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Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM Via Free Access 8 7 Joachim K. Bautze LIYA ¯ A KRSNA QUELLS THE SERPENT KāLIYA K . Folio 57 from an Illustrated Paper Manuscript of the Tenth Book of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavata-Mahā-Purān. am in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Before examining this noteworthy folio in depth, some background is required to understand what this piece of inscribed and painted paper is all about. Initially a hero mentioned in inscriptions as early as the 2nd century BCE, Kr.s.n. a became one of the most popular and hence most frequently depicted Hindu gods on the subcontinent, with representations dating back to the 3rd-4th century CE. He is particularly known for his childish pranks while living in the village of his foster family, which initially was completely unaware of his divine origin and powers. It was foretold to the ruler of Mathurā, Kam. sa, that the eighth child of his sister (some say his cousin), Devakī, would kill him. Vasudeva, Kr.s.n. a’s natural father-to-be and Devakī, his future birth mother, were henceforth confined and over the years, Devakī gave birth to eight children, all of whom were killed by Kam. sa, or so he thought. Kr.s.n. a’s father saved him by taking him to a village near Mathurā, where he exchanged Kr.s.n. a for a newborn child, a girl, whose mother, Yaśodā, exhausted from giving birth, was asleep. Kr.s.n. a grew up with the cowherds of the village as the son of Yaśodā and, after having overcome all the demons that Kam. sa sent to finish him off, finally slew his uncle (or distant cousin) . saKam in Mathurā and freed his parents. A QUELLS THE SERPENT Krsna’s life story is told in the Harivamśa (the genealogy of Hari, i.e., · . N Vis.n. u), a text dating to the 3rd century CE, and, as in the present case, the · S Tenth and Eleventh skandha (‘Book’) of the Śrīmad-Bhāgavata-Mahā- · R Purān. am (‘glorious fabulous ancient history of the Lord’), the full name of the Bhāgavatapurān. a. The Śrīmad-Bhāgavata-Mahā-Purān. am is one of K 18 great (mahā) ancient (purān. am) texts of Hinduism, the oldest parts of which might date back to the 6th or 7th century of our era. The present folio (fig. 1) belongs to the most extensive early 17th-century illustrated manuscripts of the said text, which, at a certain stage, was remargined with inner rules in red, yellow and green, probably to protect the folios from further deterioration and to facilitate turning the pages. The back of the present folio (fig. 2) shows that the remargining covers part of the original page reference in the top left corner. A few folios from this manuscript reveal that this remargination might even cover parts of the painted surface. Circular paper labels undercoated in yellow, blue or white with a red border were glued to the extremities of these new margins: daśama / 63 (Tenth [Book], 63; on the left hand side) and: pūrvārddha 63 (first half [of the Tenth Book], 63; on the right hand side). Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM via free access 8 Fig. 2 A review of these added circular labels with their numbers has shown that Krishna quells the they might create more confusion than order and should therefore not serpent Kaliya, paper, colour, folio: be considered dependable. Solely and exclusively reliable is the centrally h. 230 × w. 405 mm; placed Sanskrit text on each inscribed folio, according to which the image: h. 345 × following sequence of published folios could be established. w. 175 mm, Northwest India, ca. 1614- Some 40+ published folios (of about 300 to 400?) of this apparently 1640, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, inv.no. unfinished manuscript could be traced. They are listed below. In the list, RP-T-1993-465 (verso). the ‘X’ (Tenth) is followed by the number of the chapter (adhyāya), which Gift of P. Formijne, is followed by the quoted verses according to the printed edition; the 1993. Listed: Christie’s numbering in the manuscript might differ occasionally. The original folio [sale catalogue of] number, if visible, comes next; an ‘x’ indicates an illegible or hidden figure. Important Islamic and Indian Manuscripts and This is often followed by a quotation from the information provided Miniatures. London, on the added circular paper label on the right hand side of the verso of Christie, Manson & each remargined folio. For the references to sale catalogues it is useful Woods Ltd., 1 April to consult the online versions, as these generally have more illustrations 1982, p. 29, lot 80 compared to the printed versions. X.5.16-25 (verso). Folio 19. ‘pūrvārddha / 22’. Sotheby’s [sale catalogue of] Indian & Southeast Asian Art. New York, Sotheby’s, 26 March 2003, p. 146, lot 120. X.6.33. ‘uttarārddha / 30’. Formerly in the collection of Dr. Horst Metzger, Grünstadt, Germany. Now in the Museum Rietberg, Zurich. Joachim Bautze, Lotosmond und LöwenrittDownloaded. Indische from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM via free access 9 Miniaturmalerei, Stuttgart, Linden-Museum, 1991, p. 44, cat.no. 5, p. 46. The back of this folio is blank. X.10.5-12 (recto); [descriptive text] (verso). Folio 68[?]. ‘pūrvārddha 74’. Formerly in the collection of Dr. Alvin O. Bellak, Philadelphia. Now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia. Stella Kramrisch, Painted Delight. Indian Paintings from Philadelphia Collections, Philadelphia, Pa., Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1986, p. 69, no. 62 and p. 170f (with a translation of the descriptive text). Darielle Mason et al., Intimate Worlds. Indian Paintings from the Alvin O. Bellak Collection, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2001, p. 210, cat.no. 19 (recto) and p. 68f (verso). X.11.36-44 (recto); X.11.45-54 (verso). ‘pūrvārddha / 40’. Formerly in the collection of Günter Heil, Berlin. Christie’s [sale catalogue of] Images of Rajasthan: A Private Collection of Indian Paintings. 17-27 May 2016. Online only. London, Christie’s, 2016, p. 15, lot 50 for verso. (See figure 3). X.13.13-18 (verso). Folio 40. ‘pūrvārddha / 46’. Bonhams’ [sale catalogue of] Islamic and Indian Art. London, Bonhams, 2 October 2012, lot 163. X.13.19-23 (recto); X.13.24-29 (verso). Folio 41. ‘pūrvārddha / 47’. Arthur Millner - [sale of] Islamic, Indian, Himalayan & South-East Asian Art. London, 25 Blythe Road, 11 November 2015, lot 193-0, top / lot 193-2 (recto); lot 193-3 top; lot 193-5 (detail) for verso. X.15.24-35 (verso). Folio 55. Maggs Bulletin, Oriental Miniatures & Illumination. Bulletin no. 40. London, Maggs Bros. Ltd., October 1986, p. 97, no. 98, ‘(Only part of manuscript leaf showing)’. X.15.36-43 (recto); X.15.44-52 + colophon (verso). X.16.1. Folio 56. ‘pūrvārddha / 62’. Bonhams’ [sale catalogue of] Indian, Himalayan & Southeast Asian Art. New York, Bonhams, 18 September 2013, p. 98, lot 148, part of lot, only reproduced in the online version of the catalogue. X.16.2-7 (recto); X.16.8-16 (verso). Folio 57. ‘pūrvārddha / 63’. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, inv.no. RP-T-1993-465(R). The folio under discussion, figures 1 and 2. X.20.26-31 (recto); X.20, 32-37 (verso). Folio 7x. Arthur Millner - [sale of] Islamic, Indian, Himalayan and South East Asian Works of Art, including Greek Island and Coptic Textiles. London, 25 Blythe Road, 8-11 June 2015, p. 45, lot 191-0 and lot 191-1. X.21.18-20 + colophon, X.22.1 (recto); X.22.2-13 (verso). Folio 74. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. J. Gordon Douglas III, 1984. Acc.no. 1984.476_verso [sic] for recto and 1984.476 for verso. Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM via free access 10 Fig. 3 Krishna slays Bakasura, a demon in the guise of a huge crane, paper, opaque watercolours and ink on wasli, folio: h. 233 x w. 405 mm; image: h. 172 x w. 337 mm, Northwest India, ca. 1614-40. Formerly in the collection of Günter Heil (1938-2014), Berlin. Present whereabouts unknown Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM via free access 11 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:24:50PM via free access 12 X.22.14-21 (recto). Bonhams’ [sale catalogue of] Islamic and Indian Art. London, Bonhams, 2 October 2012, lot 163. X.22.28-38 + colophon (recto); ‘Untitled’ (verso). Williams College Museum of Art. Gift of Wendy Findlay. 83.18.3. Christopher Noey and Janet Temos, Art of India from the Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, Massachusetts, Williams College Museum of Art, 1994, p. 52f, no. 19 and p. 124f. X.23.10-18 (recto); X.23.19-24 (verso). Folio 7x. ‘pūrvārddha / 83’. Arthur Millner - [sale of] Islamic, Indian, Himalayan & South-East Asian Art. London, 25 Blythe Road, 11 November 2015, lot 193-3, bottom / lot 193-4 (detail) for recto; lot 193-0, bottom / 193-1 (detail) for verso. X.25.17-26. No information if front or back of this folio is reproduced. Sotheby’s New York [sale catalogue of] Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian Art. New York, Sotheby’s, 6 October 1990, lot 193. X.33.5-7. No information if front or back of this folio is reproduced. Vicky Ducrot, Four Centuries of Rajput Painting. Mewar, Marwar and Dhundhar. Indian Miniatures from the Collection of Isabella and Vicky Ducrot, Milan, Skira Editore, 2009, p. 28, ME2. X.34.32-34. No information if front or back of this folio is reproduced. Sotheby’s New York [sale catalogue of] Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian Art.
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