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India's Peacekeeping in Africa

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India's Peacekeeping in Africa OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 60 Emerging Powers and Global Challenges Programme May 2010 Blue Helmets for Africa: India’s Peacekeeping in Africa Frank van Rooyen s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. ABOUT SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. ABOUT THE EMERGING POWERS AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES PROGRAMME The global system has undergone significant changes in the past two decades since the collapse of the Berlin Wall. While advanced industrial powers such as the US, Europe and Japan are still the driving forces of global policymaking, there is now a shift to non-polarity, interpolarity or multipolarity. Global interdependence has made international co-operation an inescapable reality and emerging powers such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) cannot be ignored in global governance processes. This new paradigm touches on a range of global challenges such as security, the G20, climate change and energy security. SAIIA’s Emerging Powers and Global Challenges Programme has a two-pronged focus. The first is regional or country-specific looking at the engagement between the BRIC countries and key African states. The second critically evaluates the responses of emerging powers to global governance challenges, assessing the extent to which they are prepared to shoulder responsibility. This intersection or the balance between norms and interests and its implications for South Africa and Africa is an important feature of SAIIA’s research. The Emerging Powers and Global Challenges Programme is funded by the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency, the Royal Danish Embassy in Pretoria, and the UK Department for International Development. SAIIA gratefully acknowledges this support. Programme head: Mzukisi Qobo, email: [email protected] © SAIIA May 2010 All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information or stor- age and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Opinions expressed are the responsibility of the individual authors and not of SAIIA. Please note that all currencies are in US$ unless otherwise indicated. ABSTRACT For the past 60 years, the United Nations has been keeping foes apart in strife-torn parts of the world, and rebuilding countries and communities afterwards. In the UN’s peace operations in Africa, India has been an active partner since its peacekeeping mission in the Congo in 1960. In this paper, all references to ‘the Congo’ denote the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), and not the Republic of Congo (or Congo–Brazzaville). This paper explores India’s peacekeeping efforts in Africa over the last five decades. It analyses the reasons for India’s engagement in African peace missions, and finds that different motives and incentives appear to be driving India’s peacekeeping. Some of these can be explained along Cold War fault lines. A chronological account of India’s peacekeeping actions in Africa illustrates that country’s commitment to securing peace, the depth of involvement, the fatalities bravely borne and the hardships endured. Even more important, the record shows that India continues to use the experience that has been gained to refine its approach to peacekeeping. In conclusion, the paper offers a forecast of what form India’s commitments to Africa’s peacekeeping requirements are likely to take in the future. India may well develop criteria that require a greater return on investment than has been the case over the last half- century. A more tempered approach — particularly in view of India’s global aspirations — seems likely. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Frank van Rooyen is SAIIA’s Emerging Powers and Global Challenges security programme fellow. He joined SAIIA in 2009 after a career in the South African Navy, where his last post was that of senior staff officer maritime strategy. His responsibilities included being a member of both the permanent secretariat of the Standing Maritime Committee of the Southern African Development Community and the secretariat for the Sea Power for Africa symposia in 2005 and 2009 respectively. In 2003 he represented the South African National Defence Force at the National Defence College in Kenya, obtaining an MA degree in International Studies from the University of Nairobi in 2004. He is currently engaged in doctoral studies through the University of the Free State. His research focuses on delineated areas of politico-security co-operation within IBSA (the India, Brazil and South Africa tripartite alliance). EMERGING POWERS AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES PROGRAMME ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AU African Union CUNPK Centre for UN Peacekeeping DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States Frelimo Liberation Front of Mozambique (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) IAF Indian Air Force ID/OIOS United Nations Investigation Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MONUC United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola OAU Organisation of African Unity ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique PKO Peacekeeping operation Renamo Mozambican National Resistance (Resistência Nacional Moçambicana) RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front RUF Revolutionary United Front SC Security Council (of the United Nations) SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army UN United Nations UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) UNITAF Unified Task Force (in Somalia) UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea UNMIS United Nations Mission in Sudan UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia UNOMSIL United Nations Observer mission in Sierra Leone UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNSC United Nations Security Council UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia US United States (of America) SAIIA OCCASIONAL PAPER NUMBER 60 4 BLUE HELMETS FOR AFRICA: INDIA’S PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA INTRODUCTION eacekeeping has been defined by the United Nations (UN) as ‘a way to help countries Ptorn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace.’1 Over more than 60 years, UN peacekeeping interventions have evolved into the means most favoured by the international community to address complex crises that pose a threat to international peace and security. Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas, and assist ex-combatants to implement the peace agreements they have been party to. Such support comes in many forms, because it has moved well beyond simply monitoring cease-fires. Today’s multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations are called upon to facilitate the political aspect of the peace process through the promotion of national dialogue and reconciliation; to protect civilians; to assist in the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of combatants; to support the organisation of elections; to preserve and promote human rights; and to help restore the rule of law. Since achieving its independence in 1947, India has continually participated in UN peacekeeping operations in different parts of the world, and in various capacities. A significant number of these commitments have been undertaken in Africa, where, during that continent’s post-colonial period, interventions by the UN, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and lately, the African Union (AU), have been needed to create the stability that is a prerequisite for peace and development. As India is on the threshold of its fifth decade as a major contributor to the UN it is appropriate, therefore, to review the history of its peacekeeping exercises in Africa under the UN flag. The paper starts by describing the politico-conceptual milieu that shaped India’s involvement in peacekeeping, both globally and in the particular case of Africa. The UN missions are listed briefly to provide a more comprehensive appreciation of peace operations in general. A chronological overview of Indian peacekeeping participation in Africa (divided between the Cold War and post-Cold War eras)
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