The Art of the Moving Picture the Macmillan Company Nbw York Boston • Chicago • Dallas
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»¥«P5*1 THE ARJ or me MOVING PICTURE VACHEL LINDSAY THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NBW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO Theatr* Artt Library THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE BY VACHEL LINDSAY We are no other than a moving row Of magic shadow-shapes that come and go Round with this sun-illumined lantern held In midnight by the Master of the Show. — Fitzgerald. Nefo fgotfe THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1916 All rights reserved Copyright, 1915, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1915. Reprinted June, 1916. Nortooorj 10reB8 J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. Theater Arts Library L6f DeDfcatcd TO GEORGE MATHER RICHARDS IN MEMORY OF THE ART STUDENT DAYS WE SPENT TOGETHER WHEN THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM WAS OUR PICTURE-DRAMA CONTENTS BASIS I. THIS OUTLINE IS PROPOSED AS A FOR PHOTOPLAY CRITICISM IN AMERICA CHAPTER PAGE 1 I. The Point of View .... 8 II. The Photoplay of Action . 17 III. The Intimate Photoplay . IV. The Motion Picture of Fairy Splendor 30 V. The Picture of Crowd Splendor 39 VI. The Picture of Patriotic Splendor 51 VII. The Picture of Religious Splendor 68 VIII. Sculpt ure-in-Motion .... 79 IX. Painting-in-Motion .... 97 X. Furniture, Trappings, and Inventions in Motion 113 XI. Architecture-in-Motion 133 XII. Thirty Differences between the Photo PLAYS AND THE STAGE 151 XIII. Hieroglyphics 171 II. MORE PERSONAL SPECULATIONS AND AFTERTHOUGHTS NOT BROUGHT FOR- WARD SO DOGMATICALLY XIV. The Orchestra, Conversation, and the Censorship 189 vii viii THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE CHAPTER I THE POINT OF VIEW This book is primarily for photoplay au- diences. It might be entitled : "How to Clas- sify and Judge the Current Films." But I desire as well that the work shall have its influence upon producers, scenario-writers, act- ors, and those who are about to prepare and endow pictures for special crusades. While many leading players and producers are mentioned, I do not presume to attempt a rigid roll of honor, but rather to supply a way of approach to the moving picture field. Many of the productions discussed are but recently on the market, or lately reissued. In such neighborhoods as the book has the honor to be read enterprising local managers might combine to send for them, in the order named. According to this work, there are three types 2 THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE of photoplays : pictures of (1) Action, (2) Intimacy, and (3) Splendor. The Action Pic- tures are those where the outpouring of physical force at high speed is the main source of drama. The Spoilers, from the novel of Rex Beach, is an example. It is the chronicle of a fight for a Klondike mine, played by William Farnum, Kathlyn Williams, and others. The Intimate Pictures are based on the ability to photo- graph and magnify small groups " close up." They give us idyls, genre pictures, village comedies, and the like. An example is Enoch Arden, played by Alfred Paget and Lillian Gish. The Splendor Pictures may be sub- divided into four sorts : (1) The Fairy Tale Splendor is such a production as Cinderella, played by Mabel Taliaferro. (2) The Patriotic Splendor is such a one as Cabiria, a story of ancient Italy. Gabriel D'Annunzio is the writer and producer thereof. (3) The Crowd Splendor is the panorama where the principal dramatic asset is in showing the changing moods of informal public gatherings, and putting the different types of mobs and assemblies in con- trast with one another while they wave their characteristic flags, rags, or torches. Such gatherings of men are found in The Italian, THE POINT OF VIEW 3 the leading part of which is acted by George Beban. (4) The photoplay of Religious Splen- dor is such a one as The Death of Thomas Becket. He dies in Canterbury Cathedral in his priestly vestments, surrounded by long- robed monks, a martyr-priest, defending his order. Action, intimacy, and splendor blend in every kind of reel, but some one of these qualities is dominant in each production. To keep his action from becoming hysterical, the fastidious scenario-writer or producer should study those standard sculptures that are depicted in motion, such as the work of Myron of the ancient time, or MacMonnies of the present day. On the other hand the maker of the Intimate Photoplay should let his mind dwell upon the work of such artists as the Dutch Little Masters of Painting. Here he finds interiors that are close-up, well composed, delineated with a realism that is quaint and kindly. But the maker of Splendor Pictures could key them with profit to standard mural painting and architec- ture. And I go on to suggest in another chapter that the makers of trick pictures of jumping furniture and the like evolve them into real fairy-tales, with fewer things moving, and give . 4 THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE those things a ritualistic and architectural dig- nity. And completing the analogy, my position is that religious and patriotic pageants should be in the mood of nature-cathedrals like Stone- henge, or metropolitan Cathedrals, like Notre Dame, whatever the actual materials and sub- ject-matter. In short, by my hypothesis, Action Pictures are sculpture-in-motion, Intimate Pictures are paintings-in-motion, Splendor Pictures are ar- chitecture-in-motion This work tries to show that whatever the seeming emphasis on dramatic excitement, the tendency of the best motion pictures is to evolve quite a different thing; the mood of the standard art gallery, the spirit of Tin- toretto rather than that of Moliere. The ripe photoplay is the art exhibition, plus action. The speed limit is soon reached. But the limit of pictorial beauty cannot be reached. This is the substantial effect of the book to this point. Then follows chapter twelve giving a summary that is in part a review : thirty points of differ- ence between the spoken drama and the photo- play. Then I endeavor to show a certain surprising parallelism between Egyptian hieroglyphics THE POINT OF VIEW 5 and this new silent drama, a suggestion I owe in its inception to my friend, James Oppen- heim. The development of the argument is confidently based on the diagram under the word Alphabet in the Standard Dictionary. Here ends the first and more dogmatic part of the book. The principal headings thus far are proposed as a basis for photoplay criticism in America. The rest of the work is a series of after- thoughts and speculations not brought forward so dogmatically. In this more informal section I begin by airing my opinion that the best censorship is a public feeling for beauty. To this end the chapter advocates the acknowl- edgment of the photoplay house as an art gallery, the suppressing of the music, and making the moving picture audience even more conversational by taking a nightly ballot on the favorite film or episode. Then since the restitution of picture-writing revives the cave-man point of view on a higher plane, I advocate the endowment of certain special films likely to be neglected by commerce, films that this cave-man needs. The various types of plays suggest particular social thoughts. The Action Play, it seems to 6 THE ART OF THE MOVING PICTURE me, is especially adapted to the moral crusader. The Intimate Play is adapted to endowment and development by the pure aesthete, and is tentatively recommended to the imagist poets. Meditation in another field, that of the Crowd Picture, brings me to the contemporary fact that the cheap photoplay house is the best known rival and eliminator of the slum saloon, the erstwhile poor man's club. On this turns some political speculation. Then I show how California, as the natural moving picture playground, has the possibility of developing a unique cultural leverage upon America. Then I bring forward the proposition that the photoplay is such a good natural me- dium for architectural propaganda that archi- tects could use it to stimulate the rebuilding of America into a sort of perpetual World's Fair, if they had the courage of such persons as Alexander, Julius Caesar, or Napoleon. In the course of the effort to bring about a greater range of Fairy-Tale and Religious Splendors I advocate specifically a deeply considered rendi- tion of The Egyptian Book of the Dead, or as it is better entitled : The Chapters on Coming Forth by Day. The last discourse is on the forecasters of a THE POINT OF VIEW 7 newer civilization, and shows how Jules Verne, Edward Bellamy, and H. G. Wells need more mystical and less mechanical successors when we formulate our America of Tomorrow. And maintaining that the photoplay cuts deeper into some stratifications of society than the newspaper or the book have ever gone, I try to show that the destiny of America from many aspects may be bound up in what the prophet- wizards among her photoplaywrights and pro- ducers mark out for her, for those things which a whole nation dares to hope for, it may in the end attain. CHAPTER II THE PHOTOPLAY OF ACTION Let us assume, friendly reader, that it is eight o'clock in the evening when you make yourself comfortable in your den, to peruse this chapter. I want to tell you about the Action Film, the simplest, the type most often seen. In the mind of the habitue of the cheaper theatre it is the only sort in existence.