DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Introduction and Overview 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Introduction and Overview 1 Notes 1 Introduction and Overview 1. Unless otherwise stated, statistics cited in this chapter are from various issues of China Statistical Yearbook. 2. One should note, of course, that despite its outstanding growth performance, China is still a low income country. Its per capita GDP – when converted into US$ using the annual average exchange rate – was US$620 in 1995, and ranked 116th among the 166 countries listed in the World Bank’s World Development Report 1997 (World Bank, 1997). In purchasing power parity terms, which take into account different currencies’ purchasing pow- ers on both tradable and non-tradable goods, China’s per capita GDP was about US$2920 and ranked 82nd among 141 nations. 3. While I agree with some scholars that China’s officially reported statistics in certain areas may be of limited quality, evidence based on measures of physical output and consumption suggests that the possible statistical errors would not significantly alter the general assessment of China’s growth perform- ance between 1978 and 1997. 4. In 1997, per capital disposable income of rural residents was Y2090 (US$252), and that of urban residents was Y5160 (US$622). 5. The officially measured poverty incidence uses a poverty line set by the Chi- nese government. International comparison is made difficult, if not imposs- ible, by the fact that different countries apply different poverty lines. 6. From 1952 to 1977, the annual average growth rate of China’s national income was 5.7 per cent (State Statistical Bureau, 1987). 7. In 1995, government procured grain at the contracted prices was about 20 per cent of total grain production (Rural Development Department of Devel- opment Research Center of the State Council, 1995). 8. Xiao (1993) reached a similar conclusion with an analysis on the relat- ionship between the share of non-state sector activities and productivity growth. 9. From 1989 to 1995, the average annual inflation rate of CEE and FSU coun- tries was 106 per cent, with some countries experiencing an average annual rate of nearly 1000 per cent (World Bank, 1996c). 10. For example, in most of 1980s, SOEs were obliged to sell certain amounts of their products to designated buyers at the official prices but were allowed to sell the above quota portions at the higher, market prices. 11. By the end of 1997, China consisted of 33 provincial level jurisdictions, including 23 provinces, 4 cities directly under the State Council, 5 autonom- ous regions, and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 12. Calculated using data from ‘Compilation of Historical Statistics of Chinese Provinces, Autonomous Areas, and Municipalities 1949–1989’ based on pro- vincial yearbooks, and China Statistical Yearbooks (various issues). For some years, the sum of provincial real GDP data differs slightly from the national GDP figure. 174 Notes 175 13. Note that in 1994 China’s total GDP was only around 2.5 per cent of the world’s total GDP. 2Fiscal Reform 1. There were four special levies on profits (Tseng et al., 1994): (1) mandatory contributions to the key energy and transportation projects fund (earmarked for financing public infrastructure projects); (2) mandatory contributions to the state budget regulating fund (to compensate the government for revenue shortfalls resulting from the use of fixed-tax contracts, discretionary tax relief, and deduction of the principal repayments on loans); (3) a construc- tion tax (designed to influence the aggregate level and allocation of invest- ment by levying different tax rates on different forms of investment; this was replaced by the investment direction tax, applying only to SOEs, in 1991); and (4) wage adjustment and bonus tax, which applied to SOE wage and bonus increases in excess of the state-prescribed norm. All enterprises, regardless of ownership or circumstances, were subject to the first three levies. 2. Turnover taxes included the product tax, value-added tax, and business tax. These taxes were not included in the fiscal contract, and were collected regard- less of whether or not the enterprises were profitable. 3. I agree with some scholars that the decline in SOEs’ profitability could be partly explained by the increased competition from non-state owned enter- prises, as evidenced by the fact that profitability declined in both SOEs and non-SOEs. However, the incentive problem inherent in SOEs did explain its poorer performance compared with other enterprises: according to Chen et al. (1996), in 37 out of 40 sectors, the percentages of SOEs operating at a loss were significantly higher than those of collectively owned enterprises in 1993. 4. This reduction did not significantly change the effective income tax rate for SOEs, however. According to one estimate, the effective income tax rate on SOEs (as implemented under the contract system) in 1993 was about 32.5 per cent due to various tax exemptions and reductions (private correspond- ence with staff of the MOF). 5. For a detailed discussion of China’s central–provincial fiscal relations, see Ma (1997a). 6. The central–local fiscal system adopted in 1988 was named The Big (com- prehensive) Fiscal Contract System. The rest of this chapter broadly refers to all variants of the decentralized fiscal system adopted since 1980 as the ‘fiscal contract system’. 7. The method of determining local government revenues since 1994 is as fol- lows. First, a local government would continue to remit/receive the contracted remittance/contracted subsidy to/from the centre as stipulated in the 1993 contract. Secondly, the centre would return the 1993 base figure (defined as the consumption tax-equivalent raised in 1993 plus 75 per cent of VAT- equivalent raised in 1993, adjusted for a number of revenue sharing items in 1993) to the local government. Thirdly, after 1994, the amount returned from the centre to a local government is to increase from the 1993 base fig- ure by 0.3 per cent for each percentage increase in the national total of VAT and consumption tax (this formula was later changed into one relating the returned revenue to the total of a locality’s VAT and consumption tax). For 176 Notes a detailed description of how to calculate local revenues since 1994, see Zhang (1995). 8. In designing the 1994 reform, the centre expected that its share in total budgetary revenue would continue to increase over the next few years, as the centre would retain 70 per cent of any percentage increase in VAT proceeds. 9. With the State Council’s special permission, Shanghai’s basic pension fund is also invested, through Pudong Development Bank, in long-term capital projects. 10. Extra-budgetary revenues are obtained by government units using coercive power but are not included in the formal budget system. They include vari- ous surcharges, revenues from provision of services, service fees charged by government agencies, revenues of schools, income from revenue-sharing with other governments, etc. In theory, extra-budgetary revenues are collected based on regulations promulgated by the central or provincial level governments. Off-budget revenues are collected by government units, particularly town- ship and village level governments, without the authorization from the central or provincial level governments. For a more detailed discussion on extra- budgetary and off-budgetary activities, see Arora and Norregaard (1997). 11. Estimates of Mr Fan Gang, China Academy of Social Science. 12. One can define models of intergovernmental relations in many different ways: a centralized versus a decentralized model (using indicators such as the share of local government revenue and expenditure in total govern- ment revenue and expenditure), a federal versus a unitary model (where the central government has the power to create and/or abolish subnational government units), an autonomous versus an integrated model (whether the local authorities exercise substantial autonomy in local affairs or not). The model classifications used in this chapter differ from the above. The distinctions among my three models are given in Table 2.5 and should not be confused with definitions from other sources. Although the central government has many discretionary powers in defining central–local rela- tions, it is worth mentioning that China’s fiscal system is a highly decen- tralized one when measured by the share of local expenditure in total government expenditure. 13. When discussing the cases of the United States and Canada, ‘local gov- ernments’ refer to governments at levels lower than the states or provinces. On other occasions, ‘local governments’ refer to subnational governments. 3Monetary Reform 1. See Ma (1996b) for detailed discussions on localities’ strategic behaviour in forcing the central bank to grant higher credit ceilings. 2. In an economy with strict foreign exchange controls (stable foreign exchange rate is achieved by restrictions on both current and capital account transac- tions), the central bank’s control over domestic credit is sufficient to achieve its target for money supply. 3. See Chapter 4 for more discussion on commercial bank restructuring. 4. Data for 1980–93 are used and are taken from State Statistical Bureau (1993) and (1994). Government borrowings from the central bank are ‘hard’ deficits in the Chinese definition (see State Statistical Bureau 1994, pp. 213–14). 5. The dollar/yuan exchange rate increased moderately from 1:8.7 by the end of 1993 to 1:8.44 by the end of 1994 and 1:8.30 by the end of 1995. Notes 177 6. According a recent article (People’s Daily, 29 July 1996), the PBC would: (1) concentrate funds to support 300 key enterprises that produce marketable products, make profits, and have the ability to repay loans; (2) increase the amount of export credit to support SOE exports; and (3) support SOE restruc- turing and help SOEs reduce their debt–service ratio. 4 Banking Reform: From Administrative Control to a Regulatory Framework 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China*
    Uneven Development and Beyond: Regional Development Theory in Post-Mao China* C. CINDY FAN From Maoist redistributive policies1 to Deng’s uneven development model to the current Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996–2000), Chinese regional policy has undergone several decades of trials, adjustments and readjustments. During the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), investments were diverted from the more developed coastal areas to the poorer interior, in order to ‘correct’ the inherent uneven regional development, to tap inland raw materials and resources, and for national defense purposes2 (Falkenheim, 1985; Yang, 1990). Post-Mao evaluations of these redistributive policies criticized their neglect of economic efficiency and their failure to accelerate national economic growth. Then, Deng’s rise to power brought about a stark reversal of regional development priorities. Specifically, the coastal region is designated to be developed first, with a host of open zones set aside for foreign investment and rapid economic growth. Deng’s uneven development policy has led to a widening development gap between the coastal areas and the interior, contradicting Mao’s attempt to narrow regional disparities but has indeed contributed to strong national economic growth. Yet the debate on regional development continues. Since the mid-1980s, criticisms of the uneven development policy have become more severe and alarming, culminating in the current Ninth Five-Year Plan, which advocates once again that investments be increased in inland areas. The debates and shifts of Chinese regional policy are a product of politics as well as the prevailing philosophies and theories of development. This paper emphasizes the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • Can the Strategy of Western Development Narrow Down China's
    Can Western Development Narrow Down China’s Regional Disparity? Can the Strategy of Western Development Narrow Down China’s Regional Disparity?* Wei Zhang Abstract Faculty of Oriental Studies The main causes of the faster growth in China’s eastern coastal University of Cambridge Sidgwick Avenue area, and thus for the rise in income disparity between eastern Cambridge CB3 9AD and western regions, are the rapid increases in foreign trade and United Kingdom foreign investment resulting not only from the government’s [email protected] coastal development strategy but also from inherent advantages of the eastern coastal area. Since 1999, the development strategy for western China has focused on the injection of large amounts of capital, but fiscal constraints make this strategy unsustainable. China’s government should allow mobility of the labor force across regions to play a bigger role in solving the income disparity problem. 1. Introduction China embarked upon economic reforms in 1978. Since then, the average annual growth rate of China’s GDP through 2001 has been 8.9 percent.1 The pace of GDP growth in different regions has varied, however. If we di- vide China into three areas based on geographical location and government policy coverage (viz., eastern, central, * I thank Wing Thye Woo, Cyril Lin, Maozu Lu, Guy Liu, and Zhichao Zhang for insightful discussion on this topic. I also beneªted from discussions during the Asian Economic Panel conference on 9–10 October 2003 in Seoul, South Korea. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author and should not be interpreted as reºecting the views of those who have helped with the paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia: a Conceptual Framework
    Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia A conceptual framework Photo credit - © Shutterstock URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth. The paper was prepared by Tadashi Matsumoto and Loïc Daudey in the Urban Development Programme, under the supervision of William Tompson, in the Regional Development Policy Division directed by Joaquim Oliveira-Martins. It benefitted from valuable comments and inputs from colleagues: Joaquim Oliveira-Martins, Setsuko Saya, Claire Charbit, Isabelle Chatry, Aziza Akhmouch, Oscar Huerta Melchor, Marissa Plouin, Despina Pachnou, Oriana Romano, Nathalie Girouard, Robert Youngman, Xavier Leflaive, Osamu Kawanishi, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Sani Zou, Juan Casado Asensio, Alexis Robert, Stephanie Ockenden, Anna Drutschinin, David Gierten, James Sheppard and Kensuke Tanaka.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy Synthesis Report
    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy CHINA Synthesis Report ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT in collaboration with THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CHINA ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where govern- ments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co- ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. © OECD 2007 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing: [email protected] 3 Foreword This synthesis report (August 2007 Beijing Conference version) summarises the main findings of the OECD review of the Chinese national innovation system (NIS) and policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation: China’S Initiative in Regional Institutional Building
    Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 41, No. 4, November 2011, pp. 632–656 The Shanghai Co-operation Organisation: China’s Initiative in Regional Institutional Building JOSEPH Y. S. CHENG Contemporary China Research Project, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ABSTRACT China’s initiative in establishing and promoting the development of the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) is an interesting case study of China’s attempt at regional institution building. China’s increasing interest in Central Asia coincided with its gradual acceptance and rising enthusiasm regarding participation in regional organisations. The ‘‘Shang- hai Five’’ mechanism and the SCO were seen as appropriate mechanisms for pursuing China’s multiple interests in the region; their development was also in line with the improvement in Sino-Russian relations. Chinese leaders have skilfully developed the SCO’s institutional frame- work, and they seem intent on getting good value for the resources spent. The leaders have also demonstrated considerable patience when the SCO’s development encountered setbacks. KEY WORDS: Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, regionalism, institution building, Central Asia, Sino-Russian relations, oil, gas, New Silk Road Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, China has engaged in increasingly close co-operation with the five Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). This co-operation has been perceived by the Chinese leadership as essential to maintaining security along its western border, promoting the economic development of western China, diversifying the sources of China’s energy imports and those of other raw materials, and the securing of a peaceful and friendly international environment along its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • TA–$ZK#: Strategy for Liaoning North Yellow Sea Regional Cooperation
    ADB Project Document TA–1234: Strategy for Liaoning North Yellow Sea Regional Cooperation and Development Technical Report G: Relevant Domestic and International Experience in Designing and Implementing Regional Cooperation Programs December M2NO This report was prepared by David Roland-Holst, under the direction of Ying Qian and Philip Chang. We are grateful to Wang Lin and Zhang Bingnan for implementation support. Special thanks to Edith Joan Nacpil and Zhuang Jian, for comments and insights. Dahlia Peterson, Wang Shan, Wang Zhifeng provided indispensable research assistance. Asian Development Bank 4 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City NGG2 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org © M2NG by Asian Development Bank April M2NG ISSN M3N3-4G3O (Print), M3N3-4GXG (e-ISSN) Publication Stock No. WPSXXXXXX-X The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Note: In this publication, the symbol “$” refers to US dollars. Printed on recycled paper 2 Contents I. Executive Summary ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Research on the Productivity Effect of Inter-Regional Industry Transfer—Taking Guangdong Province As an Example
    Modern Economy, 2019, 10, 1872-1896 http://www.scirp.org/journal/me ISSN Online: 2152-7261 ISSN Print: 2152-7245 Research on the Productivity Effect of Inter-Regional Industry Transfer —Taking Guangdong Province as an Example Li Liu Jinan University, Guangzhou, China How to cite this paper: Liu, L. (2019) Abstract Research on the Productivity Effect of Inter-Regional Industry Transfer. Modern This paper empirically tests the influence of the inter-regional industrial Economy, 10, 1872-1896. transfer policy which was promoted by local government in Guangdong https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.108121 Province in 2005 on total factor productivity by using the double-difference Received: July 16, 2019 and triple-difference models, based on the panel data of 120 counties in 21 Accepted: August 24, 2019 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province from 2001 to 2016. The study Published: August 27, 2019 found that the inter-regional industrial transfer policy of Guangdong Prov- Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and ince has increased the total factor productivity of the area with industry Scientific Research Publishing Inc. transferring out, but has a negative impact on the TFP of the land with in- This work is licensed under the Creative dustry transferring in, and there are differences in the effects of total factor Commons Attribution International productivity in the four regions: the periphery of the Pearl River Delta, East- License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ern Guangdong, Western Guangdong, and Northern Guangdong. And the Open Access industrial transfer has the greatest negative effect on the eastern Guangdong region, and the least negative effect on the western Guangdong, which has a positive impact on the TFP in northern Guangdong.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical and Structural Constraints of Regional Development in Western China: a Study of Gansu Province
    Issues & Studies© 42, no. 2 (June 2006): 131-170. Geographical and Structural Constraints of Regional Development in Western China: A Study of Gansu Province YEHUA DENNIS WEI AND CHUANGLIN FANG* There have been heated debates over the extent, causal mechanisms, and consequences of regional inequality in China and the proper policy in- tervention. The central government considers struggling poorer regions and the widening coastal-interior gap as serious threats to China's pros- perity, stability, and unity, and has launched the Great Western Develop- ment Strategy. Given the massive scale of the region and its tremendous diversity, more work is needed on regional development in interior China and on how effective the Chinese government has been in developing its western region. This paper broadens the study of regional inequality in YEHUA DENNIS WEI (魏也華) is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Urban Studies Program, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee (UWM). Author of Re- gional Development in China: States, Globalization, and Inequality (2000), and more than forty referred journal articles, he is the recipient of the UWM Excellence in Research Award (2003), the Outstanding Young Investigator Award of the Natural Science Foundation of China (2004), and the Distinguished Scholar Award of the Regional Development and Planning Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (2006). He can be reached at <[email protected]>. CHUANGLIN FANG (方創琳) is Professor at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Nat- ural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. He can be reached at <[email protected]>. *The authors would like to acknowledge the funding of the Chinese Academy of Sciences K.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Education in China Since Mao
    The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, Vol. X-l, 1980 Education in China Since Mao WILLIAM G. SAYWELL* ABSTRACT Policies in Chinese education, particularly higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates and the political fortunes of different leaders and factions. These changes have involved shifts in emphasis between "redness"and "expertness", between education as a party device designed to inculcate and sustain revolutionary values and education as a governmental instrument used to promote modernization. In the most recent period since Mao's death and the "Gang of Four's" ouster in the fall of 1976, there has been a return to pragmatism with the radical policies and stress on political goals of the Cultural Revolution period giving way to a renewed emphasis on developing professional and technical skills. These objectives are being promoted by the reintroduction of earlier moderate policies governing curricula, admission standards and academic administration and by extraordinary measures, including international educational exchanges, designed to overcome the Cultural Revolution's disruptive impact. These new policies have provoked some criticism from those concerned about elitist aspects of the current system and a reduced commitment to socialist values. Since educational policy is highly sensitive to shifting political currents, future changes in this area will serve as a barometer of new political trends. RÉSUMÉ La politique de l'enseignement en Chine, particulièrement l'enseignement supérieur, a subi des changements majeurs depuis 1949 en réponse aux va-et-vient généraux de la politique chinoise, aux débats idéologiques et à la fortune politique des différents leaders et des dissensions.
    [Show full text]
  • China in the World Economy: the Domestic Policy Challenges
    China in the World Economy « THE DOMESTIC POLICY CHALLENGES – SYNTHESIS REPORT Economy China in the World This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment China in the liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the World Economy world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes THE DOMESTIC POLICY Agricultural prospects and policies CHALLENGES Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries THE DOMESTIC POLICY CHALLENGES – SYNTHESIS REPORT Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets
    [Show full text]
  • Pollution Management and Environmental Health (PMEH) Program— China JJJ AQM Program 世行污染管理和环境健康规划项目— 京津冀地区空气质量管理项目
    Pollution Management and Environmental Health (PMEH) Program— China JJJ AQM Program 世行污染管理和环境健康规划项目— 京津冀地区空气质量管理项目 Wang Jing Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China May 31st , 2017 1. Background Map of China Yearly average of PM2.5 in Jingjinji Region in 2013 Beijing Tianjin Hebei 2 2. Key policy 主要政策措施 Air Pollution Control Program at National Level 国家层面 New Ambient Air Quality Standards (2012) 新空气质量标准 National Clean Air Action in 2013 (Air 10), regional cooperation addressed, requirement on local government actions 大气十条 New Environmental Law enacted in 2014 新环保法实施 New Air Pollution Control Law, take effect from January 1, 2016 新大气法实施 13th Five Year(2016-2020) AQM Plan 十三五大气规划 Pollution Control Permit Implementing Plan, published in November, 2016 排污许可实施方案及暂行办法 3 2. Key policy 主要政策措施 JingJinJi 京津冀层面 JJJ Air Pollution Control Coordination since 2014 京津冀协作机制 Beijing Clean Air Action Plan 2013-2017, Tianjin, Hebei 京津冀大气行动计划 Beijing Local Air Pollution Control Law 2014 北京大气法规 JJJ Coordinated Development Outline 2015 京津冀协作发展纲要 13th AQM Five Year Plan 十三五大气规划 2022 Winter Olympic Games and other big events 冬奥会等重大活动保障 4 3. Goals: till 2017 指标：到2017年 2012 10% 15% 20% 25% PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 2017 全 国 珠三角 长三角 京津冀 National Pearl River Delta Yangtze River Delta Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei 北京市PM2.5年均浓度控制在60微克/立方米左右 3 Annual mean PM2.5 should be stay at around 60 µg/m . 5 4. Key counterparts 主要参与方 • National Level: 国家层面 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) 环保部 I. Foreign Economic Cooperation Office (MEP FECO) 对外合作中心 II. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science (CRAES) 中国环科院 • Regional Level: 区域层面 Jingjinji Air Quality Coordination Office (hosted at Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau- EPB) 京津冀协调小组办公室 • Municipal/Local Level: 省市层面 Beijing EPB, Hebei EPB, Tianjin EPB and key municipal level EPBs in Jingjinji area 京津冀及地市环保局 6 5.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Territorial Reviews: Trans-Border Urban Co-Operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region Faux-Titre 16X23.Fm Page 2 Tuesday, November 3, 2009 4:24 PM
    OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region OECD Territorial Reviews Reviews Territorial OECD The Pan Yellow Sea Region (PYSR) covers the coasts of northern China (Bohai Rim), western Trans-border Urban and southern Korea and south-western Japan (Kyushu). It has been one of the fastest growing economic zones in East Asia since China’s opening in the early 1990s, thanks to the Co-operation in the region’s extensive manufacturing and transportation networks. Development has been driven by cities such as Dalian, Qingdao and Tianjin in China, Busan and Incheon in Korea, and Pan Yellow Sea Region Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Japan. However, the PYSR has not yet fully utilised its assets nor reached its potential for growth. Further economic integration has been hindered by excessive competition and inadequate co-operation within the region. The regional transportation system requires structural changes to be integrated, especially in the container transportation market. Deepening the Sea Region Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Trans-border region’s social and cultural network remains a challenge. And environmental concerns are increasingly attracting attention. This report analyses these factors and assesses a wide range of policies to improve the PYSR’s competitiveness and integration. In particular, the report examines the PYSR’s trans-border governance system, which has emerged since the 1990s as a key regional policy agenda. The harmonisation of authorities within the region is a prerequisite to achieving economic success and addressing the PYSR’s diverse challenges. A comparative analysis of trans-border co-operation in OECD countries in Europe and North America is also included in an annex.
    [Show full text]