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Jenis Herpetofauna Di Pulau Halmahera

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Jenis Herpetofauna Di Pulau Halmahera JENIS - JENIS HERPETOFAUNA DI PULAU HALMAHERA Hydrosaurus amboinensis foto oleh A. Hamidy Disusun oleh : M. Iqbal Setiadi Amir Hamidy Kerjasama antara Pusat Studi Biodiversitas dan Konservasi Universitas Indonesia dan Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Puslit Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia 2006 Pendahuluan Halmahera merupakan salah satu pulau terbesar di gugusan kepuluan Maluku bagian utara, pulau ini terletak di antara Pulau Sulawesi (sebelah barat) dan Papua (sebelah timur). Luas pulau Halmahera 26.900 km persegi, memiliki tipe vegetasi dengan beberapa jumlah bulan kering dan curah hujan tahunan sebagai berikut: 1. Evergreen rainforest (>2000 mm curah hujan dengan 2 bulan kering) 2. Semi-evergreen rainforest (>2000 mm curah hujan dengan 2-4 bulan kering) 3. Moist deciduous forest (1500-1400 mm curah hujan, 4-6 bulan kering) Namun demikian, wilayah hutan Halmahera 80 % belum terekplore (Monk et al., 1997). Pulau Halmahera terletak di bagian tengah kawasan Wallacea, kawasan ini disebut sebagai Wallacea setelah seorang naturalist terkenal A.R. Wallace mengemukann pendapatnya tentang garis pemisah dan zona percampuran fauna Asia dan fauna Australia. Beberapa penulis lain juga mendefinisikan banyak versi lain dari percampuran ini, seperti garis Huxley and Lydekker (George, 1981). Isolasi yang panjang dan rumitnya pembentukan pulau ini secara geologi telah memberikan fenomena menarik tehadap jenis fauna yang menghuni pulau Halmahera (Hall, 1998). Kawasan Wallacea terletaka di antara dua paparan benua, yaitu paparan Sunda dan paparan Sahul, dimana fauna darat dari keduanya sangat mungkin terdispersal ke wilayah ini, pada saat daratan tersambung karena tinggi permukaan laut turun. Keberadaan laut tetap membatasi persebaran fauna darat antara Paparan Sunda dan Sahul sehigga menyebabkan isolasi yang panjang di pulau-pulua tersebut. Inventraisasi Herpetofauna (kelas Amfibi dan Reptil) dalam skala kecil telah dilakukan oleh peneliti-peneliti sebelumnya sejak zaman Belanda. Yaitu : Boettger (1895), publikasi-publikasi berikutnya; seperti De Rooij (1915 &1917) mempiblikasikan list 29 jenis Lacertilia (kelompok kadal), 19 Ophidia (kelompok ular), 2 jenis Testudinaata (kura-kura) dan 1 jenis Crocodilia (buaya). Selanjutnya, van Kampen (1923) juga mempublikasikan 9 jenis amfibi. Publikasi terbaru adalah Iskandar & Ed Colijn (2001 & 2002), akan tetapi jenis-jenis yang termasuk dalam list publikasi di atas, hanya berdasarkan pada list sebelumnya dan beberapa catatan museum. Catatan jenis-jenis Herpetofauna di sekitar pulau Halmahera juga telah dipublikasikan sebelumnya, seperti Kopstein (1926) untuk kepulauan Maluku; Brogersma (1948) untuk Pulau Morotai (sebelah utara Halmahera). Beberapa penemuan jenis baru dari pulau Halmahera juga telah dipublikasikan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir seperti Harvey et al. (2001); Ziegler et al. (1999) dan Böhme (2005), dari ketiga penemuan jenis baru tersebut, tidak satupun tipe yang terdeposit di MZB. Sampai saat ini belum ada list herpetofauna dari pulau Halmahera yang terbaru, yang menggabungkan penelitian lapangan (koleksi), studi spesimen museum dan kompilasi dari list sebelumnya. Koleksi MZB dari pulau Halmahera masih sangat sedikit (2 jenis amfibi dan 2 jenis reptil dengan jumlah tidak lebih dari 10 spesimen saja) yaitu koleksinya Liley & Edgar pada tahun 1994 dan Boeadi pada tahun 1991. Sangat minimnya koleksi spesimen dari pulau Halmahera, menjadikan kendala tersendiri untuk studi taksonomi dan konservasi. Selain itu penemuan jenis baru dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir ini membuktikan, masih sangat mungkin jeni-jenis baru yang lain juga akan ditemukan, mengingat masih banyak wilayah Halmahera yang belum tersentuh secara ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengadakan koleksi ilmiah guna mempelajari keanekaragaman herpetofauna di pulau halmahera. Metode Koleksi spesimen di lapangan dilakukan sepanjang bulan Juli dan agustus 2006 pada lokasi-lokasi yang menjadi habitat herpetofauana meliputi badan sungai, hutan, semak belukar, persawahan dan sebagainya. Koleksi dilakukan sepanjang hari dan malam. Metode yang digunakan adalah jelajah pada transek dari ujung “empat lengan” dari pulau Halmahera sampai ke tengah pulau (daerah Maba). Koleksi spesimen pada malam hari dilakukan dengan menelusuri sungai dengan menggunakan head lampu. Setiap lokasi akan diambil datanya sebanyak tiga kali. Koleksi yang dilakukan berupa koleksi specimen (voucher specimen) dan koleksi materi genetik (dari jaringan hati). Setiap jenisnya akan diwakili minimal 5 spesimen (tergantung jumlah koleksi yang didapat). Data yang diambil dari masing-mmasing spesimen meliputi ; tanggal dan waktu koleksi, posisi vertikal, mikrohabitat (jarak terdekat dengan air, dbh pohon dan tinggi dari tanah (jika berada di pohon))dan perilaku. Total spesimen yang didapat adalah 484 individu spesimen. Rekaman data ketinggian dan posisi terhadap garis lintang, didapatkan dari GPS (Global Positioning System). Semua koleksi spesimen yang didapat disimpan di Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Pusat Penelitian Biologi - Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Pengawetan spesimen sesuai standar, foto oleh A. Hamidy Lokasi Penelitian telah dilakukan di seluruh pulau Halmahera, yang mewakili empat lengan pulau ; Utara, Barat, Timur, Tenggara dan Selatan. Lokasi koleksi dapat dilihat pada gambar. Hasil Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan 484 individu spesimen, yang terbagi menjadi 195 spesimen Sauria, 2 spesimen Testudinata, 231 spesimen amfibia dan 56 spesimen Serpentes. Dari ke-484 spesimen tersebut, terdiri dari 9 jenis Amfibi, 23 jenis Sauria, 11 jenis Serpentes dan 1 jenis Testudinata. Kelompok amfibi, dari 9 jenis yang ditemukan, terdapat 2 jenis sebagai undiscribed spesies, 4 jenis sebagai new record untuk Halmahera. Sedangkan apabila ditinjau dari koleksi yang telah dimiliki MZB, 5 jenis diantaranya merupakan koleksi pertama untuk MZB dan 4 jenis lainnya merupakan koleksi pertama dari Halmahera yang dimiliki MZB. Sedangkan untuk Lacertilia (Kelompok Kadal), dari 23 jenis yang ditemukan, terdapat 2 jenis undescribed species. Ditinjau dari koleksi yang telah dimiliki MZB, maka terdapat 8 jenis diantarnya merupakan koleksi pertama untuk MZB, dan 16 jenis merupakan koleksi pertama dari Halmahera untuk MZB. Sedangkan untuk Serpentes (Kelompok Ular), dari 11 jenis yang telah dikoleksi tersebut, terdapat 2 jenis diantaranya merupakan koleksi pertama untuk MZB dan dan 7 jenis merupakan koleksi pertama dari Halmahera untuk MZB. AMFIBI FAMILIA HYLIDAE 1. Nyctimystes rueppelli (Boettger, 1895) 2. Litoria infrafrenata (Guenther, 1867) 3. Litoria nigropunctata (Meyer, 1875) (undescribed species) 4. Litoria bicolor (Gray, 1842) (undescribed species) FAMILIA MICROHYLIDAE 5. Oreophryne frontifasciata (Horst, 1883) FAMILIA RANIDAE 6. Limnonectes grunniens (Daudin, 1801) 7. Rana grisea van Kampen, 1913 8. Rana papua Lesson, 1830 9. Platymantis papuensis occidentalis (Menzei, 1998) REPTILIA SAURIA FAMILIA GEKKONIDAE 10. Cyrtodactylus halmahericus (Martens, 1929) 11. Cyrtodactylus deveti Brongersma, 1948 12. Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron, 1836 13. Hemidactylus garnotii Dumeril & Bibron, 1836 14. Gehyra oceanica (Lesson, 1830) 15. Gekko vittatus Houttuyn, 1782 FAMILIA AGAMIDAE 16. Bronchocela cristatella (Kuhl, 1820) 17. Hydrosaurus amboinensis (Schlosser, 1768) FAMILIA VARANIDAE 18. Varanus caerulivirens Ziegler, Böhme & Philipp, 1999 19. Varanus indicus (Daudin, 1802) 20. Varanus rainerguentheri Zigler, Bohme & Schmitz, 2007 FAMILIA SCINCIDAE 21. Carlia fusca Dumeril & Bibron, 1836 22. Emoia kuekenthali (Boettger, 1895) 23. Emoia sorex (Boettger, 1895) 24. Emoia atrocostata (Lesson, 1830) 25. Eugongylus mentovaria (Boettger, 1895) 26. Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) 27. Lamprolepis smaragdina (Lesson, 1830) 28. Sphenomophus brevipes (Boettger, 1895) 29. Sphenomorphus sp.1 (undescribed species) 30. Sphenomorphus sp.2 (orange snout) (undescribed species) 31. Glaphyromorphus sp. (undescribed species) 32. Lygisaurus novaeguinea (Meyer, 1874) SERPENTES FAMILIA TYPHLOPIDAE 33. Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) 34. Ramphotyphlops flaviventer (Peters, 1865) FAMILIA BOIDAE 35. Candoia paulsoni tasmai (Smith & Tepedelen, 2001) FAMILIA PYTHONIDAE 36. Morelia tracyae Harvey, Barker, Ammerman &Chippindale, 2000 37. Python reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) FAMILIA COLUBRIDAE 38. Brachyorrhus albus (Linnaeus, 1758) 39. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus modestus (Boulenger, 1894) 40. Stegonotus batjanensis (Günther, 1865) 41. Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799) 42. Boiga irregularis (Merrem, 1802) 43. Tropidonophis halmahericus (Boettger, 1895) TESTUDINATA FAMILIA BATAGURIDAE 44. Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802) AMFIBI FAMILIA HYLIDAE 1. Nyctimystes rueppelli (Boettger, 1895) Spesimen : tiga specimen didapatkan, yaitu : MZB Amp12803 (♀), 12805 (♂), 12804 (♂) Nyctimystes rueppelli foto oleh M. I. Setiadi Informasi ekologi : Jenis ini termasuk golongan katak pohon, dikoleksi di pinggir sungai pada pohon Ficus dengan ketinggian dari permukaan tanah 1,5 m sedangkan jarak horizontal dari sungai adalah 2 meter. Koleksi yang lain berasal dari hutan sekunder, ditemukan pada pohon dengan ketinggian dari permukaan tanah adalah 1,5-2 meter. Distribusi : Halmahera (Kec. Sahu dan Jailolo Selatan, Kab. Halmahera Barat), penyebarannya hanya meliputi pulau Halmahera dan Morotai (Iskandar, 2000) Catatan Taksonomi : Jenis ini sangat jarang, bahkan spesimen ini merupakan koleksi pertama bagi MZB. Lokasi tipenya berasal dari Kau (Halmahera Utara). Dua koleksi sebelumnya
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