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Documenting the University of Pennsylvania's Connection to Slavery
Documenting the University of Pennsylvania’s Connection to Slavery Clay Scott Graubard The University of Pennsylvania, Class of 2019 April 19, 2018 © 2018 CLAY SCOTT GRAUBARD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 OVERVIEW 3 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION 4 PRIMER ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 5 EBENEZER KINNERSLEY (1711 – 1778) 7 ROBERT SMITH (1722 – 1777) 9 THOMAS LEECH (1685 – 1762) 11 BENJAMIN LOXLEY (1720 – 1801) 13 JOHN COATS (FL. 1719) 13 OTHERS 13 LABOR AND CONSTRUCTION CONCLUSION 15 FINANCIAL ASPECTS 17 WEST INDIES FUNDRAISING 18 SOUTH CAROLINA FUNDRAISING 25 TRUSTEES OF THE COLLEGE AND ACADEMY OF PHILADELPHIA 31 WILLIAM ALLEN (1704 – 1780) AND JOSEPH TURNER (1701 – 1783): FOUNDERS AND TRUSTEES 31 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 – 1790): FOUNDER, PRESIDENT, AND TRUSTEE 32 EDWARD SHIPPEN (1729 – 1806): TREASURER OF THE TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE 33 BENJAMIN CHEW SR. (1722 – 1810): TRUSTEE 34 WILLIAM SHIPPEN (1712 – 1801): FOUNDER AND TRUSTEE 35 JAMES TILGHMAN (1716 – 1793): TRUSTEE 35 NOTE REGARDING THE TRUSTEES 36 FINANCIAL ASPECTS CONCLUSION 37 CONCLUSION 39 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 40 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 2 INTRODUCTION DOCUMENTING PENN’S CONNECTION TO SLAVERY 3 Overview The goal of this paper is to present the facts regarding the University of Pennsylvania’s (then the College and Academy of Philadelphia) significant connections to slavery and the slave trade. The first section of the paper will cover the construction and operation of the College and Academy in the early years. As slavery was integral to the economy of British North America, to fully understand the University’s connection to slavery the second section will cover the financial aspects of the College and Academy, its Trustees, and its fundraising. -
Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: an Architectural History and Inventory (1758-1991)
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1992 Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: An Architectural History and Inventory (1758-1991) Frederick Lee Richards University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Richards, Frederick Lee, "Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: An Architectural History and Inventory (1758-1991)" (1992). Theses (Historic Preservation). 349. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/349 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Richards, Frederick Lee (1992). Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: An Architectural History and Inventory (1758-1991). (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/349 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: An Architectural History and Inventory (1758-1991) Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Richards, Frederick Lee (1992). Old St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia: -
1 the Story of the Faulkner Murals by Lester S. Gorelic, Ph.D. the Story Of
The Story of the Faulkner Murals By Lester S. Gorelic, Ph.D. The story of the Faulkner murals in the Rotunda begins on October 23, 1933. On this date, the chief architect of the National Archives, John Russell Pope, recommended the approval of a two- year competing United States Government contract to hire a noted American muralist, Barry Faulkner, to paint a mural for the Exhibit Hall in the planned National Archives Building.1 The recommendation initiated a three-year project that produced two murals, now viewed and admired by more than a million people annually who make the pilgrimage to the National Archives in Washington, DC, to view two of the Charters of Freedom documents they commemorate: the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America. The two-year contract provided $36,000 in costs plus $6,000 for incidental expenses.* The contract ended one year before the projected date for completion of the Archives Building’s construction, providing Faulkner with an additional year to complete the project. The contract’s only guidance of an artistic nature specified that “The work shall be in character with and appropriate to the particular design of this building.” Pope served as the contract supervisor. Louis Simon, the supervising architect for the Treasury Department, was brought in as the government representative. All work on the murals needed approval by both architects. Also, The United States Commission of Fine Arts served in an advisory capacity to the project and provided input critical to the final composition. The contract team had expertise in art, architecture, painting, and sculpture. -
Chapter 2: Above the Roof: Exquisite Miniature
Above the Roof 35 Figure 1 18th Century Engraving of Philadelphia Skyline, Nicholas Scull engraver Chapter 2: Above the Roof: Exquisite Miniature The late Alfred Kazin, one of New York’s intelligentsia, mused as he looked out the window toward the city, “I feel I am dreaming aloud as I look at the rooftops, at the sky, at the massed white skyline of New York. The view across the rooftops is as charged as the indented black words on the white page. The mass and pressure of the bulging skyline are wild.”1 As ships at sea, as inscriptions on a page, yet full as the body of an animal, wild, the city skyline revealed the “beautiful bedlam and chaos of New York” in a profile that flattens the mass of buildings into a cipher. The same buildings when seen from below and close at hand, thicken into squat forms distorted by foreshortening. Vitruvius acknowledged the mutability of scale in the design of upper story columns or sculpture, recommending that they be elongated proportionally so they would not appear to be pitching forward.2 He also advised reducing the upper tier of military towers by one fifth so they would not seem top-heavy when seen from below. The smaller and taller proportions of aerial architecture take into account the position of a viewer, addressing the eye more than the body. Alberti towers are excellent ornament In the 15th century, Leon Battista Alberti wrote that watchtowers were “an excellent ornament” for the profile of a building. He proposed exaggerating the apparent height through a proportional reduction in the size of each successive tier of a tower. -
National Historical Park Pennsylvania
INDEPENDENCE National Historical Park Pennsylvania Hall was begun in the spring of 1732, when from this third casting is the one you see In May 1775, the Second Continental Con The Constitutional Convention, 1787 where Federal Hall National Memorial now ground was broken. today.) gress met in the Pennsylvania State House stands. Then, in 1790, it came to Philadel Edmund Woolley, master carpenter, and As the official bell of the Pennsylvania (Independence Hall) and decided to move The Articles of Confederation and Perpet phia for 10 years. Congress sat in the new INDEPENDENCE ual Union were drafted while the war was in Andrew Hamilton, lawyer, planned the State House, the Liberty Bell was intended to from protest to resistance. Warfare between County Court House (now known as Con building and supervised its construction. It be rung on public occasions. During the the colonists and British troops already had progress. They were agreed to by the last of gress Hall) and the United States Supreme NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK was designed in the dignity of the Georgian Revolution, when the British Army occupied begun in Massachusetts. In June the Con the Thirteen States and went into effect in Court in the new City Hall. In Congress period. Independence Hall, with its wings, Philadelphia in 1777, the bell was removed gress chose George Washington to be Gen the final year of the war. Under the Arti Hall, George Washington was inaugurated has long been considered one of the most to Allentown, where it was hidden for almost eral and Commander in Chief of the Army, cles, the Congress met in various towns, only for his second term as President. -
The Faulkner Murals: Depicting the Creation of a Nation
DEPICTING the CREATION of a NATION The Story Behind the Murals About Our Founding Documents by LESTER S. GORELIC wo large oil-on-canvas murals (each about 14 feet by 37.5 feet) decorate the walls of the Rotunda of the National T Archives in Washington, D.C. The murals depict pivotal moments in American history represented by two founding doc uments: the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. In one mural, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia is depicted handing over his careful ly worded and carefully edited draft of the Declaration of Independence to John Hancock of Massachusetts. Many of the other Founding Fathers look on, some fully supportive, some apprehensive. In the other, James Madison of Virginia is depicted presenting his draft of the Constitution to fellow Virginian George Washington, president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and to other members of the Convention. Although these moments occurred in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (Independence Hall)—not in the sylvan settings shown in the murals—the two price less documents are now in the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C., and have been seen by millions of visitors over the years. When the National Archives Building was built in the Jefferson’s placement at the front of the Committee of mid-1930s, however, these two founding documents were Five reflects his position as its head. Although Jefferson was in the custody of the Library of Congress and would not the primary author of the Declaration, his initial draft was be transferred to the Archives until 1952. Even so, the ar edited first by Adams and then by Franklin. -
The Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention The Articles of Confederation, ratified several months before the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781, provided for a loose confederation of U.S. states, which were sovereign in most of their affairs. On paper, Congress–the central authority–had the power to govern foreign affairs, conduct war, and regulate currency, but in practice these powers were sharply limited because Congress was given no authority to enforce its requests to the states for money or troops. By 1786, it was apparent that the Union would soon break up if the Articles of Confederation were not amended or replaced. Five states met in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss the issue, and all the states were invited to send delegates to a new constitutional convention to be held in Philadelphia. On May 25, 1787, delegates representing every state except Rhode Island convened at Philadelphia’s Pennsylvania State House for the Constitutional Convention. The building, which is now known as Independence Hall, had earlier seen the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the signing of the Articles of Confederation. The assembly immediately discarded the idea of amending the Articles of Confederation and set about drawing up a new scheme of government. Revolutionary War hero George Washington, a delegate from Virginia, was elected convention president. During three months of debate, the delegates devised a brilliant federal system characterized by an intricate system of checks and balances. The convention was divided over the issue of state representation in Congress, as more populated states sought proportional legislation, and smaller states wanted equal representation. The problem was resolved by the Connecticut Compromise, which proposed a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the lower house (House of Representatives) and equal representation of the states in the upper house (Senate). -
188 of the COOLEST THINGS to BRAG ABOUT in PHILADELPHIA and ITS COUNTRYSIDE Share Your Passion for Philadelphia & Its Countryside
188 OF THE COOLEST THINGS TO BRAG ABOUT IN PHILADELPHIA AND ITS COUNTRYSIDE Share your passion for Philadelphia & Its Countryside. Become a Philly Friend! Visit gophila.com/friends for more information. Whenever we say “Philadelphia” we mean Bucks / Chester / Delaware / Montgomery / Philadelphia Counties The Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation and Delaware River Port Authority are proud to bring you the Philly Brag Book. There are so many reasons to feel proud about living in the Philadelphia region: some that you probably know, but lots you may not. This Brag Book will give you even more reasons to love Philadelphia and TELL PEOPLE ABOUT IT! Philadelphia has been “a best-kept secret” because we weren’t talking. Now we are! PHILADELPHIA FAST FACTS • William Penn founded our city way back in 1682 and chose the name “Philadelphia” meaning “brotherly love” in Greek. • Philadelphia is the fifth largest city in the United States. • Philadelphia and its four surrounding counties are a living textbook of American history — the roots of American democracy are found in Philadelphia. • Philadelphia & Its Countryside refers to the five county region: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties. • Center City is easy to navigate. Thanks to William Penn’s layout, Center City is on a grid, with numbered streets running north and south and named streets (mostly tree names) running east and west. PHILLY PHILADELPHIA HAS BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, ARTS AND SCIENCE, MEDICINE, FIRSTS! TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION, INDUSTRY, SPORTS AND CELEBRATIONS. The nation’s “firsts” established here include: FIRST hospital, FIRST medical school, FIRST natural history institution, FIRST school of pharmacy, FIRST engineering classes and the world’s FIRST general purpose computer. -
Sunday July 4Th, 2021
Milestone Senior Living Contact Information: Sunday Executive Director: July 4th, 2021 Angie Starcer #608-807-9533 Life Enrichment Coordinator: Nicole Hoerig # 608-234-2218 Culinary Coordinator: Welcome Gonzalo Gonzalo Saldana Your new culinary #608-413-0451 coordinator! Maintenance Coordinator: Mike Starcer #608-444-3841 Reminder: Wear your pendant! *Monday If you need help or July 5th, 2021 assistance from an There will be NO L2BH RCA push your Exercise. pendant. July Birthdays Important dates in Sally H 7/12 July 7/1 Canada day 7/4 Independence day 7/18 International Nelson Resident Council will be every Mandela day first Tuesday of every month. In the Livingroom. 7/30 International Friendship *7/6 at 9:00am day St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church July Music Will Be coming every 7/7 Star Entertainment THURSDAY at 10:45am 7/23 Wendy & Daniel Smith The Fourth of July—also known as Independence Day or July 4th—has been a feder- al holiday in the United States since 1941, but the tradition of Independence Day cel- ebrations goes back to the 18th century and the American Revolution. On July 2nd, 1776, the Continental Congress voted in favor of independence, and two days later delegates from the 13 colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence, a historic document drafted by Thomas Jefferson. From 1776 to the present day, July 4th has been celebrated as the birth of American independence, with festivities ranging from fireworks, parades and concerts to more casual family gatherings and barbecues. The Fourth of July 2021 is on Sunday, July 4, 2021; the federal holiday will be ob- served on Monday, July 5, 2021. -
An Historical Account of the Old State House of Pennsylvania Now
Independence Hall, 1876. FRONT VIEW. AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT UK THE OLD STATE HOUSE OF PENNSYLVANIA NOW KNOWN AS THE HALL OF INDEPENDENCE « BY / FRANK M ETTING WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BOSTON JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY 1876 Copyright, 1874, By FRANK M ETTING KIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: •EREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. PREFACE In the work that I had " found for my hand to do," it became necessary to examine carefully into the details of the building of the State House of Pennsylvania ; much that surprised me came to light not only in the circumstances of its erection but in its subsequent C history. Instead of Dr. Kearsley, to whom the credit had been as- cribed, I discovered that its Architect and actual Builder was one of the greatest men ever fostered by Pennsylvania ; and that every important movement, from the very inception of the efforts of the colonists to assert their constitutional liberty, first assumed shape either within this building or under the shadow of its walls. A friendly suggestion thrown out induced me to extend still further my investigations, with a view of preserving the information in print in some accessible form. This desire was enhanced by the hope that the general public would ultimately share in the interest which every brick of this old build- ing possesses for me, and thus be inclined to lend each his individual aid towards its preservation, and to insure its proper custodianship for all time. The desultory way in which, from causes unnecessary to be detailed, my memoranda have been thrown together, must leave its impress, and I cannot expect to be exempt from inaccuracies ; but having done my best without fee or reward, present or prospective, I have no apologies to make to the public for claiming their notice. -
STUDENTS INVESTIGATING PRIMARY SOURCES Thinking
STUDENTS INVESTIGATING PRIMARY SOURCES Thinking Through Timelines: Creating the Constitution Why do we celebrate Constitution Day? A Short Activity for Third Grade Benchmark Correlations Constitution Day Information SS.3.A.1.1 – Analyze primary and secondary sources. Benchmark Clarification: Students will analyze information about what they read or observe in primary and secondary sources. SS.3.C.1.3 – Explain how government was established through a written Constitution. Benchmark Clarification: Students will understand the relationship between the government and a written constitution. LAFS.3.RI.1.3 – Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text, using language that pertains to time, sequence, and cause/effect. Activity Documents and Handouts ü Creating the Constitution PowerPoint Presentation ü Copies of Primary Sources: the Dunlap Broadside of the Declaration of Independence, Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, the Articles of Confederation, and exterior view of Independence Hall ü Creating the Constitution Graphic Organizer Full Document Citations Articles of Confederation, 3/1/1781; Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, Record Group 360. National Archives at Washington, DC. National Archives Identifier: 301687. [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/301687] [https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/articles-of-confederation] Constitution of the United States, 9/17/1787; General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11; National Archives at Washington, DC. National Archives Identifier: 1667751. [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1667751] [https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/constitution] Dunlap Broadside [Declaration of Independence], July 4, 1776; Rough Journals, 9/5/1774 - 3/2/1789; Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, 1765 - 1821, Record Group 360; National Archives Building, Washington DC. -
HNH Group Publication Update July 2Nd, 2020
HNH Group Publication Update July 2nd, 2020 Happy Independence Day – July 4th On July 4, 1776, the 13 colonies claimed their independence from England, an event which eventually led to the formation of our great nation, the United States of America. Each year on the fourth of July, also known as Independence Day, we celebrate this historic event. Conflict between the colonies and England was already a year old when the colonies convened a Continental Congress in Philadelphia in the summer of 1776. In a June session in the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall), Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a resolution with the famous words: "Resolved: That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." This 4th of July may be different in how and where we celebrate our independence, but the reasons we rejoice remain the same. Today’s market isn’t like anything we’ve faced before. However, we have faced fear, confusion, anxiety, and panic in the past; Just like after the 1987 Crash and the 2000 Dotcom Bust…just like after the 9-11 Attacks and the 2008 Financial Crisis…and now the Global Pandemic. Those who pull through adversity best are led by sound principles and empathic advice. Here is what we are doing: Learning by doing as much research and gain as much knowledge as we can.