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Mesolithic Settlements in Rohri Hills and Upper Thar Desert G Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 1 Mesolithic Settlements in Rohri Hills and Upper Thar Desert G. M. Veesar & Tasleem Alam Abro Introduction In the context of South Asia, particularly India 1974). A year later in 1939, De Terra and and Pakistan, the research on Mesolithic period Peterson explored Soan valley around began around 1867-68 which is said to be the Rawalpindi. They reported artifacts made of "earliest" documentation of Microliths in the brown jasper and flint (DeTerra and Paterson world (Misra 1985: 111 ). In India, A.C.L. 1939). In the same year, De Terra and Paterson Carlleyle investigated caves and rock shelters in re- investigated Sukkur area in Sindh (De Terra Kaimur range in Utter Pradesh and Madhya and Paterson 1939). Pradesh in which paintings on the rock shelters depicting hunting scenes were also documented In 1947 Todd and Paterson surveyed the hills (Misra 1985:112). After these pioneer studies, north of Karachi lying along the administrative Robert Bruce Foote in 1914 documented boundaries of "Sindh Balochistan". Some Mesolithic remains in Gujarat. According to artifacts were collected from the surface of the V.N. Misra, a total of two thousand Microlithic hills along Layari River which is seasonal and sites have been registered to date and several drains into the Arabian Sea (Todd and Peterson have been excavated (Misra 1985:112; 1947). 1973:322). In the list of excavated sites, Bagor In 1964, A.H. Dani, the renowned archaeologist and Tilwara sites in Rajasthan (Misra 1971, of Pakistan discovered another cave site known 1973); Sarai-Nahar Rai in Uttar Pradesh as Sanghao cave. He discovered some (Sharma 1973) Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh geometric tools in Period III and associated (Joshi 1978) are also included. them with the Mesolithic Period. This was the The earliest research on Mesolithic period in first stratified evidence of the Mesolithic period Pakistan started when W. R Dickinson in 1867 which was confirmed, when in 1988 Tussain re­ and J. Burgers in 1886 surveyed and collected excavated Sanghao cave (Dani 1964; Tussain Palaeolithic tools near Sukkur, Sindh. W. T. 1988). The deposition of cultural material in Blandford in 1880 mentioned about few flint this cave continued until the Neolithic period. scatters to the west of village Mendiari near A small hilly region located in the northeastern Cape Monze. Morris reported sites at Marwat part of Sindh Pakistan became the focus of Kundi range and Shaikh Budin area (Morris research on Stone Age remains where the 1938: 41-100). In the same year, Gordon earliest documentation of sites was made by W. reported another site situated in Mardan district R Dickinson in 1867; J. Burgers in 1886 and De known as Jamal Garhi which was cave site Terra and Paterson in 1939. Following these which in 1974, was revisited by Muhammad researches, B. Allchin in 1976 and 1978; Biagi Salim who also confirmed the presence of and Cremaschi, in 1988 and 1990 investigated Mesolithic artifacts (Gordon 1938; Salim, Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 2 the area and documented evidence associated sites which were intensively documented and with Old Stone Age and the Indus Civilization. are now described extensively in the present After these preliminary investigations, the paper. Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif University worked in collaboration with a team The margins of the sand dunes connected with of the University of Foscari, Italy (1993-2000) Rohri Hills were also explored such as the Veesar and later from 2000-2005 onwards, the Valley where all three phases of Paleolithic were Department of Archaeology independently recorded. At the place some Mesolithic remains investigated these hills. After all these were also located which provided evidence that fundamental works, the authors also explored the the Mesolithic people had their activities in the area for investigating the remains of Mesolithic desert area. The surveys conducted along the culture but were disappointed by the lack of western margins of desert near Thari Mirwah area evidence. Some remains were found near Ubhan and the lakes around Dubi area, revealed great Shah Hills which are located very close to the number of sites (Fig. l ). sandy region. The sites explored were distributed between Nevertheless, this missing link is provided the Nara and Mirwah canals having different recent research done in the Thar Desert where geographical units. The area consisted of remains of Mesolithic have been reported valleys; raised sand dunes, alluvial plains and extensively (Shaikh et. el., 2001). The area lakes. In this territory series of lakes are located around modem town of Thari and Dubi was at the edge of desert and alluvial Indus plains. partially explored (Biagi & Veesar 1998-99: 93- An area of 75 kilometers North-South and 35 118 and Mallah 2002). The exploration of this kilometers East-West was explored. During area revealed the presence of Mesolithic culture exploration, a total of 66 sites were discovered (Fig.2). 59' ,o· 39 40 41 ,i RMr - Modem Town, (ii AluvlalPlaln ­ CluatanofArchaaalogicalSilN ■ SandDunes ­ Ardli80loglca1Silas (!I '~'~'2kms ,.- __ •••••••••••/ Palaao-Cllannals •,'-~,,--r---t-----'-~:::::....---_J4~7/4 Hills - Fig. 1: Map showing the research area Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 3 All sites were examined very carefully in which assemblages revealed a total of five major each artifact was documented separately. This groups of archaeological sites. This grouping research was based on ( 1) manufacturing and categorization was further established on activity areas, (2) scale of production, (3) the bases of presence and absence of certain manufacturing technology and (4) exploitation artifact types at the given sites. For instance, the of resources. Such an intensive recording of Group-I sites comprise blades, scrapers and multiple features of all the archaeological burin. The Group-2 sites carry all artifacts from remains it was thought would possibly indicate earlier group which continue with an addition of the chronology and culture of the Mesolithic new items such as backed blades and trapezes. period and would provide a broader view of the Following this analysis a total of five groups Mesolithic culture of South Asia. This have been established which are outlined below: preliminary examination of Mesolithic cultural GB/40 2715 2715 ""·~, ....... ········--,~1o...... CS• _,./'\. • µ '" "' ....PH ,,,~◄ 68/40 Fig. 2: Map showing the 66 Mesolithic sites. Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 4 Group-4 Group-1 In Group-4 registered tools of leaf shaped This group of sites contained an assemblage of arrowheads, lunates & borers as new objects but blades, scrapers, and burin. In this group, a total toolkit of earlier group continued. Nine sites are of thirty sites were documented. associated with this group. Group-2 Group-5 This group showed continuation of all The tanged point appeared in Group-5 as a new assemblages (blades, scrapers, and burin) from item. However, all the above mentioned toolkit earlier group but backed blades and trapezes continued as well. Five sites are related with were new items. In this group nine sites were this tanged point category. reported. Group-3 The Group-3 holds trapezes and all type of scraper, burins, triangles and backed blades. Thirteen sites are associated with this group. □ Series1 Group-1 Group-2 Group-3 Group-4- Group-5 Graph showing the number of Mesolithic Sites in groups Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 5 Group-1: Settlements This group of settlements contained blades, located in the desert environment with different scrapers, and burin. In this group a total of scale of intensity of cultural assemblage (Fig.3). thirty (30) sites were documented. The sites are 0 I -~ 1 6 2715 I 2715 •.. ,. -.•,. "-..... NARA e i=--..1 68/40 Fig. 3: Map showing the Mesolithic sites in Group-1. Ancient Pakistan, vol. XXI 6 burin were found. 01. Dubi 1 (DUl) Latitude 27°.08'.24" North Longitude 04. Char Baro South - 1 (CBSl) 68°.40'.22" East. The site is located on the Latitude 27°.07'.64" North Longitude western slopes of sand dunes. This slope is 68°.40'.34" East. The site is located on the flat being gradually covered by shifting sand. After top of sand dune where cultural material is some time this site is likely to come under the concentration. Many exotic items were sand. At this site chert stone chipping is noticed, collected like two black stone bead fragments of Potsherds are also present in very small lapis stone, copper fragment, white disc beads quantity, which indicates reoccupation in later and others. Mesolithic repertoire included period. The cultural repertoire of Mesolithic scrapers and blades. period includes scrapers, burins and retouched blades. 05. Wadi Sim South (WSS) 02. Dubi - 2 (DU2) Latitude 27°.07'.96" North Longitude 68°.41 '.43" East. The site is located Latitude 27°.08'.24" North Longitude approximately 150 meters away from the 68°.40'.26" East. The lies on the top of sand southern shore of the Sim on a flat surface. dunes where a good concentration of stone There was another spot at 27°.08'.35" North, objects was present. This site is also being 68°.41'.55" East, where similar type of micro covered up by moving sand. Its southern and flaking was observed. Here, huge quantity of western portions are already covered. Some the micro flaking was seen. Very few complete sherds were also found. The Mesolithic material stone objects were collected i.e. retouched in this site was in the form of thin surface blades, burin and scrapers scatter, which includes scrapers and blades. 06. Wadi Sim Northl (WSNl) Latitude 27°.08'.37" North Longitude 68°.41'.35" East. The site is located on the southern slopes of the sand dune where cultural material was scattered in good quantity, and included scrapers, burin, blades, and cores.
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