.76 26.32 26.88 5600 145 151 15 7 169 175 l81 187 193 199 205 211 217 ;:n 229 235 241 247 253 259 265 271 277 283 289 IS.68 1.66 14.25 14.82 1539 15.96 16.53 17, I 0 17.67 18.24 18.81 19.38 19.95 ＲｾＲ［Ｒ 89 2 2L;J 22.80 23.37 23.94 24.51 25.08 25.65 26.22 26.79 27.36 5700 147 153 le' 1156 172 178 l84 He ; 9f 2C2 20' 215 2;'2 z: 3 245 252 258 264 270 276 282 288 2.5 13.92 14.50 15.08 15,66 16.24 16.82 17. '0 17.98 18.56 19,14 19.72 20.30 20,88 21 ＮｾＶ 2q4 22.62 23,20 23.78 24.36 24.94 25.52 26.10 26.68 27.26 27.84 5800 150 156 1U 169 75 181 187 194 20C 206 212 219 215 2Jl 24] 250 256 262 268 275 281 287 2.3 300 14.16 1'.75 15.34 15.93 16.52 17.11 17.70 18.29 18.88 19.47 2C,06 20,65 21,24 21.83 22,'2 23.01 23.60 24.19 24.78 25.37 25.96 26.55 27.14 27.73 28.32 5900 152 159 US 171 178 184 191 197 203 210 216 222 229 235 241 248 254 260 267 273 279 286 292 298 305 14.40 15.00 15.60 16,20 16,80 17,40 18.00 18.60 19.20 19,80 20.40 21,00 21,60 22.20 22 .80 23.40 24.00 ＲｾＶｾＰ 25.20 25.80 26.40 27.00 27.60 28.20 28,80 6000 155 161 168 174 181 187 19. 200 207 213 220 226 233 239 245 252 258 271 278 284 291 297 JO' 310 14,64 15.25 15.86 16.47 17,08 17,69 18.30 18.91 19.52 20.13 20,74 21.35 21,96 22,57 ＱＲＲＵｾＸ 23.79 24.40 25,01 25.62 26.23 26.84 27.45 28.06 28.67 29,28 6100 158 164 171 l?? 184 iso 197 204 210 217 223 230 236 243 25. 263 269 276 282 289 2.5 302 30' 315 14.88 15.50 16,12 16. Ｗｾ 17.36 17.98 18.60 19,22 19.84 20.46 21,08 21.70 22.32 22,94 23,56 24,18 24,80 25.42 26,04 26.66 27.28 27.90 28.52 29,14 29.76 6200 160 167 174 180 187 194 200 207 214 220 217 23' 240 247 254 260 267 274 280 287 294 300 307 314 110 15.12 15.75 16.38 17.01 17.64 18.27 18.90 19,53 20.16 20.79 21. 42 22.05 22.68 23.31 23.94 24.57 25.20 25.83 26.46 27.09 27.72 28.35 28.98 29.61 30.24 6300 163 170 176 183 190 197 203 210 217 224 211 237 244 251 258 264 271 278 285 292 298 305 311 319 J26 15.36 16,00 16.64 17.28 17.92 18.56 19.20 19.84 20,48 21.12 21.76 22.40 23.04 23.68 24.32 24.96 25,60 26.24 26.88 27.52 28.16 28.80 29.44 30.08 30,72 172 6400 165 179 186 193 200 207 214 220 227 23' 241 248 255 262 269 276 282 289 296 303 310 317 11' 131 15,60 16,25 16,90 17.55 18.20 lB.85 19.50 20.15 20.80 21.45 22.10 22.75 23.40 24,05 24.70 25,35 26.00 ＲｾＸｾＵ 27.30 27.95 28.60 29.25 29.90 30.55 31.20 6500 16S 175 182 189 196 201 210 217 224 231 238 245 252 259 266 273 280 29' 301 308 3l:> 112 32. 136 15.84 16,50 17.16 17.82 18.48 19.14 19.80 20,46 21,12 21. 17 22.44 23. I 0 23.76 24.42 25.08 25.74 26.40 ＲｾＹｾＶ 27.72 28.38 29.04 29.70 30.36 31.02 31.68 6600 171 178 185 192 199 206 213 220 217 23' 242 249 256 263 270 277 284 298 305 313 320 117 13. 341 16.08 16,75 17.42 18.09 lB.76 19.43 20.10 20,77 21.44 22.11 22.78 23.45 24,12 24,79 25.46 26.13 26.80 27.47 28.14 28.81 29 48 30.15 30.82 31.49 32.16 6700 17) 180 188 195 202 209 216 214 231 238 245 252 260 ＲｾＷ 274 281 288 296 303 310 317 325 131 139 146 16.32 17.00 17.68 18.36 19.04 19.72 20.40 21.08 21.76 22,44 23,12 23,80 24,48 25.16 25,84 26.52 27,20 27.8 28.56 29.24 29.92 30.60 31.28 31. 96 32,64 6800 176 183 190 198 205 212 220 227 234 242 249 256 264 271 278 285 293 300 307 315 322 329 137 344 351 16.56 17.25 17.94 18.63 19.32 20,01 20.70 21. 39 22.08 22,77 23.46 24.15 24.84 25.53 26 22 26.91 27,60 2B.2 28.98 29.67 31.05 31.74 32.43 33,12 186 30.36 6900 178 193 201 208 215 223 230 238 245 253 260 267 275 282 290 297 305 312 319 327 13. 341 34' JS7 16.80 17.50 18.20 18,90 19.60 20.30 21. 00 21. 70 22.40 23,10 23,80 24,50 25.20 25.90 26,60 27.30 28.00 28.7 29.40 30.10 30.80 31. 50 32.20 32,90 33.60 7000 181 188 196 203 211 219 226 234 241 249 256 264 271 279 286 294 301 309 316 324 132 139 347 35. J62 1;.04 17.75 18.46 19,17 19,88 20.59 21. 30 22.01 22,72 23.43 24.14 24.85 25.56 26.27 26.98 27.69 28.40 29.11 29.82 30.53 31.24 31.95 32.66 33.37 34,08 7100 183 191 199 206 214 222 229 227 245 252 260 267 275 283 290 298 306 313 111 32. 136 344 352 35. 167 17.28 18.00 18.72 19.44 20.16 20.88 21.60 22.32 23,04 23.76 24.48 25.20 25.92 26.64 27.36 28.08 28.80 29.5 30.24 30.96 31.68 32.40 33.12 33.84 34.56 7200 186 194 202 209 217 225 233 2.0 248 256 264 271 279 287 295 302 310 318 326 313 141 3.9 357 364 172 Table 6.3 4800 x 4800 mm to 12 000 x 18 000 mm 0 = = =0 = = =0 ======s = = g 0 (\I ======i =.... ｾ ,...= =0 M =CD ｾ = = =an =00 =.... =ｾ ,... = = =M CDi = N =an i =.... =ｾ ,... ｾ ,... ,... ,... r, an an an CD CD CD CD 00 00 00 =en en en en ....= ....0 ....0 ...... N= 23.0 24.5 25.9 27.4 28.8 30.2 31.7 33.1 34.6 36.0 J7.4 38.q 40.3 41.8 4J .2 44.6 4'-1 47.S 49.0 50.4 51.8 53.3 S4.7 56.2 57.6 4800 U8 '64 279 295 110 12' 141 J(7 J72 ..8 401 419 4;4 4"(' 46' 481 4.' (,12 527 "4} ＵｾＸ 5" 5t H ] 6 ｾＱ ｾ flO 24.5 26.0 27.5 29.1 30.6 J2.1 33.7 J5.2 36.7 38.2 J9.8 41. ) 42.8 44.4 45.9 47.4 49.0 :0.5 52.0 53.5 55.1 56.6 58.1 59.7 61.2 5100 '64 280 '9' 313 329 ｾ 41" 11'.-' P9 39<: 41: 428 oJ'll€' 4'1 47p ", <;11 ｾ )7 (4 ' S6G 576 591 609 62t a'll:: 659 25. q 27. S 29.2 30.8 32.4 34 .r') J5.6 37.3 38.9 40.5 42.1 43.7 45.4 47.0 48.6 5(,2 51.8 5).5 55.1 56.7 58.3 59.9 61.6 6).2 64.8 5400 279 ,., 114 111 )4" J" J8' 4('1 41, 4 ｟ｾＶ 453 "1 '88 SO, ｾｮ 541 558 515 59) 610 628 (,45 f6J !'-8C f:.98 27.4 29.1 30.8 32.5 34.2 35.9 37.6 39.3 41.0 42.7 44.5 46.2 47. q 4°.6 51. 3 53.0 54.7 56.4 58.1 59.8 61.6 63.3 65.0 66.7 68.4 5700 ｝ｑｾ J11 JJ1 350 J68 ,.7 4(' ｾ 42 J 441 4f.C 479 4Q1 '15 <..]4 552 571 580 ,e7 0}6 '" Of] 68:' 699 7i8 736 28.8 30.6 32.4 34.2 36.0 37.8 39.6 41.4 43.2 4Ci." 4f.,P 48.6 50.4 52.2 54.0 55.8 57.6 59.4 61.2 63.0 64.8 66.6 68.4 70.2 72 .0 6000 110 "9 149 168 J88 '07 42(, '46 46'" 'P4 Ｌ｣ｾ 5]] ｾＴ J ｾｕ 581 6('1 62O 61 9 659 678 "8 7]": 7 ｾｲ ;' ｾｴ ;':'5 30.2 32.1 34.0 35.9 37.8 39,7 41.6 43.5 45.4 47. ｾ 49. i S1.0 51.9 54.8 56.7 18.6 ｾＰＮＵ 62.4 64. ) 66.1 68.0 6'?,9 71.8 73.7 75.6 6300 n, 346 166 187 '07 4}7 448 468 488 509 529 ｾＴｑ 57(1 590 ｦＮｬｬｾ tdl "1 P1 692 712 732 7 ＬＬ｟ｾ 77) 793 814 31. 7 33.7 35.6 37.6 39.6 41.6 43.6 45.5 47.5 49. '5 51.5 53.5 55.4 57.4 5°.4 61.4 63.4 65. ] 67.3 69.3 71. J 73.) 75.2 77.2 79.2 Q 7."1, 6600 "141 16' )8' .05 426 446 46Q 4 ( S12 533 554 575 597 f18 «s» 061 68J 725 746 7fJ7 78" 81:' 8 ;1 853 33.1 35.2 37 .3 39.3 41.4 43.5 45.5 47. £ 49.7 51.7 53.8 55.9 58.0 60.0 62.1 64.2 66.2 68.3 70.4 72 .4 74.5 76.6 78.7 80.7 82.8 6900 157 179 .01 .23 446 '68 4Q() ｾＱＲ SJS 5 ｾ 7 S', 602 624 646 «: 8 (,Qｾ 71' :'15 "8 ?8C 802 824 £47 869 891 3•. 6 36.7 38.9 41.0 43.2 45.4 47. S 49.7 51.8 54.0 56.2 58.3 60.5 62.6 64.8 67.0 69.1 71. 3 n.4 75.6 77.8 79.9 81.1 84.2 8.,4 7200 172 J95 ',9 442 465 488 5:2 ｾ 1 ｾ 558 581 605 628 651 674 698 721 744 767 7'11 81' 837 80C 88. (l.'i 930 36.0 38.2 40.5 42.7 45.0 47.2 49.5 51. 7 54.0 56.2 58.5 60.7 63.0 65.2 67.5 69.7 72 .0 74.2 t«. S 78.7 81.0 83.2 85.5 87.7 90.0 7500 388 412 436 460 '8' 5C9 5J"1 557 '"1 Ｖｲｾ 630 f54 678 702 727 751 775 799 823 848 877 fF'f. "2" ':,145 96':' )7.4 39.8 42.1 44.5 46.8 49.1 51. 5 5).8 56.2 58.5 60.8 63.2 65.5 67.9 70.2 72.5 74.9 71 .2 79.6 81. 9 84.2 86.6 8P.9 91.3 93.6 7800 40 J "8 453 47. '0' 'S)Q ｾＵＴ 579 605 "0 f, ｾ 5 680 7O" 7 JO 756 78I 806 Bll 856 802 907 0)2 ｾＬ 7 982 100B 38.9 41 .s 43.7 46.2 48.6 51.0 5]. '5 55.9 58.3 60.7 63.1 65.6 68.0 70.5 72.9 75.3 71 .8 80.2 ＸＲＮｾ 85.0 87.5 89.9 92.3 94.8 97.2 8100 419 ＴＴｾ 471 49' 52l "40 '" ＶｬｾＲ 628 f ｾＴ ｾｕＧ 706 - :12 ＷｾＹ ", 811 8" 80 889 915 9.2 '68 9°4 IC'2C '''46 40.3 42.8 45.4 47.9 50.4 52.Q 55 4 58.0 60.5 6).0 b5.5 68.0 70.6 73.1 75.6 78.1 80.6 83.2 B5.7 88.1 90.7 93.2 95.8 98.3 100.8 8400 43. 461 48P 515 541 <;7,.1 597 f.2JJ <51 f.78 ..,ｾＧ ｾ :'32 76C 787 814 841 868 595 972 949 977 1('('4 lUJl 10S8 1085 41. 8 44.4 47.0 49.6 52.2 5'.8 57. , 60.0 62.6 65.2 67.9 7f).5 7J .1 7e,.7 78.3 80.9 83.5 S6.1 88.7 91.3 94.0 96.6 99.2 101. 8 104.' 78 ｾＱ 8700 450 4 "-(If 5.'4 '62 ,or 618 r:-4f. 674 ?C ? 3C 7<;Q .»: H1S f/4 ; 872 8" 927 'J Ｕｾ 983 1Llll 1019 10t8 1296 1124 43.2 45.9 '8.6 51. 3 54.0 56.7 ｾＹＮＴ 62.1 64.8 b7.5 rc. : 72.9 75.6 7S.3 81.0 83.7 86. i Sq.l 91.8 94.5 97.2 99.9 102.6 105.3 10B.0 9000 465 494 ＵｾＭ J 5 <: 581 f ｾ l' t']9 668 '98 '27 7" ＷＸｾ 814 84] 872 °C1 9 )0 959 988 1017 lC4f ]075 UC4 111 J 1163 4'.6 47.4 50.2 53.0 :5.8 58.6 61.4 6'.2 67.0 69.7 72. ') 75.3 78.1 80.9 B3.7 86.5 89.3 92.1 94.9 97.6 100.4 103.1 106.0 108.8 111.6 9300 481 ｾＬ 11 541 -:'1 ｾＨＢＱ 611 Ud t91 12] 751 :'Pl (1]1 841 8'1 q('l 0]] 961 991 1021 )051 1081 ..111 1141 1171 1201 4fi.1 49.0 51.8 54.7 57.6 60.5 63.4 66.2 69.1 72 .0 74.9 77 .8 80.6 8).S 86.4 89.3 92.1 95.0 97.9 100.8 103.7 106.6 109.4 112.3 115.2 9600 496 527 558 S8 Q f;C 051 682 71] '44 775 80' 83' 868 899 93C 961 99' 10n 1054 1085 1116 1147 1276 1209 1240 47.5 50.5 53.5 56.4 59.4 61.' 65.3 68.3 71.3 74.2 T: .2 80.2 83.2 86.1 B9.1 92.1 95.0 98.0 101.0 lC3.q 106.9 109.9 112.9 115.8 118.8 9900 512 54) q<; 6(17 b19 (,71 7'(1 71' 767 799 ｾ "1; R6' 895 9::'7 959 991 1023 1055 ]087 un 1151 118.' 121 r; 1247 1279 49.0 52.0 55.1 58.1 61. 2 64.3 67. J 70.4 73.4 76.5 79.6 82.6 85.7 88.7 91.8 94.9 97.9 101.0 104.0 107.1 110.2 113.2 116.3 lIt4.3 122.' 10200 sn 5(,0 SCI] 62f. i"S9 f,92 7'2'j 758 791 82' 8Sf 88-1 922 :j 5 e 988 1021 ; ｾｬＵＴ lOB' 1120 1153 118f- 1119 1252 1285 1]18 50.4 53.5 56. "7 59.8 63.0 66.1 69.3 72.4 75.6 78.7 81. 9 85.0 88.2 Gl. J 94.5 97.6 100.8 103.9 107.1 110.2 113.4 116.5 119.7 122.8 126.0 10500 576 61C -12 78e 882 ';'8 J 543 '" 078 '" 814 84' 915 949 1::17 1051 1085 1119 1153 1187 1221 1255 1288 1322 lJ5c 51.8 55.1 58.3 61.6 64.8 68.'.' 71. 3 74.5 77.8 B1.0 B4.2 87.5 90.7 94.0 97.2 00.4 103.7 106.9 110.2 113.4 116.6 119.9 123.1 126.4 129.6 10800 558 591 628 '61 .98 r i; 767 802 817 872 90:' 942 9:":' l 01 ｾ 1046 1081 .1116 1151 1186 1221 1256 1290 1325 1360 1395 53.) 56.6 5Q. Q 63.3 66.6 69.9 73.3 76.6 79.9 B3.1 ＸＶＮｾ 89.9 Q3.2 96.6 99.9 03.2 06.6 109.9 113.< 116.5 119.9 123.2 126.5 129.9 133.2 11 100 574 60' 645 681 '17 753 789 824 860 896 932 96' 1004 1039 1075 1111 1147 1183 1219 1255 1290 ｾ 326 1362 1398 1434 -- 54.7 58.1 61.6 65.0 68.4 71.8 75.2 78.7 82.1 85.5 B8.9 92.3 oS.8 99.2 102.6 06.0 109.4 112.9 116.3 119.7 123.1 126.5 i so:0 133.4 136.8 11400 589 62. 663 Ｖｱｾ 7)6 71) 81:') 847 88. '?2C 0:7 994 ;::]1 1068 1104 1141 ｾ 1 78 i ris 1252 U8B 1325 1362 139" 1436 147] 56.2 59.7 63.2 66.7 7C'.2 73.7 77 .2 80.7 84.2 87.7 91. 3 94.8 98.3 01.8 105.3 08.8 12.3 115.8 119.3 122.8 126.4 129.9 133.4 136.9 140.4 11 700 605 642 '"0 718 ｾ S6 791 811 869 907 945 qB2 1·');20 1058 109f, 1 ｾ J J 1171 1209 1247 1205 lJJ2 116C 1J98 1436 1473 1511 57.6 61.2 64.8 68.4 71.0 75.6 79.2 82.8 86.4 90.0 9J .6 97.2 100.8 04.4 108.0 11.6 115.2 118.8 122.4 126.0 129.6 133.2 136.8 140.4 144.0 12000 620 659 698 7)6 775 814 8'3 891 930 9f9 ＱＰＧ｟Ｇｾ 1046 1085 1124 1U,_1 1201 1240 1}7° 1318 1356 1395 1434 1473 1511 1550 59.0 62.7 66.4 70.1 13.8 71.5 81.2 84.9 88.6 Q2.2 9'3.9 99.6 103.J (17.0 1l0.7 14 .4 118.1 121.8 125.5 129.1 132.8 136.5 140.2 143.9 147.6 12300 616 675 71S 755 794 834 87. 91. 953 99] 1...1 3J 10n l.iU 1152 1192 1231 1271 1311 1350 1390 1430 1470 1509 1549 1589 60.5 64.3 68.0 71.8 75.6 79.4 83.2 86.9 90.7 94.5 9B.3 102.1 105.8 09.6 113.4 17.2 121.0 124.7 128.5 13<.3 136.1 139.9 143.6 147.4 151.2 12600 651 691 732 'lJ 81. 8<,4 895 936 977 1c17 L58 109'" 1:19 1lt ｾｩ -- 144.8 257.0 269.3 281. s 293.8 306.0 318.2 330. s )42. -: 3";5,'1 367 Ｌｾ ｪｬＧｾ 4 ') , 403 q -J,f'.2 4U.4 44C 6 4S? q 461).1 477 4 489.6 20400 2t 35 r:«: 28'<:;' 1,'V J)q4 142/:'. 15"::" i , Ｌｾ ｾＮ［ H,Jd 4,'<1 47.; -' 48"'5 ｾ '".' Ｇ［ＮｾＧＷ ,-, "OJ :"'·5 .. J."" 4-J" ," 2\2.0 264.6 277.2 289.8 302.4 )1),0 327.6 340.2 3S2,R 365,4 378, ,') ｙＺｬＬｾ , 1"; ｾ 1 11\.8 12,-\4 44 : 0 453.6 ｾｊｪ｢Ｎ 2 478.8 49' ,11 504.0 21000 ''''I 2B48 ]'184 3; • 'I 3255 /19; '52' ; I, ｨＮｾ ｾ ｾｈ :<.', , " 4 •.' , 4'-' 44-' oJｾ 47 .. 88 J 5 e- ｾ B S.· ')4 c ;pq '>4)<; ｾ " , 2S9.2 272.2 285.1 298.1 311 0 124 0 137 n 149.9 362, q 3'S 8 38P s .:", c J 4 .. ｾ 4j'"'l. S Ｔｾ､ .1) <35£..6 471. \ 492 \0\ 4 \18 4 21 600 2-'::< ' • q -' Je:t-" ).1 •.'4 ] 348 }"'2- 1 7 ｾ ｾ , 49Fj ':i/'. ;'4 .. 1 ',58 3488 4"4'. ·LIi' .. ' "4r" " .r".. ','n 266.4 279.7 293.0 306.4 319.7 333.0 346.3 319 6 173." J 386 3 19q , , ·j26. Z 4jCl , ｾｓ｣ , 4£6.2 47'i.5 492.8 Si1f.2 \19.5 \32 8 22200 28f-,fJ ,,111 Ｑｾ 54 ｌｾＹＸ 1441 3584 P28 4 ｾＮ ｾ ｾ c ｾ ｾ 4;" ＩＱｾ ;: ｾＴＴｒ 5S-1} ie>: 4 . l./ " 444 "C, )"'62 Ii" :--"35 273.6 287.3 301 0 314.6 328.3 342.0 3\\.7 369.4 JR3. G 396.7 C.] !"".4 42·1 4")7 3 4":1 4 46\ . 1 11;'3.8 402. s 506 2 51q 8 \33. \ 547.2 22800 2 ＺｾＴ c, Ｓｊｱｾｾ 324,] ])87 1534 ＳＶＸｾ 382'1 3 PART 7. EXTERNAL CIRCULATION 7.1 The illustrations shown in Figures 7.1 - 7.5 are included as examples of vehicles, and parking and turning spaces in metric dimensions. Designers are referred to the following comprehensive publications, both of which will be converted to metric in due course: "Geometric Design Manual," Roads and Transportation Association of Canada (RTAC). "A Policy on Geometric Design for Rural Highways," American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO). (It should be noted that some provincial and municipal authorities stipulate specific requirements for roads and parking areas within their jurisdiction.) MINI 3150 X 1410 SUB-COMPACT 4000 x 1550 COMPACT 4500 x 1650 MID-SIZE 5000 x 1800 Cars FULL-SI ZE 5700 x 2000 Motorcycle ＱＱＸＵＰｾ ｾ CAR SPACE Bicycle NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES FIG. 7.1 SAMPLE VEHICLE SIZES -bb- SCA LE: I : 500 NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES FIG. 7.2 MINIMUM SIMPLE CURVE (8000 OR 10 000 RADIUS) 2 500 !I t SCALE: 1:500 NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES FIG. 7.3 SAMPLE PARKING LOT LAYOUT r--+--+-+--t-+1 5 500 8 000 5 500 5 800 3 ｾｏｾ ｾｏｏ SCALE: I: 200 o o 00 NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES ______1 FIG. 7.4 TYPICAL CURB PARKING I--- 6 700 -----., - 6 7- IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS This cul-de-sac would permit a fire truck and a flusher equipped with a snow plough to turn.even if an isolated car IS parked along the curb. IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS This cul-de-sac would permit a WB50 semitrailer to turn if no car is parked along the curb. I i CIRCULAR CIRCULAR OFFSET MINIMUM DIMENSIONS REQUIRED FOR MOVEMENTS OF A WB50 SEMITRAILER 60 --.------j 100---- 15 -j 6 I-- I T I T Tl '1.0 .L L.- ...... 30 ------.4 T _------' 1- 12 I I I I T-TYPE BRANCH TYPE SCALE: 1:100 NOTE: All dimensions are given in metres FIG. 7.5 SAMPLE CULS-DE-SAC -fl3- 7.2 EXPRESSION OF SLOPL '1 ab I c -.1 j·.xprc'-)siOfl of Slope 7.2.1 Conventions Ratio Pl'j·(I.'llt,:l,,:e Previous practice used different \) ways to express slope in drawings: an angle was expressed in degrees ｾＩｪＬ｡ 11o\\" and minutes; ratio of vertical to Slopes horizontal was expressed, for example, as inch per foot, foot per 1: 100 ()o Ｚ［ｾＧ I: 6; 0° foot, or feet per mile; gradients 1: 57 1 0 were expressed as percentages. The I: 50 1 0 OC)' use of millimetres or metres in I: 40 10 -, huilding drawings favours the 1 ::J:J 1° 1.) adaptation of nondimensional ratio 1: 29 1: ｾＺ［ as the expression of slope. This 1::'0 has heen recognized in the draft I 19 :1 . .::'5 standard CSA 878.3 "Building Drawing Practice." For instance, a 51 i ght slope of 1:2 (i.e., a vertical: Slopes horizontal ratio of 100:200 or of 1: Ie 50:100) is a clearer way of I: I:; ,') lS' expressing slope than the angular 1:11.:; .i ' equivalent of 26° 34'. It also 1: I:' "lc t()' K..) S.-::' simplifies site layout. In special 1:11.1 .) 1 :1!1 :::;0 L)' !n G cases where a high degree of 1::1.:; h IO.co accuracy is required, however, the I: S _0 1)- I 1";. S draft standard accepts angular I-I ｾｄ 11 expressions for slopes. 1: (;. - I:. lot) lb.• I::;. • ll)C 1-. (1 7.2.2 QS ｉｾＩＧ I':; II Q cli 1 : 4 . :; I ｾ C ,)() I In expressing slope as a ratio, 1:·1 I.) 0 11_" the vertical component is always .'lell i urn shown first. Thus for slopes less Slopes than 45°, the first numher should always he shown as unity, e.g., a I::;. • :?b.S ratio of 1:5 indicates a rise of I:.) ..) 12' 50 1 mm for every 5 mm of horizontal I: 5 2()' 33.3 I :.'. -5 5(), 4 dimension, or 1 m for every 5 m, etc. 1:.'.5 48' 411 For slopes steeper than 45°, the 1:.' .4 50' 41.4 second number, i.e., the horizontal 1:.'.15 46.1> component, should always he unity to 1:.' ｾＶﾰ 34' 50 SOD facilitate easy verification. Ratio 1:1 7:; 57.3 I: 1. 67 30° 58' 60 of 5:1 expresses a rise of 5 mm for I: I. 5 o o 12' b7 a horizontal dimension of 1 mm or 1: 1.55 36° 52' ｾｓ 5 m for each 1 m, etc. The usc of II' 40° 84 mixed units, such as, 1 mm in 10 m, 1:1 45° 100 5 m in 1 km should be avoided if Steep possible. Slopes Table 7.1 shows ratios, I. .' : I 119 angular expressions and percentages 1. 4.): 1 145 1. 5: 1 19' 150 for easy calculation from one system 1.73:1 1"•'J to another. :':1 :?6' 200 , 15: I 215 2.5:1 12' 250 2.;5:1 275 3:1 34' 300 3.73:1 373 4:1 58' 400 5: 1 42' 500 5.67:1 567 6: 1 32 ' 600 11. 43: 1 1143 00 00 -69- PART 8. CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLES To enable the conversion of quantities used in technical literature, drawings, and calculations, conversion factors for units used in the construction industry and tables of already calculated, most commonly used, quantities are published on the following pages. TABLE 8.1: LENGTH (1) Inches and fractions of Inches (up to 12 in.) to millimetres Basis: I In. = 25.4 mm exactly 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 inches 0 1 2 3 fractions m i Ll i m e t r e s m m ) of inch 228.60 254 00 279.40 - - 2540 50.80 76. 20 101 60 12700 15240 177.80 203.20 178.59 203.99 229.39 254 79 280.19 132 o 79 26.19 51 59 76.99 102.39 127 r: 153. 19 204.79 230.19 255 59 280.99 1/16 I. 59 26.99 52.39 77.79 103.19 128 59 153 99 179.39 205.58 230.98 256.38 281.78 332 2.38 27.78 53 18 78.58 103.98 129.38 154 78 180 18 78 257. 18 282.58 1/8 3.18 28.58 53. 98 79.38 104 78 130.18 155 58 180.98 206.38 231 232.57 257.97 283.37 532 3.97 29.37 54.77 80.17 105 57 130.97 156.37 181.77 207. 17 258 76 284.16 3/16 4.76 30.16 55.56 80.96 106 36 13I. 76 157. 16 182 56 207.96 233.36 234. :6 259.56 284.96 732 5.56 30.96 56.36 81. 76 107. 16 132.56 157.96 183.36 208.76 260.35 285 75 1/4 6.35 31 75 57. 15 82 55 107 95 133.35 158 75 184.15 209 55 234.95 261. 14 286.54 9/32 7.14 32.54 57.94 83.34 108 74 :34.14 159.54 184.94 210.34 235.74 261. 94 287 34 5/16 7.94 33.34 58.74 84.14 109.54 134.94 160.34 185.74 211.14 236.54 262.73 288. 13 11./32 8.73 34.13 59.53 84.93 110.33 135.73 161. 13 186 53 211. 93 237.33 263.53 288 93 3/8 9.53 34.93 60.33 85.73 111 13 136.53 161. 93 187.33 212.73 238.13 264.32 289.72 13/32 10.32 35.72 61.12 86.52 111.92 137.32 162.72 188.1, 213.52 238.92 290.51 7/16 11. 11 36.51 61. 91 87.31 112.71 138.11 163.51 188.91 214.31 239.71 265.11 291. J 1 15/32 11. 91 37.31 62.71 88.11 113.51 138.91 164.31 189.71 215. 11 240.51 265.91 292.10 1 /2 12.70 38.10 63.50 88.90 114.30 139.70 165.10 190.50 215.90 241.30 266 70 292.89 : ,-. '37 13.49 38.89 64.29 89.69 115.09 140.49 165.89 191.29 216.69 242.09 267.49 Y·I, 14.29 39.69 65.09 90.49 115.89 14I. 29 166.69 192.09 217.49 242.89 268.29 293.69 269.08 294.48 19/32 15.08 40.48 65.88 91. 28 116.68 142.08 167.48 192.88 218.28 243.68 5/8 15.88 41.28 66.68 92.08 117.48 142.88 168.28 193.68 219.08 244.48 269.88 295.28 2V32 16.67 42.07 67.47 92.87 118.27 143.67 169.07 194.47 219.87 245.27 270.67 296.07 11/16 17.46 42.86 68.26 93.66 119.06 144.46 169.86 195.26 220.66 246.06 271. 46 296.86 23/32 18.26 43.66 69.06 94.46 119.86 145.26 170.66 196.06 221.46 246.86 272.26 297.66 273.05 298.45 3/4 19.05 44.4:; 09.85 95.25 120.65 146.05 171. 45 196.85 222.25 247.65 273.34 299.24 25/32 19.84 45.24 70.64 96.04 121.44 146.84 172.24 197.64 223.04 248.44 249.24 274.64 300.04 1Vl/, 20.64 46.04 71.44 96.84 122.24 147.64 173.04 198.44 223.84 275.43 300.83 27/32 21.43 46.83 72.23 97.63 123.03 148.43 173.83 199.23 224.63 250.03 276.23 301.63 7/8 22.23 47.63 73.03 98.43 123.83 149.23 174.63 200.03 225.43 250.83 277.02 302.42 29/32 23.02 48.42 73.82 99.22 124.62 150.02 175.42 200.82 226.22 251. 62 277 .81 303.21 15/16 23.81 49.21 74.61 100.01 125.41 150.81 176.21 201.61 227.01 252.41 278.61 304.01 31/32 24.61 50.01 75.41 100.81 126.21 151.61 177.01 202.41 227.81 253.21 -70- TABLE 8.2: LENGTH (2) Feet and inches (up to 65 ft 8 in.) to metres - to three places of decimals Basis: I ft = 0.3048 m exactly feet inches 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 met res (m) - to t h r e e dec i m o I p I ace s 0 - 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0.203 0.229 0.254 0.279 I 0.305 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.406 0.432 0.457 0.483 0.508 0.533 0.559 0.584 2 0.610 0.635 0.660 0.686 0.711 0.737 0.762 0.787 0.813 0.838 0.864 0.889 3 0.914 0.940 0.965 0.991 I. 0 16 J .041 1.067 1.092 1.118 1.143 1.168 1.194 4 I. 219 1.245 1.270 I. 295 1.321 1.346 1.372 1.397 1.422 1.448 1.473 1.499 5 1. 524 1. 549 1.575 1.600 1.626 1.651 1.676 1.702 1.727 I. 753 1.778 1.803 6 J .829 1.854 1.880 1.905 1.930 I. 956 I. 981 2.007 2.032 2.057 2.083 2.108 7 2.134 2. 159 2. 184 2.210 2.235 2.261 2.286 2.311 2.337 2.362 2.388 2.413 8 2.438 2.464 2489 2.515 2.)40 2.565 2.591 2.616 2.642 2.667 2.692 2. '18 9 2'.743 2.769 2.794 2.819 2845 2.870 2.896 2.921 2.946 2.972 2.997 3 023 10 3.048 3.073 3099 3 124 3.150 3. 175 3.200 3.226 3.251 3.277 ＳＮｾＲ 3.327 II 3.353 3.378 3.404 3429 3.454 3.480 3.505 3.531 3.556 3.581 3.607 3.632 12 3.658 3.683 3.708 3.734 3.759 3.785 3.810 3.835 3.R61 3.886 3.912 3.937 13 3.962 3.988 4.013 4.039 4.064 4.089 4 I 15 4.140 4.166 4.191 4.216 4.242 14 4.267 4.293 4.318 4.343 4.369 4.394 4.420 4.445 4.470 4.496 4.521 4.547 15 4.572 4.597 -t.623 4 648 4.674 4.699 4.724 4.750 4.775 4.80 I 4.826 4.851 1.6 4.877 4.902 4 928 4 953 4 9.-8 5.004 5.029 5.055 5.080 5.105 5.131 5.156 5. 182 5.207 0.232 5.258 ').283 ｓＮｾＹ 5.334 ) 359 5.385 5.410 5.436 5.461 18 5.486 5.512 ).)37 5.503 5.588 5.613 S.639 5.664 5.690 5 715 5.740 5.766 19 5 791 5.817 5 842 5.807 5.893 ).918 5 944 5 969 5.994 6.020 6.045 6.071 20 6.090 6. 'f' 6. 147 c 172 6 198 6.223 c). 248 c.274 6.299 6.325 6.350 6.375 21 6.401 0.420 t.452 0.4-:'7 Ｌｾ 502 0. -'28 t·.553 6.579 6.604 6.629 6.655 6.680 22 0. 706 '.;.73 0 -56 6.782 0 80 C 833 c.858 6.883 6.909 6.934 6.960 6.985 - 23 7 10 - .7;36 .:;1-: '! .08' , i . 137 7.163 7.188 7.214 7.239 7.264 7.290 - 24 7.315 - }41 36,· -.39 ., 442 468 7.493 7.518 7.544 7.569 7.595 , 25 620 ｾＵ .:71, - .t:qt, ｾＲＲ -.74/ 7.772 7':798 7.823 7.849 7.874 7.899 7 , 77 26 .. 1 ... .) - 950 '-1 0 8 8 L'26 8.052 8.0 8.103 8.128 8.153 8.179 8.204 2;-' 8 2X 8.25'0 280 O. Xc 8.33 i 8.3.57 8.382 8.407 8.433 8.458 8.484 8.509 28 8 5J.A. 8.56C 8 58'; 8.0 U 636 8.66 : 8.687 8.712 8.738 8.763 8.788 8.814 7 9.093 9.119 29 8.83'J b. bc: iI 8,0 c " ｾ 941 8 966 8 992 9.01 9.042 9.068 30 Q '44 ｾｙ 0 95 9 :'20 Q .246 -:; 2ii 9.296 9.322 9.347 9.373 9.398 9.423 31 9 449 ｾ Ｇｾ Q 9 ; sse Q. S7t 9 60 I 9.627 '1.652 9.677 9.703 9.728 32 , '54 ""'-9 ".8,-,4 9 Ｘｾ 9.855 9.881 9.906 9.931 9.957 9.9d2 10.008 10.033 33 ;..1 ｾＺ［Ｘ - 084 '(9 10 135 rc 16C 10. ISS 10.211 10.236 10.262 10.287 10.312 10.338 34 .>tj 389 414 10.439 10.465 10.490 10.516 10.541 10.566 10.592 10.617 10.043 35 10.668 10.693 1C 719 10.744 77C 10.79'0 10.820 10.846 10.871 10.897 10.922 10.947 36 10.973 10.998 : .J24 11.049 1: .074 II. ICO II. 125 11. 151 11. 176 II. 20 I 11. 227 II. 252 - , II .278 11. 3)3 i 328 11.35·1 11.379 11.405 ｩｬＮＴｾ I 1.455 II. 481 11. 506 1I. 532 II. 557 38 11.582 11.608 11 633 11.659 II .684 11.709 I 1.735 11.760 I I. 786 11.811 11.836 1I. 862 39 11 887 II. 913 II .938 11.963 II .989 12.014 12.040 12.065 12.090 12.116 12.141 12.167 40 12.192 12.217 12.243 12.268 12.294 12.319 12.344 12.370 12.395 12.421 12.446 12.471 41 12.497 12.522 12.548 12.573 12.598 12.624 12.649 12.675 12.700 12.725 12.751 12.776 42 12.802 12.827 12.852 12.878 12.903 12.929 12.954 12.979 13.005 ＱＳＮＰｾ 13.056 13.081 43 13.106 13.132 13. 157 13.183 13.208 13.233 13.259 13.284 13.310 13.335 13.360 13.386 44 13.411 13.437 13.462 13.487 13.513 13.538 13.564 13.589 13.614 13.640 13.665 13.691 45 13.716 13.741 13.767 13.792 13.818 13.843 13.868 13.894 13.919 13.945 13.970 13.995 46 14.02 J 14.046 14.072 14.097 14.122 14.148 14.173 14.199 14.224 14.249 14.275 ＱＴＮｾＰ 47 14.326 14.351 14.376 14.402 14.427 14.453 14.478 14.503 14.529 14.554 14.580 14.605 48 ＱＴＮＶｾ 14.656 14.681 14.707 14.732 14.757 14.783 14.808 14.834 14.859 14.884 14.910 49 14.935 14.961 14.986 15.0 II 15.037 15.062 15.088 15.113 15.138 15.164 15.189 15.215 SO 15.240 15.265 15.291 15.316 15.342 15.367 15.392 15.418 15.443 15.469 15.494 15.519 51 15.545 15.570 15.596 15.621 15.646 15.672 15.697 15.723 15.748 15.773 15.799 15.824 52 15.850 15.875 15.900 15.926 15.951 15.977 16.002 16.027 16.053 16.078 16.104 16.129 53 16.154 16.180 16.205 16.231 16.256 16.281 16.3)7 16.332 16.358 16.383 16.408 16.434 54 IS.459 16.485 16.510 16.535 16.561 16.586 16.612 16.637 16.662 16.688 16.713 16.739 55 1t.764 16.789 16.815 16.840 16.866 16.891 16.916 16.942 16.967 16.993 17.018 17 .043 56 17.069 17.094 17.120 17.145 17.170 17.196 17.221 17.247 17.272 17.297 17.323 17.348 57 17.374 17.399 17.424 17.450 17.475 17.501 17.526 17.551 17.577 17.602 17.628 17.653 58 )7.678 17.704 i7.729 17.755 17.780 17.805 ＱＷＮＸｾ 17.856 17.882 17.907 17.932 17.958 59 17.983 18.Cx)? 18.034 18.059 18.085 18.110 18.136 18.161 18.186 18.212 18.237 18.263 60 18.288 18.313 18.339 18.364 18.390 18.415 18.440 18.406 18.491 18.517 18.542 18.567 61 18.593 18.618 18.644 18.669 18.694 18.720 18.745 18.771 18.796 18.821 18.847 18.872 62 18.898 18.923 13.948 18.974 18.999 19.025 19.050 19.075 19.101 19.126 19.152 19.177 63 19.202 19.228 19.253 19.279 ＱＹＮｾＴ 19.329 19.355 19.380 19.406 19.431 19.456 19.482 64 19.507 19.533 19.558 19.583 19.609 19.634 19.660 19.685 19.710 19.736 19.761 19.787 65 19.812 19.837 19.863 19.888 19.914 19.939 19.964 19.990 20.015 - 71- TABLE 8.3: AREA (1) Square inches (up to 100 in. 2 ) to square mil1imetres Basis: 1 in. 2 = 645.16 mm 2 exactly square ｩｮｮ｣ｾ･ｳ 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (in s q v U I e mill t m e t r e s (mm 2) - 0 645.2 1 290.3 1 935.5 2 580.6 3 225.8 3 871.0 4 516.1 5 161. 3 5 806.4 10 6 451.6 7096.8 7 741. 9 8 387. I 9 032.2 9 677.4 10 322.6 10967.7 11 612.9 12 258.0 20 12 903.2 13 548.4 14 193.5 14838.7 15 483.8 16 129.0 16 774.2 17 419 3 18064.5 18 709.6 30 19 354.8 20 000.0 20 645.1 21 290 3 21 935.4 22 580.6 23 225 8 23870.9 24 516.1 25 161. 2 40 25 806.4 26 451 6 27 096.7 27741.9 28 387 0 29 032.2 29677.4 30 322.5 30 967.7 31 612.8 50 32 258.0 32 903.2 33548.3 34 193.5 34 838.6 35483.8 36 129.0 36 774.1 37 419.3 38 064.4 60 38 709.6 39 354.8 39 999.9 40 645 I 41290.2 41935.4 42 580.6 43 225.7 43 870.9 4·1 516.0 70 45 161. 2 45 806.4 46 451. 5 47 096.7 47 741.8 48 387.0 49032.2 49677.3 50 322.5 50967.6 80 51 612.8 52 258.0 52 903 1 53548.3 54 193.4 54838.6 55483.8 56 128.9 56 774.1 57419.2 90 58 064 4 58 709.6 59 354.7 59 999.9 60 645.0 61 290.2 61 935.4 62 580 5 63 225 7 63 870 8 100 64516.0 TABLE 8.4: AREA (2) Square feet (up to 400 ft2) to square metres Basis" 1 ft2 = 0.092 903 m2 square - 9 le.t 0 1 2 3 4 ｾ 0 8 (ft2j s q '-J are mel r e s 1rT'. 0 - 0.09 o 19 0 28 0 j: 0 46 o 56 0 6S " 74 o 84 10 o 93 1 02 I 11 , 2 1 30 39 ; 49 1 58 ＬｪｾＭ 1.77 20 1.86 1 95 2 04 / 14 2 23 / 32 2 42 2 5 " .8C 2 69 30 2.79 2 88 2.97 3.07 3 It 3 2, 3 34 3.44 3 " 3 62 40 3.72 3 81 390 3.99 4 09 4. i8 .. 27 4 J7 4 46 4 55 50 4.65 4 74 4 83 4.92 5 02 5 l' , 20 5 30 5 39 5 48 60 5 57 5.67 5.76 5 85 5 95 6 04 6. 13 6. 22 6 32 6.41 70 6 ..50 660 6.69 6 78 6 87 0 9- 7.06 15 7.25 7 34 80 7.43 7 53 7 62 7 71 7.80 - 90 - 99 8 08 8 18 8. 27 90 8.36 8 45 8.55 8.64 8 73 8 83 8 92 9 0 I 9. 10 9 20 100 9.7'1 9. 38 9.48 9 57 9.66 9 -5 9 85 9.94 10.03 10. i3 110 10.22 10 31 10.41 10.50 10.59 10.68 10.78 10 87 10.96 11 06 120 11. 15 ]1 24 11 33 1] 43 ]1 52 ] 1.61 II 71 ] 1.80 11.89 I] 98 130 12.08 ]2. 17 12.26 12 36 12.45 ]2.54 ]2.63 12 73 12.82 12 9] 140 13.01 13.10 13 19 13 /9 13.38 ]3 47 13 56 13.66 13 75 ]3. 84 150 13.94 14.03 14. 1/ i 4 2 ] 14.31 14.40 ]4 49 14.59 ]468 14.77 160 14.86 14.96 15 05 15 14 15 24 15 33 15 42 15.51 15.61 15 70 170 15.79 1589 15 98 10.07 ]6.17 ]6 ?6 16.35 16.44 16.54 16.63 180 16.72 16.82 16 9] 1700 17.09 ] 19 17 28 17 37 17.47 17.56 190 17.65 17.74 17.84 17 93 18.02 18 12 18 21 18 30 18.39 ]8 49 200 18.58 18.67 18 77 18 86 18 95 19.05 19 ]4 ]9 23 19.32 19 42 210 19 51 1960 19.70 19 79 ]9 88 ]9 97 20 07 20 16 20.25 20.35 220 20.44 20 53 2062 20 72 20 8] 20.90 2i 00 21.09 21.18 21 27 730 21.37 21 46 21 55 21 65 21.74 2 ] 83 2] 93 2202 22.11 22.20 240 22.30 22.39 2248 22 58 22 67 22 76 ?7 85 2295 2304 23.13 250 23.23 23 32 23 41 23 50 23.60 23.69 23 78 23 88 23 97 24.06 260 24 15 24 25 24 34 24 43 24.53 24 62 24 71 24.81 24.90 2499 270 25.08 25 18 25 27 25. 36 2546 25.55 25 64 25 73 25.83 25.92 280 26 0 I 26 ]] 26 20 26 29 26 38 26 48 26.57 26.66 26 76 26 85 290 26 94 2703 2.' 13 27 22 27 31 27.41 27 50 77.59 27.69 27 78 300 27 8/ 2/ 96 2806 28. 15 28. 24 28 34 28 43 28.52 28 6] 28.! 1 310 2880 28 80 28. Y9 29 08 29. 17 29 26 7'1.36 29 45 29 54 29.64 320 29 73 29 82 29.91 30 0 I 30. 10 30. ]9 30.7'1 30.38 30 47 30.57 330 30.66 30 " 30.84 30.94 31.03 31 17 31.22 31 31 31 40 31 49 340 31.59 31 68 31. 77 31 87 31.96 32.05 32 14 32.24 32.33 32.42 350 32.52 32 61 32.70 32.79 32.89 32.98 33.07 33 ] 7 33.26 33.35 360 33.45 33.54 33.63 33 72 33 82 33.9] 34.00 34 ]0 34 ]9 34.28 370 34.37 34 47 34 56 34 65 34.75 34 84 34 93 35.02 35 12 35 21 380 35.30 35.40 35.49 35 58 35.67 35 77 35.86 35 95 3605 36 14 390 36 23 36 33 36 42 36 51 36 60 36.70 36 7'1 36 88 36 98 37 07 400 37.16 ｾＬ -I ｾＭ TABLE 8.5: AREA (3) Acres (up to 100 acres) to hectares Basis: 1 ac re > 0.404 686 ha 9 acres 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 hectares (ha) 2. 83 3. 24 3· 6-4 0 - o . 40 o . 81 1 • 2 1 1 • 5 2 2. 0 2 2 .4 3 10 4 • C 4 • 45 4 • 86 5·26 5 . , 7 6 . 0 7 6·47 6 • 88 7· 28 7· 69 ! 0 8 . 09 8 • 50 8 . 90 9 • 31 9 • 7 1 10 . 12 10 • 52 10 .9 3 1 I. 33 1 1 • 74 30 12 . 14 12 • 54 12. 95 1 3. 35 13.75 14 • 16 14 • 57 14 .97 15 • 38 1 5 • 78 40 16 • 19 16 • 59 17 .00 17.40 17 • 8 1 18 • 21 18. 62 19 • 02 19.42 19 • 83 50 20 .2 3 20.64 21 • 04 2 1. 4 5 2 I. 85 22 . 26 22 • 56 23 • 07 23. 4 7 23. 88 27. 92 60 24. 28 24 • 69 25. 09 25. 49 25.90 25 • 30 26 • 71 27. 11 27. 52 70 28 . 33 28.73 29 . 14 29 • 54 29 . 9 5 30 • 35 30.75 31. 16 31. 57 31. 97 80 32. 37 32.78 3 3. 18 33. 59 33. 99 34 • 40 34.80 35 • 2 1 35. 6 1 36. 02 40 • 06 90 36.42 36 . 83 37. 23 37. 64 38 . 0 4 38 • I, 5 38 . 85 39 . 25 39 .66 100 40 • 47 TABLE 8.6: VOLUME (l) Cubic feet (up to 106 ft 3) to cubic metres Basis: 1 ft 3 '" 0.028 317 m3 cubic teet Ift 3( 0 1 2 3 4 :> 6 8 9 3 cub i c I"'l e tie s en 0 - 0.03 0.06 0 08 o 11 0 14 0 17 O. 20 0.23 0.25 10 o 28 O. 31 0 34 037 0.40 c 42 0 45 46 0.51 0.54 20 0 0 59 062 0 65 0.68 0 " 0 74 0 r. o '9 0.82 30 085 088 0 91 o 93 0 96 0 99 1 02 05 1 08 :.10 40 1.13 1.16 1. 19 1 22 I 25 27 I 30 I 33 I 36 1.39 50 1 42 I 44 I .47 , 50 1 53 , 56 59 , I 64 1.67 60 1 70 1 73 I 76 I '8 I 81 84 I 87 90 I 93 1 95 70 1 98 2.0 I 2.04 2 0 7 2 10 2. 12 2. 1) :' '8 2 21 :' "4 . 80 2 27 2. :'9 2 32 2 35 J8 : 41 2 44 2 46 2.49 ｾＲ 90 2 55 2.38 2 01 2 63 7 06 2 69 2 72 2 75 2.78 2.80 100 283 2.86 2 89 2 'I . 94 1 9 . 3 00 TABLE 8.7: VOLUME (2) Gallons (up to 110 gal) to litres Basis: 1 gal = 4.546 09 9, gallons 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lit res {, 0 - 4 55 909 13 64 18 18 22 .73 27. 28 31.82 36 37 4091 10 45 46 50.01 :'4 55 59 10 63 65 68 19 72. 74 77 28 81.83 86.38 20 Q()92 95.47 1000 I 104 56 109 II 113.65 118 20 172 74 127 29 13184 30 136 38 140 93 145 48 150 02 154 57 I S9 11 163.66 168 21 172. 75 177.30 40 18 ｾ 84 186 39 1Q() 94 :95 48 200 03 204 209 12 213 67 218 21 222 76 50 22: 231 85 236 40 240 94 24S 49 250 254 58 259 13 263 67 268 22 9) 60 .:2 2"" 3' 281.86 286 40 290 295 )U 30004 304 59 309 13 313.68 70 3 It 23 322 77 327 32 331 8:- 336 41 340 9tJ 345 50 350 05 35460 359 14 80 363 ｣ｾ 368 23 372 78 37c 33 38 I 8" 386 42 390 96 395 51 400.06 404 60 90 409 ;, 413.69 418 24 422 79 427 jj 431 88 436 .; 440 9 ' 445 52 450.06 '00 4)4 0 45Y It 463 70 468 h 4.[ '9 .i . 34 48 , 89 486 43 490.98 495.52 110 ,(x; r - 7?J- TABLE 8.8: ILLUMINATIOt\ Lumens per square foot (up to 1000 Im/ft2) to lux Basis: 1 Im/ft2 = 10.7ti39 l x lumens/ft2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lux ( lx) 0 - 10.764 21. 528 32.292 43.056 53.820 64 583 75.347 86. 111 96875 10 107.639 118.403 129.167 139.931 150.695 161. 459 172.223 182.986 ])3.750 204.514 20 215.278 226.012 236.806 247.570 258.334 269.098 279.862 290.626 :m.389 312.153 )J 322.917 333.681 344.445 355.209 365.973 376.737 387.501 398.265 40> .029 419.793 40 430.556 441. 320 452.084 462.848 473 612 484.376 495.140 505.904 516.568 527.432 50 538.196 548.959 559.723 570.487 581. 251 592.015 602.779 613.543 624. ｾｏＷ 635.071 60 645.835 656.599 667.362 678.126 688.890 699.654 710.418 721. 182 731. 946 742.710 70 753.474 764.238 775.002 785.765 796.529 807.293 818.057 828 82 I 839.585 850.349 80 861.113 871. 877 882.641 893.405 904. 168 914 932 925.696 936.460 947.224 957.988 90 968.752 979.516 990.280 1001. 04 1011. 81 1022.57 1033.34 1044. 10 1054.86 1065.63 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I ,) x ( lxl 100 1076.39 1184.03 129167 1399. 31 1506.95 :614.59 1722.23 1829.86 1937.50 2045. 14 200 2152.78 2200.42 2368.06 2475 70 2583.34 2690.98 2798.62 2906.26 3013.89 3121.53 300 3229.17 3336.81 3444.45 3552.09 3659.73 3767 3'- 3875.01 3982.65 40%.29 4197.93 400 4305.56 4413.20 4520.84 4628.48 4736 12 4843.76 4951.40 5059.04 5166.68 5274.32 500 5381. 96 5489.59 5597.23 5704 87 5812. J,"·1 5920 IS 6027.79 6135 43 6243.07 6350.71 600 6458.35 6565.99 6673.62 6781. 26 6888 90 6996.54 7104.18 7211.82 7319.46 7427. 10 700 7534.74 7642.38 7750 07 7857.6' 796) 29 8072.93 8180 57 8288 21 8395.85 8503.40 800 8611.13 8718.77 8826.41 8934 05 9041.68 9149 32 9256.96 9364.60 9472.24 9579.88 900 9687.52 9795. 16 9902 80 10010.4 10118 I 10225.7 10333 4 10441.0 10548.6 10656.3 1000 10763.9 TABLE 8.9: ｾｉａｓｓ Pounds (up to 250 Ib) to kg Basis: 1 l b = 0.453 592 kg pounds 7 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 (I b) k i l o q r o rn s r k 9 i 0 - 0.45 o 91 I 36 I. 81 2.27 2.72 3. 18 3.63 4.08 10 4.54 4.99 5.44 5 90 6 35 6 80 7 26 7 71 8.16 8.62 20 9.07 9 S3 9.98 ·10.43 10.89 II 34 11 79 12.25 1<.70 13. 15 30 1361 14.06 14.52 14.97 15.42 15 88 16 33 16.78 17.24 17.69 40 18.14 1860 19.05 19.50 19.96 20.41 20.87 21 32 21.77 22.23 50 22.68 23. 13 23.59 24.04 24.49 24 95 25.40 25.85 26.31 26.76 60 27.22 27.67 28.12 28.58 2903 29.48 29.94 30.39 30.84 3:. )J 70 31. 75 32.21 32.66 33. 11 33.57 34 02 34.47 34 93 35.38 35.83 80 36.29 36.74 37 19 37.65 38 10 38 56 39.01 39.46 39.92 40.37 90 40 .82 41. 28 Ai.73 42. 18 42.64 4309 43.54 44.00 44.45 44.91 100 45.36 45 81 46.27 46.72 47 17 47.63 48.08 4853 48.99 49.44 110 49.90 50.35 50.80 51.26 51. 71 52.16 52.62 53.07 53. )2 53.98 120 54.43 54.88 55.34 55.79 56.25 56.70 57.15 57.61 58.06 58.51 130 58.97 59.42 59.87 60.33 60.78 61 24 61.69 62.14 62.60 63.05 140 63.50 63.96 64.41 64.86 65.32 65 77 66.22 66.68 67.13 67.59 150 68.04 68.49 68 95 69.40 69.85 70.31 70.76 71. 21 71. 67 72.12 160 72 57 73.03 73.48 73.94 74.39 74.84 75. )J 75.75 76.20 76.61:. 170 77.11 77.56 78.02 78.47 78.93 79.38 7983 80.29 80.74 81.19 180 81.65 82.10 82.55 83.01 83.46 83 91 84.37 84 82 85.28 85.73 190 86.18 86.64 87.09 87.54 88.00 88.45 88.90 89.36 89.81 90.26 200 90.72 91. 17 91.63 9208 92.53 9299 93.44 9389 94.35 94.80 210 95.25 95.71 96.16 96.62 97.07 97.52 97.98 98.43 98.88 99.34 220 99.79 100.24 100.70 101.15 101.61 102.06 102.51 102.97 103.42 103.87 2)J 104.33 104.78 105.23 105.69 106.14 10659 107.05 107.50 107.96 108.41 240 108.86 109.32 109.77 110.22 110.68 111.13 111. 58 112.04 112.49 112.94 250 113.40 -74- TABLE 8.10: FORCE (1) Pound-force (up to 1000 Ihf) to newtons Basis: 1 l bf = 4.448 222 N lbf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 newtons (NI 0 - 4 4482 8.8964 13.3447 17.7929 22.2411 26.6893 31. 1376 35.5858 40.0340 10 44.4822 48.9])4 53.3787 57.8269 62.2751 66.7233 71. 1715 75.619P 80.0680 84.5162 20 88 .9644 93.4127 97.8609 102. ])9 106.757 111.206 115.054 120.102 124.550 128.998 ]) 133.447 137.895 142.343 146.791 151. 240 155.688 160.130 164.584 169.032 173.481 40 177.929 182.377 186.825 191. 274 195.722 200.170 204.618 209.066 213.515 2]7.963 ｌｾＲＮＴＴＵ 50 222.411 226.859 231. ])8 235.756 240.204 244.652 249. 100 253.549 257.997 60 266.893 271. 342 275.790 280.238 284.686 289.134 293.583 298.031 302.479 ])6.927 70 311.376 315.824 320.272 324.720 329. 168 333.617 338.065 342.513 346.961 351.410 80 355.858 360. ])6 364.754 369.202 373.651 378.099 382.547 386.995 391.444 395.892 90 400.340 404.788 409.236 413.685 418.133 422.581 427.029 431.477 435.926 440.374 0 10 20 ]) 40 50 60 70 80 90 newtons iN) 100 444.822 489.304 533.787 578 269 622.751 667.233 711 .715 756. 198 800.680 845. 162 200 889.644 934.127 978.609 1023.09 1067.57 1112.06 1156 54 1201.02 1245.50 1289.98 ])0 1334 47 1378.95 1423.43 1467.91 1512.40 1556.88 1601.36 1645.84 1690.32 1734.81 400 1779.29 1823.77 1868.25 1912.74 1957.22 2001.70 2046. 18 2090.66 2135.15 2179.63 500 2224.11 2268.59 2313.08 2357.56 2402.04 2446.52 2491.00 2535.49 2579.97 2624.45 600 2668.93 2713.42 2757.90 2802.38 2846.86 2891.34 2935.83 2980.31 3024 79 ])69.27 700 3113.76 3158.24 3202 72 3247.20 3291.68 3330 17 3380.65 3425.13 3469.61 3514.10 800 3558.58 3603.06 3047 54 3092.02 3736 51 3780.99 3825.47 3869.95 3914.44 3958.92 900 4003.40 4047.88 4092.36 4130.85 4181.33 4225.81 427C.29 4314.77 4359.26 4403.74 1000 4448.22 ------ TABLf 8.!! FO RC E i 2) ｾ＼ｩｰ up to 1000 kips) to kilonewtons Basis: k j p - 4.448222 kN Kip l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kilonewtons ( ｫｾ［Ｉ :.. "'+"+2, 222 .8%444 13.344(:,66 17.792388 22.241110 26.689332 31.137554 35.585776 40.033998 1 "" ..... ,:: n 7 53. 378664 57.826f386 62.275108 66.723330 71.171552 7.5 .61(1774 80.067996 84.516218 j; ";44C 3. j )7. ＸＶｾＺＧＸＸＴ 1-:..1:2.309106 106.757328 111.205550 115.653772 120.101994 124.350216 128.998438 .44(;(=;«:; j ｬｾ 2. 3,13L)4 146.791326 151./39548 155.687770 16U.13Syg2 1€>4. 584214 169.032436 173.480658 - .377F:'2 136.323324 191.c73546 ｬｙｾＩＮ 721768 200 .169990 204.618212 203.066434 213.514656 217.962878 . ｾ［ l i "";, ｾ＿ 231.307544 235.755766 240.203988 244.652210 249.100432 253.548654 257.996876 262.445098 'CC C '"• 275.789764 280.2379B6 284.68G20B 289.134430 29J.S82652 298.030874 302.479096 306.927318 ,co-, L ｾ ;2 31" . 'c .271984 324.72UL06 329.:68428 333.61665J 338. c'64872 342.513094 316.961316 351.409538 ,0S."" /c: icc ..ｾ 354.754204 369.202426 37-'3.650648 378.098870 382.547092 386.995314 391. 44 3536 395.891758 ｾ . ＳＳＹＹＸ［ＬｾＧ 4 " . )2 4:::9.236424 413.684646 418.132868 422.5131090 427.U29312 431.477534 435.925756 440.373978 U j(; 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9U ;,,:ilonewtofls ＨｫｾＩ : ;·;,).62n 4",).30442 ｓｾＳＮＷＸＶＶＴ 578.2G8% 622. 75108 667.23330 711.)]552 756.19774 800.67996 845.16218 A44 3·).12652 '884 lO23.()YIOb 1067.57328 1112.05550 115b .S377/. 1201.01994 1245.50216 1289.98438 1334. 137(, .9,j,:3.82 1,1 .43104 1467.[11326 1512.39548 1556.07770 IG01.3'J992 1645.84214 1690.32436 1734.80658 j . "'7182 1868.25324 1912.73546 1957.21768 YlOIJd990 2046.18212 2090.66434 2135.14656 2179.62878 :U2.ot.ll 322 2313 .(,7544 2357.55766 2402.83938 2 TABLE 8.12: ｐｉｾｅｓｓｕｒｅＯｓｔｒ｛ｓｓ 0) Pound-force per square foot (up to 1000 Ibf/ft2 ) to kilopascals Basis: 1 Ibf/ft2 ｾ 47.8803 Pa Ibf/ft2 0 10 20 3J 40 so 60 70 80 90 kilo p o s c o l s (k Pa) 0 - 0.4788 0.9576 1.4364 I. 9152 2.3940 2.8728 3.3516 3.83'J4 4.3'J92 100 4.7880 5.2668 5.7456 6.2244 6.7032 7.1820 7.6608 8.1396 8.6185 9.0973 200 9.5761 10.0549 10.5337 11.0125 11.4913 II. 970 I 12.4489 12.9277 13.4065 13.8853 )J() 14.3641 14.8429 15.3217 15.8005 16.2793 16.7581 17.2369 17.7157 18.1945 18.6733 400 19.1521 19.63J9 20 1097 20.5885 21 0673 21.5461 22.0249 22.5037 22.9825 23.4613 SOO 23.9401 24.4189 24.8977 25.3765 25.8553 26.3341 26.8129 27.2917 27.7706 28. ,-'94 600 28.7282 29.2070 29 .6858 3'J.I646 3J.6434 31. 1222 31.6010 32.0798 32.5586 33.: 374 700 33.5162 33.9950 34.4738 34.9526 35.4314 35.9102 36.3890 36.8678 37.3466 37.8254 800 38.3J42 38.783J 39.2618 39.7406 40.2194 40.6982 41. 1770 41. 6558 42.1346 42.6134 900 43.0922 43.5710 44.0498 44.5286 45 0074 45.4862 45.96SO 46.4439 46.9227 47.4015 1000 47.8803 ------ TABLE 8.13: PRESSURE/STRESS (2) Pound-force per square inch (up to 1000 Ibf/in. 2) to kilopascals Basis: 1 Ibf/in. 2 ｾ 6.894 76 kPa 'n Ibf/in2 0 10 20 JJ 40 so 60 ' " 80 90 l<. ; I c P a s C o i s k Pc 0 68.9476 137.895 206.843 r5 790 344. /38 -' 13. 685 482.633 55 1.581 620.528 100 689.476 758.423 827.371 896.318 965. 266 1034. 21 1103 16 1172. II 1241. 06 1310.00 200 1378.95 1447.90 1516 85 1585.79 1654. 74 1723.69 1792.64 1861. 58 19JJ.53 1999.48 )J() 2068.43 2137.37 2206.32 2275.27 2344 22 2413. I' 2482. II 255 I. 06 2620.01 2688.96 400 2757.90 2826.85 2895.80 2964.75 3033 69 3102.64 3171.59 3240.54 3JJ9.48 3378.43 SOO 3447.38 3516.33 3585.27 3654.22 3723.17 3792.12 3861.06 39JJ.O 1 3998.96 4067.91 600 4136.85 4205.80 4274.75 4343.70 4412.64 4481. 59 4550.54 4619.49 4688.43 4757.38 700 4826.33 4895.28 4964.23 5033. 17 5102. 12 5171.07 5240.02 53J8.96 5377.91 5446.86 800 5515.81 5584.75 5653.70 5722.65 5791. 60 5860.54 5929.49 5998.44 6067.39 6136.33 900 6205.28 6274.23 6343. 18 6412. 12 6481. 07 6550.02 6618.9' 6687.91 6756.86 6825.81 1000 6894.76 ------ TABLE 8.14: PRESSURE/STRESS !3 ) Ton- fo r c e per square .t n c h (up to 100 ton i./··, n . 2) tom ega pas c a I s 2 Basis: toni/in. = 13.7895 MPa C 7 8 9 "ton/in. 2 0 I 2 3 4 5 megapascals (>.:Fa) 13.7895 27.5790 41.3685 55.1580 68.9475 82./370 %.5265 110.3160 124.10SS 1.6320 234.4215 248.2110 262.0005 ic 137.895 151.6845 165.4740 179.2635 193.0530 206.8425 22::: 399.8955 275.790 289.5795 303.3690 317.1565 330.'9430 344.7375 ]')8.5278 372.3165 386.106U 537.1905 113.685 427.474S 441.2640 455.0535 168.3430 ＴＸｾＮＶＳＲｓ 49G.4220 0.2115 524U01O 661.3960 675.6855 f.0 551.580 SG'l. ＭＩｃＧｾＬＧＵ 579.1590 592.9485 6Cb.7380 620.:)275 634 . 3170 648.1065 813.5E05 689. 'l'150 703.2645 717.0540 730.8435 744.6330 708.4225 "772.2120 786.0015 799.7910 ():23.8965 937.6860 951.4755 827.3700 841.1595 854.9490 868.7385 382 .l) LOO 896.3175 9lCJ.l070 965.2650 979.0545 992.8440 lD06 .6335 1820.4230 lC34.2J25 ＱｾＺｊＴ･Ｎ n020 1061. 7915 lU75.5810 1089.3705 1103.16,.10 1116.9495 1130.7390 1141.:0285 1158.3130 11 .1075 1185.8970 1199.6865 1213.4760 1227 .2655 1241.0550 1254.8445 1268.6340 1282.4215 1296.2130 ＱＳＱＰＮＰｃＲｾ Un.7920 1331.',815 1351. 3710 1365.16D5 100 LJ78.9500 - 76- TABLE 8.15 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR UNITS USED IN THF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (Conversion factors are taken to six significant figures where appropriate.) Me t r Lc to Imperial Imperial to Metric Length 1 km 0.621 371 miL 1 mile 1.609 344 km 49.7097 chain 1 chain 20.1168 m 1 m 1. 093 61 yd 1 yd 0.9144 m 3.280 84 ft 1 ft 0.3048 m 1 mm 0.039 370 1 In. 304.8 mm 1 in. 25.4 mm Area 1 km 2 0.386 102 mi1e2 1 mi1e 2 2.589 99 km 2 1 ha 2.471 05 acre 1 acre 0.404 686 ha 1 m2 1.195 99 yd 2 4046.86 m2 10.7"'39 ft 2 1 yd 2 0.836 127 m2 1 mm 2 O.C)l 550 in. 2 1 ft? 0.092 903 m2 1 in. 2 645.16 mm 2 Volume, Capacity, Modulus of Section 1 m3 0.810 713 x 10- 3 acre ft 1 acre ft 1233.48 m3 1. 307 95 yd 3 1 yd 3 0.764 555 m3 35.3147 ft 3 1 ft 3 0.028 316 8 m3 1 mm 3 61. 0237 x 10- 6 in. 3 28.3168 i *1 9, 0.035 314 7 ft3 1 in. 3 16 387.1 mm 3 0.219 969 gal 16.3871 m1 1. 759 76 pt 1 gal 4.546 09 i *1 m1 0.061 023 7 in. 3 1 pt 568.261 m1 0.035 195 1 f1 oz 1 f1 oz 28.413 0 m1 Second Nomerit of Area 1 mm 4 2.402 51 x 10-6 in. 4 1 in. 4 416 231 mm 4 0.416 231 x 10- 5 m4 Velocity, Speed 1 m/s 3.280 84 ft/s 1 ft/s 0.3048 m/s 2.236 94 mile/h 1 mi1e/h 1.609 344 km/h 1 km/h 0.621 371 mile/h 0.447 04 m/s Acceleration 1 m/s 2 3.2<:;0 84 0.3048 *Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Commi ttee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as £) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). -77- TABLE 8.15 (cont'd) Metric to Imperial Imperial to Metric Volume Rate of Flow 35.3147 ft 3/s 1 ft 3/s 0.028 316 8 m3/s 19.0053 106 gal/d 1 ft 3/min 0.471 947 £/s 0.810 713 x 10- 3 acre fc/s 1 gal/min 0.075 768 2 £/s *1 £/s 2.118 88 ft 3/min 1 gal/h 0.001 262 8 £/s 13.198 2 gal/min 106 gal/d 0.005 261 68 m3/s 791.891 gal/h 1 acre £t/s 1233.48 m3/s Equivalent Temperature Value (OC K-273.15) = 5/9 °F-32 9/5 °C+32 Temperature Interval = 1 K = 1.8 of 0.555 556°C 5/9 °c = 5/9 K Mass 1 tonne (t) 0.984 207 long ton 1 long ton 1.016 05 t 19.684 1 cwt 1 cwt 50.8023 kg 1 kg 2.204 62 Ib 1 Ib 0.453 592 kg 1 g 0.035 274 oz 1 oz 28.3495 g 1 tonne (t) 1.102 312 short ton 1 short ton 0.907 184 Mass/Unit Length 1 kg/m 0.671 969 Ib/ft 1 Ib/ft 1.488 16 kg/m 1 g/m 3.547 99 Ib/mile lIb/mile 0.281 849 g/m Mass/Unit Area 1 kg/m2 0.204 816 Ib/ft2 1 Ib/ft2 4.882 43 1 g/m2 0.029 494 oz/yd2 1 oz/yd2 33.9057 0.003 277 06 oz/ft2 1 oz/ft2 305.152 Density (Mass/Unit Volume) 1 kg/m 3 0.062 428 Ib/ft 3 1 Ib/ft 3 16.0185 kg/m 3 1. 685 56 Ib/yd 3 1 Ib/yd 3 0.593 278 kg/m 3 1 t/m3 0.752 48 long ton/yd 3 1 long ton/yd3 1. 328 94 t/m3 3 1 t/m 0.842 777 short ton/yd 3 1 short 1.186 553 t/m3 ton/yd3 * Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as £) and mil1ilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). -78- TABLE 8.15 (cont'd) Metric to Imperial Imperial to Metric Mass/Unit Time 1 kg/s 2.204 62 Ib/s 1 Ib/s 0.453 592 kg/s 1 t/h 0.984 207 ton/h 1 ton/h 1.016 05 t/h 1 t/h 1.102 312 short ton/h 1 short ton/h = 0.907 184 t/h Moment of Inertia 23.7304 l b- ft 2 1 Ib'ft2 0.042 140 1 3417.17 Ib·in. 2 1 Ib·in. 2 292.640 Force 1 MN 100.361 tonf 1 tonf 9.964 02 kN 1 kN 0.100 361 tonf 1 1bf 4.448 22 N 224.809 Ibf 1 tonf 8.896 44 kN 1 N 0.224 809 Ibf (short ton) 1 kN 0.112 404 tonf (short ton) Moment of Force, Torque 1 N'm 0.737 562 Ibf'ft 1 Ibf'ft 1. 355 82 N'm 8.850 75 l bf ' in. 1 Ibf·in. 0.112 985 N'm 1 kN'm 0.329 269 tonf·ft 1 t onf: ft 3.037 03 kN'm 0.737 562 kip' ft 1 kip'ft 1. 355 82 kN'm Force/Unit Length 1 N/m 0.068 521 8 Ibf/ft 1 Ibf/ft 14.5939 N/m 1 kN/m 0.030 590 1 tonf/ft 1 tonf/ft 32.6903 kN/m 1 kN/m 0.034 260 8 shcyt tonf/ft 1 short 29.187 808 kN/m tonf/ft Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticity II pa 1 N/m 2 ) 1 MPa 0.064 749 tonf/in. 2 1 tonf/in. 2 15.4443 MPa 0.323 85 tonf/ft2 1 tonf/ft 2 107.252 kPa 145.038 Ibf/in. 2 1 Ibf/in. 2 6.894 76 kPa 1 kPa 20.8854 Ibf/ft2 1 Ibf/ft2 47.8803 Pa 2 1 MFa 0.072 519 short tonf/in 1 short 13.789 514 MPa 1 MPa 145.0376 ksi tonf'/Ln' 1 ksi 6.894 757 MPa Work, Energy, Heat (l J 1 W's) 1 MJ 0.277 778 kW'h 1 kW·h 3.6 MJ 1 kJ 0.947 817 Btu 1 Btu 1. 055 06 kJ 1 J 0.737 562 ft· 1bf 1055.06 J 1 ft ·lbf 1. 355 82 J - 79- TABLE 8.15 (cont'd) Metric to Imperial Imperial to Metric Power, Heat Flow Rate 1 kW 1. 341 02 hp 1 hp 0.745 700 kW 1 W 3.412 14 Btu/h 745.700 W 0.737 562 f't r Lbfv s 1 Btu/h 0.293 071 W 1 f t v l b f zs 1. 355 82 W Intensity of Heat Flow (Heat Loss from Surfaces) 1 W/m 2 = 0.316 998 Btu/(ft2·h) 1 Btu/(ft2·h)= 3.154 59 Thermal Conductance (Heat Transfer Coefficient) 1 Wj(m2.oC) = 0.176 110 Btu/(ft2.h.oF) 1 Btu/ (ft2.h. OF) 5.678 26 Thermal Conductivity 1 W/(m'oC) = 0.577 789 Btu/(ft·h.oF) 1 Btu/ (ft·h·oF) 1. 730 73 W/(rn- °C) Calorific Value (Mass and Volume Basis) 1 kJ/kg 0.429 923 Btu/1b 1 Btu/1b 2.326 kJ/kg (l J/g) (J/g) 1 kJ/m3 0.026 839 2 Btu/ft3 1 Btu/ft3 37.2589 kJ/m3 Thermal Capacity (Mass and Volume Basis) 1 kJ/ (kg' °C) = 0.238 846 Btu/(lb.oF) 1 Btufl b- OF) 4.1868 kJ/ (kg. °C) 1 kJ/(m3. 0 C) =0.014 910 7 Btu/ (ft 3. OF) 1 Btu/ (ft3. OF) 67.0661 kJ/(m 3 • 0 C) Illumination 1 Ix 0.092 903 1m/ft2 1 1m/ft2 10.7639 Ix Luminance 1 cd/m 2 0.092 903 cd/ft2 1 cd/ft2 10.7639 cd/m 2 -80- PART 9. SI UNITS FOR USE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name m m metre Levels, over-all dimensions; spans, column heights, etc. cm centimetre Snowfall, glass pane dimensions. mm millimetre Spans; dimensions in buildings; depth and width of sections; displacement, settlement, deflection, elongation; Length slump of concrete, size of aggregate; radius of gyration; eccentricity, detailed dimensions generally, rain fall. \.1m micrometre Thickness of coa:ings (paint, galvanizing, etc.) thin sheet materials size of fine aggregates. m2 m2 square metre Small land areas; area of cross-section of earthworks. Area cm2 square centimetre Area in special applications. mm 2 square mtl l imetre Area of cross-section of structural and other sections, bars, etc. * m3 m3 cubic metre Volume, capacity (large quantities); volume of earthwork, excavation, concrete, timber, fluids, etc. Volume, Capacity mm 3 cubic millimetre Volume, capacity (small quantities). 9- litre Volume of fluids and containers for 1 9• fluids only. 1 ml m3 cm3 centimetre to Geometric properties of structural first moment Modulus of third power section. of area section mm 3 millimetre to third power m" cm" centimetre to Geometric properties of structural second moment Moment of fourth power sections. of area inertia mm4 millimetre to fourth power s s second Time used in methods of test; unit used for coherent derived units involving time. Time h hour Time used in methods of test. d day a year Temperature value is Temperature K DC degree Celsius normally measured in DC DC ｾ 273.15 K "No t e : According to a recent decision of the CSA Co:nmittee on Me t r i c Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as 9,) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replacec by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). -81- UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Calculations involving thermal 1 K = 1°C Temperature K °c degree Celsius expansion; temperature value and interval temperature interval in test methods, etc. Base 18°C used for calculation of Temperature degree-day tables. (See NRC/DBR "Degree publication BR Note 98: Converting Day" Heating Degree-Days From Below 65°F to below 18°C by D.W. Boyd.) Velocity and speed in general; 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h velocity of fluids. Wind speed. Mass of quantities of materials in general. Mass of large quantities of 1 t = 10 3 kg structural steel, reinforcement, concrete, ratings of lifting equipment. Mass of samples of material for testing. Mass per unit length of sections, also known as bars, and similar items of uniform "linear density" cross-section. Mass per unit length of wire and similar material of uniform cross-section. Mass per unit area of slabs, plates, also known as and similar items of uniform "area density" thickness or depth; rating for load-carrying capacities of floors (for display on notices, not for use in calculations). Mass per unit area of thin sheet materials, coatings, etc. Density of materials in general; al so known as mass per unit volume of materials in "mass per unit a concrete mix. volume " Forces in columns, piles, ties, pre-stressing tendons, etc; concentrated forces, axial forces; reactions, shear force, gravitational force (load). Transverse force (load) per unit length on a beam, columns, etc; force distributed in a linear direction. -82- UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Force per kilonewton per Uniformly distributed loads on floors, unit area N/m2 kN/m2 square metre under footings, wind load, snow load, dead and live load, etc. Moment of Bending moment; torsional moment; force or N'm kN'm kilonewton metre overturning moment; tightening torque torque for high-strength bolts, etc. 2 Pressure Pa kPa kilopascal Dressure in fluids and gases 1 Pa = 1 N/m Stress Modulus of elasticity; stress L Pa MPa megapascal (ultimate, proof, yield, permissible, 1 MPa = 1 N/mm modulus of 2 elasticity calculated, etc.) in structural = 1 MN/m material. UNITS FOR USE IN ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING kHz kilohertz 1 Hz = Frequency Hz MHz megahertz 1 revolution GHz gigahertz per second 1 pW is the reference quantity for sound power level, i. e., Sound power W W watt pW picowatt S0und power level, L = actual ¥ower = 10 log (W) dB 10 10- 1 (W) 1 pW/m2 is the reference quantity for W/m2 W/m2 watt per square sound intensity level, i.e. , Sound metre L = intensity Sound intensity level I pW/m2 picowatt per square metre actual intensity (W/m2) = 10 log dB 10 10-12 (W/m2) 20 ｾｐ｡ is the reference quantity for sound pressure level, i.e., Sound Sound pressure level L p = Pressure Pa ｾｐ｡ micropascal actual pressure (Pa) = 20 log dB 10 20 x 10- 6 (Pa) - 83- UNITS FOR USE IN ESTIMATING AND SPECIFICATION SI I Recommended Unit Quantity Unit I Typical Application Remarks Symbol , Symbol Name m m metre Trenches, curbs, fences, timber lengths, pipes and conduits; length of building materials generally. I Length Timber cross-sections; thicknesses, mm millimetre diameters, gauges of sheet metal, fasteners; all building product dimensions. square metre Site clearing, paving, brickwork, Replaces sq ft, roofing, glass areas, wall and floor sq yd, square. finishes, surface treatment, paintwork, Brickwork to plastering, membranes, lining be specified materials, insulation, reinforcing by wall area x Area mesh, forrnwork; areas of all building wall thickness. components. cm2 square Small areas in special applications. centimetre rnrn 2 square Small areas in special applications. mi11imetre 3 3 * m m cubic metre Excavation, filling, waste removal; Replaces cu ft supply of concrete, sand, all bulk and cu yd materials supplied by volume and large 1 m3 = 10 3 £ Volume quantities of timber. £ litre Liquid materials and containers for same. kg kg kilogram All bulk materials supplied by mass. Mass t tonne Large masses, aggregates, structural 1 t = 10 3 kg steel and reinforcement. All calculations involving time; 1 h = 3.6xI03 5 Time s h hour labour time, plant hire, testing periods. Stress Pa MPa megapascal Concrete strength grade, steel strength grades. * Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as 1,) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) ar.d mL (for millilitre). - 84- UNITS FOR USE IN LAND SURVEYING SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Boundary and cadastral surveys; survey m m metre plans; heights, geodetic surveying; contours. Length km kilometre Geographical and statistical purposes. mm millimetre Measurements carried out on maps, plans and photographs. m2 m2 square metre Small land areas, area in general. ha hectare Areas on boundary and cadastral survey 1 ha = 104 m2 plans; other survey plans. 1 km 2 = 102 ha Area "Conccss i on' will probably be retained as a legal term, expressed in ha mm 2 square millimetre Measurement carried out on maps, plans and photographs. m3 m3 cubic metre General applications. * Volume 1 m3 = 103 Q, Q, litre Small liquid volumes Plane ° degree Bearings shown on boundary and , 0 'IT angle rad minute cadastral survey plans; geodetic 1 = 180 rad " second surveying. Temperature K DC degree Celsius Temperature interval 10C = 1 K UNITS FOR USE IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING Luminous cd cd candela Used in the determination of intensity illumination levels and lighting layouts. Luminous 1m 1m lumen flux Illuminance Ix Ix lux Replaces foot candle (lm/ft2) and phot (1 ph = 104 Ix). Luminance cd/m2 cd/m2 candela per Replaces stilb (l sb = 104 cd/m2). square metre *Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as ｾＩ and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). -85- UNITS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Pipe and channel lengths, storage depths of reservoirs, aquifer m m metre thickness, drawdown in wells, height of potentiometric head, hydraulic head, piezometric head, level meters, staff gauges. Length km kilometre Longer pipes and channels. Pipe diameters, radius of ground water mm millimetre wells, height of capillary rise, depth of irrigation watering, rainfall precipitation, evaporation. square metre Cross-sectional area of channels and 1 ha = 104 m2 larger diameter pipes, surface areas of reservoirs, smaller catchment areas. square centimetre Small areas in special applications. Area measurement square millimetre Cross-sectional area of small diameter 1 m2 = 106 mmL pipes. square kilometre Large catchment areas. 1 km2 = 102 ha ha hectare Land areas, irrigation areas. Water distribution, irrigation 1 m3 = 1000 ｾ diversions, sewage, storage capacity, underground basins. As far as possible the cubic metre should be the cubic metre preferred unit of volume for engineering and scientific purposes. The litre and its multiples and submultiples may be used for domestic Volume and industrial supplies where an interface with the public exists. Domestic supply, domestic billing. All recommended units of volume can litre be expressed 'per day' (£/d) , 'per year' (£/a) , etc., if the context implies the total volume delivered over the particular period. Velocity mls mls metre per second River or stream flow velocity, pipe flow velocity. Instan• cubic metre per Flow in pipes, channel flow, flow in taneous second rivers and streams, sludge flow, volumetric irrigation spray demand. Attention is ｾＯｳ flow rates litre per second drawn to the remarks opposite 'Volume'. mIls millilitre per Lesser flow rates. second Pressure Pa kPa kilopascal Hydraulic head is measured in metres. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 MPa megapascal Work done, energy available, quantity 1 MJ = Work J kJ kilojoule of heat. The kilowatt hour is a unit 0.277 778 kW'h MJ megajoule for the measurement of electrical energy only. *Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as ｾＩ and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). - 86- UNITS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING (Cant' d) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Heat flow meters, motor powers, rate Power W kW kilowatt of doing work. Sewage cubic metre per contribution person per day * Concentra- mg/£ milligram per tions litre UNITS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Masses of structures, machines, etc. Generally the kilogram is to be used 1 t = 103 kg Mass kg kg kilogram in calculations, specifications, etc. However, masses of the order of 10 kg t tonne and greater may conveniently be expressed in tonnes. * Volumes of fuel oil tanks, water tanks m3 m3 cubic metre and containers. Gas volumes. 1 m3 = 103 £ Volume Generally the cubic metre is to be £ litre used in calculations, specifications, etc. The 1itre will only be used where an interface with the public arises, or when the volumes concerned are less than 1 m3. Mass per kg/m kg/m kilogram per metre Evaluation of the masses of structural known also as unit length sections, cables, etc. "linear density" Mass per kg/m2 kg/m2 kilogram per Evaluation of the masses of walls, known also as unit area square metre floors, glass, plates, sheets, etc. "area density" Density kg/m3 kg/m3 kilogram per Evaluation of the masses of structures known also as cubic metre and materials. "mass per unit volume" Mass per kg/s kg/s kilogram per Rate of transport of material on unit time second conveyors. Rate of gas flows in special cases. t/h tonne per hour Velocity m/s m/s metre per second Calculations involving rectilinear 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h motion, wind velocities. km/h kilometre per hour Speed m/s km/h kilometre per hour The speed of cars and vehicles of 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h all descriptions. Acceleration m/s 2 m/s 2 metre per second Kinematics and calculation of Standard squared dynamic forces. gravitational acceleration g = 9.806 65 m/s 2 Force N kN kilonewton Calculations involving dynamic 1 N = 1 kg'm/s2 forces, forces in cables. Pressure Pa kPa kilopascal Bearing pressures, stresses in 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 MPa megapascal materials, vapour pressure. *Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre (shown as £) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). -87- UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typ i cal Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name I Momentum kg·m/s I kg·m/s kilogram metre Evaluation of impact and dynamic per second forces rad/s rls revolutions per Calculations involving rotational The revolution Angular second motion. per second will velocit y be used for I r/min revolutions per describing minute machinery speeds. N'm newton metre Calculations involving rot' tional Also known as Torque N'm kN·m kilonewton metre motion, bending moments in "moment of MN'm meganewton metre structural sections, torque in force." I engine drive shafts, axles, etc. Moment of kg'm 2 kg'm 2 kilogram metre I Rotational dynamics. Evaluation of inertia to second power the restraining forces required for propellers, windmills, etc. Dynamic Pa's Pa's pascal second Shear stresses in fluids. The centipoise viscosity (cP) = 10- 3 Pa·s will not be used. 2/s 2/s Kinematic m mm square mi11imetre I Computing Reynolds number. The centistoke 6 2/s viscosity per second I (cSt) = 10- m I will not be used. m3/s m3/s cubic metre per Flow (general) Comparatively second high rate * 9.ls litre per second Flow (general) Comparatively Volume low rate fluids flow rate only. m3/s cubic metre per Flows in pipes, air conditioning second ducts and the like. 9.ls litre per second Fluids only Concentra- kg/m 3 \lg/m3 microgram per Pollution control tion cubic metre Enthalpy Latent heat J J joule Thermal energy calculations. Sensible kJ kilojoule heat MJ megajoule Mechanical and electrical energy. Work, kW'h kilowatt hour Electrical metering purposes only. 1 kW·h = 3.6 MJ Energy Power input, output, rating, etc. , of heavy power plant. Power in WW watt general (mechanical, electrical, Power mW milliwatt thermal, etc.); input, output rating, kW kilowatt etc. , of motors, engi.nes , heating MW megawatt and ventilating plant and other equipment in general. Heat flow ratE through walls , windows, etc. *Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Mc t.r i c Practice Guide, the symbol s for litre (shown as 9.) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre). - 88- UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Expression of thermodynamic K K kelvin temperature, calculations involving units of temperature. Temperature °c - 273.15 K Most commonly used temperature scale. °c degree Celsius Will be used in meteorology, engineering and all facets of building and construction. Temperature K °c degree Celsius Heat transfer calculations. lK = 1°C interval Coefficient l/K lrC reciprocal degree Expansion of material subjected to of linear Celsius a change in temperature; expressed expansion as a ratio per degree Celsius. Heat flux W/m2 W/m 2 watt per square Flow of heat through buildings, density, metre walls and other heat transfer intensity surfaces. kW/m 2 kilowatt per of heat square metre Transmission calculations. flow Thermal W/m'K W/m'oC watt per metre Estimation of thermal behaviour of k-value conductiv- degree Celsius materials and systems. ity, heat Heat transmission calculations. transfer coefficient Thermal W/m 2·K W/m 2 : °c watt per square Heat transmission calcula:ions. U-value conductance metre degree Celsius Thermal m'K/W m'oC/W metre degree Heat transmission calculations. resistivity Celsius per watt Thermal m2'K/W m2.oC/W square metre Heat transmission calculations. R-value resistance degree Celsius per watt Heat J/K JrC joule per degree Thermal behaviour of materials. capacity Celsius Heat transmission calculations. Specific J/kg'K kJ/kg'oC kilojoule per Heat transmission calculations. heat kilogram degree capacity Celsius Specific J/kg kJ/kg kilojoule per Heat and energy contained in energy kilogram materials. Calorific values of fuels. MJ/kg megajoule per kilogram Specific Psychrometric calculations sensible heat. Specific latent heat Specific m3/kg m3/kg cubic metre per Calculations involving fluids. volume kilogram Moisture kg/kg kg/kg kilogram per Psychrometric calculations. content kilogram g/kg gram per kilogram - 89- UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Reconunended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbo Symbol Name Permeability ng/Pa·s·m nanogram per Water vapour transmission pascal second metre Permeance ng/Pa·s·m2 nanogram per Water vapour transmission through pascal second walls, etc. metre squared UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electric A kA kiloampere Service rating of an electrical current A ampere installation. Leakage current. (intensity rnA mi11 iampere of electric vA microampere current) Electric C kC kilocoulomb The voltage on a unit with charge. C coulomb capacitive ｴｊｾ･ characteristics Quantity of vC microcoulomb may be related to the amount of electricity nC nanocoulomb charge present (e.g., electrostatic pC picocoulomb precipitators). Storage battery capacities. Electric v MV megavolt The electric field strength gives the potential. kV kilovolt potential gradient at points in space. Potential mV millivolt This may be used to calculate or test difference. vV microvolt electrical parameters such as Electromo• dielectric strength. tive force Electric Vim MV/m megavolt per metre The electric field strength gives the field kV/m kilovolt per metre potential gradient at points in space. strength mV/m millivolt per metre This may be used to calculate or test vV/m microvolt per metre electrical parameters such as dielectric strength. Capacitance F F farad Electronic components. Electrical mF millifarad design and performance calculators. vF microfarad nF nanofarad pF picofarad Current ampere per square Design of cross-sectional area of density metre electrical conductor. kA/m2 kiloampere per square metre Magnetic Aim Aim ampere per metre Magnetic field strength used in field calculation of magnetic circuitry strength kA/m kiloampere per such as transformers, magnetic metre amplifiers and general cores. Magnetomotive A kA kiloampere Used in the calculations involved force. in magnetic circuits. Magnetic A ampere potential difference rnA mi11 iampere -90- UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Recommended Unit Quantity Unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Flux of magnetic Wh m\llb milliweber Used in the calculations involved in induction. magnetic circuits. Magnetic flux Magnetic T T tesla Used in the calculations involved flux mT millitesla in magnetic circuits. density. )JT microtesla Magnetic nT nanotesla induction Magnetic kiloweber per Used in the calculations involved vector Wh/m kWh/m metre in magnetic circuits. potential Sel£- H H henry Used in analysis and calculations inductance. mH millihenry involving transformers. Mut.ual )JH microhenry inductance nH nanohenry pH i picohenry I H/m H/m henry per metre Permeability gives the relationship between the magnetic flux density Permeabil i, t y )JH/m microhenry per and the magnetic field metre strength. nH/rn nanohenry per metre Q GQ gigaohm The design of electrical devices with Resistance MQ megohm fini te resistance such as motors, kQ kilohm generators, heaters. Q ohm mQ milliohm Conductance, S ｾｉｓ megasiemens The design of electrical devices with Admittance, kS kilosiemens finite resistance such as motors, Susceptance S siemens generators, heaters. mS millisiemens llS microsiemens Q·m GQ·m gigaohm metre The design of electrical devices with MQ·m megohm metre finite resistance such as motors, kQ·m kilohm metre generators, heaters. Resistivity Q·m ohm metre mQ·m milliohm metre llQ·m microohm metre nQ'm nanoohm metre S/m MS/m megasiemens per The design of electrical devices with Conductivity metre finite resistance such as motors, kS/m kilosiemens per generators, heaters. A parameter for metre measuring water quality. S/m siemens per metre llS/m microsiemens per metre Reluctance WI WI reciprocal henry Design of motors and generators. Permeance HH henry -91- UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd) SI Reconunended Unit Quantity unit Typical Application Remarks Symbol Symbol Name Impedance, n MQ megohm The design of Reactance kQ kilohm electrical motors, mQ milliohm generators and transmission lines. W TW terawatt The useful power in GW gigawatt an electrical Active Power MW megawatt circuit. kW kilowatt W watt mW milliwatt IJW mierowatt V'A TV'A teravolt ampere The total vOlt-amperes Reactive power GV'A gigavolt ampere in an electrical is expressed MY'A megavolt ampere circuit in vars (var) . Apparent Power kV'A kilovolt ampere V'A volt ampere mV'A millivolt ampere IJV'A microvolt ampere ｃｏｎｓｔｾｾｔｓ FOR GENERAL USE Name Symbol Value Unit Standard atmosphere pressure 100.0 kPa Absolute zero (temperature) Standard acceleration due to gravity g 9.806 65 Velocity of sound in air (Po' 20°C, 50%, R.H.) 344 m/s v 22.414 m3/kmol Specific volume of perfect gas at STP o F! 287.045 J/kg'K Characteristic gas constant for air a Characteristic gas constant for water vapour 461. 52 J/kg'K Natural logarithms e 2.718 281 828 5 Pi 11 3.141 592 653 6 -92- APPENDIX A NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF METRIC CONVERSION COMMITTEES METRIC COMMISSION I. friedman Sector Plan Manager, Sector 5 Metric Commission Bonaventure Building 301 Elgin Street Ottawa, Onto KIA OH5 (613) 996-7996 SECTOR ｃｏｾＱｉｔｔｅｅ NO. 5.1 CONSTRUCTION ｾｬ｣ｭ｢･ｲｳ S.D.C. Chutter (Chairman) B.A. Cruikshank 18 Wren Road Canadian Construction Association Ottawa, Onto KlJ 7H7 85 Albert Street (613) 745-4786 Ottawa, Onto KIP 6A4 (613) 236-9455 S.R. Kent (Co-Chairman) Building Research Group 207 Queen's Quay West J.N. Galli Toronto, Onto M5J lA7 Vice-President (416) 366-7059 ff.NCO I Yonge Street P. Bishin Toronto, Ont. ｾＱＵｅ lE7 lrder of Architects of Quebec (416) 361-4877 1825 Dorchester Blvd. W. Montreal, P.Q. H3H lR4 R.G. Hunter (514) 937-6168 Sales Manager Otis Elevator Company Limited D. E. Blogg P.O. Box 650 Quantity Surveyor Hamilton, Onto L8N 3Ml 89 Lexington Avenue (416) 527-9271 Rexdale, Onto M9V 2G9 (416) 226-4111 I. Kalin, Supervising Architect Buildings Division, Engineering R. Brophy &Architecture Branch Director of Planning &Construction Dept. of Indian &Northern Affairs Dept. of Public Works &Services 365 Laurier Avenue West Confederation Building Ottawa, Onto KIA OH4 St. John's, Nfld. (613) 992-1042 - 93- SECTOR COMMITTEE NO. 5.1 CONSTRUCTION (Cont'd) Members (Cont'd) W.M. McCance J. Westeinde Director of Research Vice-President Housing &Urban Development Thomas Fuller Construction Co. Ltd. Association of Canada 2700 Queensview Drive 15 Toronto Street Ottawa, Onto K2B 8H6 Toronto, Onto M5C 2E3 (613) 820-6000 (416) 364-4135 J.S. Torrance Department of Public Works Sir Charles Tupper Building Confederation Heights Riverside Drive Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2 (613) 998-4600 Advisers W. Barr L. Loshak Standards Engineer Central Mortgage &Housing Corporation Standards and Records Department National Office Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada Montreal Road 7 Crouse Road Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7 Scarborough, Onto MIR 3A9 (613) 746-4611 (416) 757-3611 K.C. Ford G.W. Slee Manager, Metric Conversion Construction Consultant Canadian Standards Association 9 Caesar Avenue 178 Rexdale Boulevard Ottawa, Onto K2G OA8 Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3 (613) 225-9120 (416) 744-4000 P.M. Jones C. S. Strelka Canadian Government Research Officer Specifications Board Division of Building Research c/o Dept. of Supply and Services National Research Council of Canada 88 Metcalfe Street Montreal Road, Building M-20 Ottawa, Onto KIA OS5 Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6 (613) 992-1419 (613) 993-2607 -94- INTERGOVERNMENTAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE ON METRIC CONVERSION - MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES, ALTERNATES Federal Newfoundland R.F. West, Chainnan T.E. Bursey Director, Special Technical Programs Assistant Deputy Minister (Technical Services) Public Works Canada Department of Public Works and Services Sir Charles Tupper Building Confederation Building Ottawa, Ont. KIA OM2 St. John's, Newfoundland (613) 998-4600 (709) 722-0711 P. Grunstra, Secretary Nova Scotia Metric Conversion Program B.T. Burke Public Works Canada Director of Maintenance Sir Charles Tupper Building Provincial Department of Public Works Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2 P.O. Box 54 (613) 998-4600 Halifax, N.S. Prince Edward Island Man i toba G. Jenkins R. Gemmel Director of Engineering Chief of Research Department of Public Works - Nani toba Department of Public Works Prince Edward Island 1700 Portage Avenue P.O. Box 2000 Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J OEI 01arlottetown, P.E.I. (204) 888- 3280 (902) 892- 7431 Sas ka tchew an New Brunswick D. Rew D. Jonsson Assistant Executive Director Provincial Consulting Architect Public Works Branch Department of Supply &Services Department of Government Services Box 6000 1942 Hamilton Street Fredericton, N.B. Regina, Saskatchewan (506) 453-2140 (306) 565-6972 Ontario Alberta W. Olinoski E. Luck Manager, Standards and Metric Conversion Assistant Director, Engineering Branch Ontario Hydro Alberta Housing and Public Works 800 Kipling Avenue 14th Floor, College Plaza Toronto, Ontario. M3Z 5S4 8215-ll2th Street (416) 231-4111 Edmonton, Alberta Quebec British Columbia G.E. Clairmont W. E. Mills Chief, Studies &Research Senior Mechanical Engineer Quebec Department of Public Works Department of Public Works - Place Capitale British Columbia 150 St. Cyrille Parliament Buildings Quebec City, Quebec Victoria, B.C. (418) 643-7718 (604) 387-3514 -95- INTERGOVERNMENTAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE ON METRIC CONVERSION - MH1BERS, ASSOCIATES, ALTERNATES, (Cont'd) Northwest Territories Yukon Territory H.O. Barfod K.J. Baker Assistant Chief Director of Highways and Public Works Project Management Division Government of the Yukon Territory Department of Public Works Box 2703 Government of the Northwest Territories Whitehorse, Y.T. Yellowknife, N.W.T. XOE lHO (403) 873-7246 INTERDEPARTMENTAL ｃｏｾｾｉｔｔｅｅ FOR METRIC CONVERSION SUB-COMMITTEE ON DES IGN AND CONSTRUCTION R. F. West, Chairman J.P. Fink Director, Special Technical Programs Project Milllager, Metrication Department of Public Works Ministry of Transport Sir Charles Tupper Building Area 19B, Transport Canada Building Riversi de Dri ve Place de Ville Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2 Ottawa, Onto KIA ONS (613) 998-4600 (613) 992-7902 J.S. Torrance, Secretary S.C. Jones Metric Conversion Program Director, Construction Engineering, Department of Public Works and Design Sir Charles Tupper Building S Centre Block North Riverside Drive National Defence Headquarters Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2 Ottawa, Onto KIA OK2 (613) 998-4600 (613) 992-5132 G.W. Baker I. Kalin Director, Facilities Maintenance Supervising Architect Property Administration Branch Architectural Services Section Department of public Works Engineering &Architectural Branch Sir Charles Tupper Building Dept. of Indian & Northern Affairs Riverside Drive 17th Floor, Journal Building Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2 Ottawa, Onto KIA OH4 (613) 998-8714 (613) 992-1042 H.G. Dutz L. Loshak Chief, Highway Division Central Mortgage & Housing Corpo rat i on Canadian Surface Transportation National Office Administration Montreal Road Floor 29, Area G Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7 Transport Canada Building (613) 746- 4611 ext. 199 Ottawa, Onto KIA ON5 (613) 996-6181 C.S. S'tre l ka Division of Building Research National Research Council Ottawa, Ont. KIA OR6 (613) 993-2607 -96- CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE ON METRIC PRACTICE GUIDE T. Wildi, (Chairman) W.B. Dodd Professor 2213 Webster Avenue Universite Laval Ottawa, Onto K14 7Hl Cite Universitaire (613) 996-1730 Quebec 10, Quebec (418) 656-3525 or C.S. Edgar (418) 656-2981 Chief Engineer Litton Business Systems of Canada G.E. Anderson, Director Rock Island, Quebec JOB 2KO Legal Metrology and Laboratory (819) 876-2721 Services Branch Standards Directorate K.C. Ford Department of Consumer and CSA Corporate Affairs 178 Rexdale Blvd. Ottawa, Onto KIA OC9 Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3 (613) 992-3819 (416) 744-4013 (Liaison ASTM E380) J .M. Bell Ministry of Education N. Ganapathy Curriculum Development Branch Metric Commission Mowat Block 301 Elgin Street Queens Park Ottawa, Onto KIA OH5 Toronto, Onto (613) 996-7996 (416) 965-5653 E. Green M.G. Bowen (For Minutes &Agenda Only) Mechanics Sections Forestry Officer Division of Applied Physics Metric Conversion Program National Research Council of Canada Forest Management Institute Ottawa, Onto KIA OSI Environmental Management Service (613) 993-2351 396 Cooper Street (Liaison CAC ISO TC 12 &TC 19) Ottawa, Onto KIA OH3 (613) 995-7010 National Defence Headquarters 101 Colonel By Drive C.A. Bryant Ottawa, Onto Canadian Industries Limited Attention: DEMPS-4 Plastics Division Mr. A.H. Grundy 134 Kennedy Road, South (613) 992-2825 Brampton, Onto (Liaison CAC TC 19) (Representing: Society of Plastics Industry) L. Loshak (416) 451-1630 Co-ordinator (Development Programs) Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation Jean-Yves Chartrand Architectural &Planning Division Bureau de Normalisation du Quebec Montreal Road 710 place d'Youville Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7 Quebec, GIR 4Y4 (613) 746-4611 (418) 643-5804 S.M. McDowall K. Cole (ASSOCIATE) Manager, Product Quality Engineering Dept. of Management Information Chrysler Canada Limited Systems P.O. Box 1621 401 Bay Street, Suite 2800 Windsor, Onto N9A 4H6 Toronto, Onto M5H 2Y4 (519) 252-3651 (416) 367-8447 (Representing Motor Vehicle Mfgs. Assoc.) (Liaison, CAC ISO TC 97) -97- L.P. Mahon C.S. Strel ka , (ASSOCIATE) Supervisor, Engineering &Drafting Stds. Division of Building Research Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd. National Research Council of Canada 107 Park Street Montreal Road Peterborough, Onto K9J 7B5 Building M-20 (705) 742-7711 Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6 (613) 993-1231 H.O.E. Meysick, Professor St. Clair College of Applied Arts B.G. Young and Technology Dept. 810 2000 Talbot Road Northern Telecom Ltd. Windsor 22, Onto P.O. Box 3116, Station C (519) 966-1656 Ottawa, Ont . (Liaison CAC ISO TC 19) KIY 4H7 (613) 238-2030 Ext. 320 Peter Moore (Liaison CAC ISO TC 19) Shell Canada Resources Ltd. P.O. Box 880 A.C. Whittier Calgary, Alta. T2P 2K3 Physics and Analysis Division (403) 261-3600 Ext. 124 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Sheridan Park R.K. Odell, (ASSOCIATE) Mississauga, Onto L5K 1B2 Standards Council of Canada (416) 823-9040 350 Sparks Street Ottawa, Onto KIR 7S8 (613) 238-3222 (Liaison ANMC) For 2234.5 Articles Only R.P. Preston Dragon - R.R.2 Russel Hastings Rigaud, Quebec. JOP 1PO Advance Engineering Manager Res: (514) 451-4742 Clark Equipment Co. Industrial Truck Division H. Preston-Thomas, (ASSOCIATE) Battle Creek, MI. U.S.A. 49016 Division of Physics (616) 964-5520 National Research Council Montreal Road Ottawa, Ont. (613) 993-9192 (Liaison CCU/CIPM/CGPM) Guy W.-Richard CP 10 002 Ste. Foy, Quebec. GIV 4C6 (418) 643-3261 (Liaison CAC ISO TC 12 &TC 19) G.W. Slee 786 Island Park Drive Ottawa, Onto KIY OC2 (613) 729-3057 (Representing: Canadian Institute of Surveying &Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors) Sidney V. Soanes 64 Airdrie Road Toronto, Onto M4G 1M2 (416) 421-9988 (Liaison CSC IEC TC 25) -98- CSA B 78/SC8 - BUILDING DRAWINGS C.S. Strelka, Chairman G.\'1. Lord National Research Council of Canada P.O. Box 3396, Station "0" Division of Building Research Edmonton, Alta. T5L 4J2 Building M- 20 Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6 N. Masika J.L. Richards and Assoc. Ltd. B.M. Deibert (Secretary Non-voting) 664 Lady Ellen Place Standards Administrator Ottawa, Ont. Canadian Standards Association 178 Rexdale Boulevard J. Radisch Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3 Chief, Architectural Resources National Capital Operations L.W. Bourdeau Department of Public Works Architecture and Planning 66 Slater Street, Room 1700 Professional Standards and Ottawa, Onto KIA OM3 Services Group Central Mortgage and Housing R.A. Sargent Corporation Aluminum Company of Canada Montreal Road 1 Place Ville Marie Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7 P .0. Box 6090 Montreal, Que. H.S. Craig Engineering Services Branch J. F. I'Ihite Westminster Hospital Dominion Bridge Company P.O. Box 5701 P.O. Box 280 London, Onto N6A 4S2 Montreal, Que. S.S. Kearns D. Wes twood Chairman, Civil Technology School of Architecture Dawson Col I ege Carleton University 350 Selby Street Colonel By Drive Westmount, Que. Ottawa, Onto S.R. Kent Building Research Group 207 Queen's Quay West Toronto, Ont. M5J lA7 -99- REGIONAL METRIC CO-ORDINATORS (C.M.H.C.) Mr. Michael A. Birtles Mr. .J. Shimwell St. John's Regional Office Toronto Regional Office P.O. Box 9400 Suite 1108 Postal Station "B" 145 King Street West St. John's, Nfld. AlA 2Y3 Toronto, Ont. M5Il IJ8 (709) 754-0050 (416) 361-0420 Ms. Kim Stewart Mr. Jim Smithson Charlottetown Regional Office Winnipeg Local Office Kent Place 870 Portage Avenue 180 Kent Street Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G OP2 Charlottetown, P.E.I. CIA IN9 (204) 774-7491 (902) 892-9181 Mr. Roy W. Nichol Mr. E.B. Lelacheur Regina Local Office Halifax Regional Office P.O. Box 1186 Pontac House Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3B6 Historic Properties (306) 569-5880 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J IS9 (902) 429-9612 Mr. W.C. Robbins Edmonton Regional Office Mr. Blair Roma Room 1104 Fredericton Regional Office 10506 Jasper Avenue Suite 449 Edmonton, Alberta T5J 2W9 Kings Place (403) 425-4134 440 King Street Fredericton, N.B. E3B 5H8 Mr. Joe K. Smith (506) 455-7970 Vancouver Regional Office Suite 240 Mr. Jim Duranssault Bank of Montreal Bldg. Bureau regional de Montreal 2609 Granville Street Porte 900 Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3H3 Place du Canada (604) 732-4211 Montreal, Quebec H3B 2N2 (514) 283-4469