This article is about the and patron . For other known for his love of the Eucharist,[8] his sorrow dur- uses, see Francis of Assisi (disambiguation). ing the Stations of the Cross, and for the creation of the crèche or Nativity Scene.[9] Saint Francis of Assisi (Italian: San Francesco d'Assisi; born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, but nicknamed Francesco (“the Frenchman”) by his father; 1181/1182 1 Early life – 3, 1226)[1][3] was an Italian friar and preacher. He founded the men’s Order of Minor, the women’s Order of St. Clare, and the of Saint Francis for men and women not able to live the lives of itinerant preachers, followed by the early mem- bers of the , or the monastic lives of the .[1] Though he was never ordained to the Catholic priesthood, Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.[1] Francis’ father was Pietro di Bernardone, a prosperous silk merchant. Francis lived the high-spirited life typ- ical of a wealthy young man, even fighting as a soldier for Assisi.[4] While going off to war in 1204, Francis had a vision that directed him back to Assisi, where he lost his taste for his worldly life.[4] On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter’s Basilica.[4] The experience moved him to live in poverty.[4] Fran- The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young cis returned home, began preaching on the streets, and soon gathered followers. His Order was authorized by Francis of Assisi was one of seven children born in Innocent III in 1210. He then founded the Order of late 1181 or early 1182 to Pietro and his wife Pica de Poor Clares, which became an enclosed religious order Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she [10] for women, as well as the Order of Brothers and Sisters was a noblewoman originally from Provence. Pietro of Penance (commonly called the Third Order). was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, and Pica had him baptized as Giovanni.[7][11] In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the When his father returned to Assisi, he took to calling [5] Sultan to put an end to the conflict of the . him Francesco (“the Frenchman”), possibly in honour By this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to such of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things an extent that its primitive organizational structure was French.[12] Since the child was renamed in infancy, the no longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the change can hardly have had anything to do with his ap- Order. Once his community was authorized by the Pope, titude for learning French, as some have thought.[3] As he withdrew increasingly from external affairs. In 1223, a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and [4] Francis arranged for the first Christmas nativity scene. was fascinated with all things Transalpine.[3][12] Although [4] In 1224, he received the stigmata, making him the first many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, [6] recorded person to bear the wounds of Christ’s Passion. rich friends, and love of pleasures,[10] his displays of dis- He died during the evening hours of October 3, 1226, illusionment toward the world that surrounded him came while listening to a reading he had requested of Psalm fairly early in his life, as is shown in the “story of the beg- 142(141). gar.” In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in On July 16, 1228, he was proclaimed a saint by Pope the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar Gregory IX. He is known as the of animals came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of and the environment, and is one of the two patron his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran of Italy (with ). It is customary for after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the Catholic and Anglican churches to hold ceremonies bless- man everything he had in his pockets. His friends quickly ing animals on his feast day of October 4.[7] He is also chided and mocked him for his act of charity. When he got home, his father scolded him in rage.[13]

1 2 1 EARLY LIFE

In 1201, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada, spending a year as a captive.[14] It is possible that his spiritual con- version was a gradual process rooted in this experience. Upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1204, a serious illness led him to a spiri- tual crisis. In 1205, Francis left for Puglia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. A strange vision made him return to Assisi, deepening his ecclesiastical awakening.[3]

The San Damiano cruxifix

According to the hagiographic legend, thereafter he be- gan to avoid the sports and the feasts of his former com- panions. In response, they asked him laughingly whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered, “yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen,” mean- ing his “Lady Poverty”. He spent much time in lonely places, asking God for enlightenment. By degrees he took to nursing lepers, the most repulsive victims in the lazar houses near Assisi. After a pilgrimage to Rome, where he joined the poor in begging at the doors of the churches, he said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the country chapel of San Damiano, just outside of Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, “Francis, Francis, go and repair My house which, as you can see, is falling into ruins.” He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some Francis of Assisi by Cimabue cloth from his father’s store to assist the priest there for this purpose.[3][15] His father, Pietro, highly indignant, attempted to change his mind, first with threats and then with beatings. In 3

the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of As- Within a year Francis had eleven followers. Francis sisi, Francis renounced his father and his patrimony, lay- chose never to be ordained a priest, and the commu- ing aside even the garments he had received from him nity lived as “lesser brothers,” fratres minores in Latin.[3] in front of the public. For the next couple of months he The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted lazar lived as a beggar in the region of Assisi. Returning to the house of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of countryside around the town for two years, he embraced their time wandering through the mountainous districts the life of a penitent, during which he restored several of Umbria, always cheerful and full of songs, yet mak- ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among ing a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest them the Porziuncola, the little chapel of St. Mary of the exhortations.[3] Angels just outside the town, which later became his fa- Francis’ preaching to ordinary people was unusual since vorite abode.[15] he had no license to do so.[1] In 1209 he composed a sim- ple rule for his followers (“friars”), the Regula primitiva or “Primitive Rule”, which came from verses in the Bible. 2 Founding of the Franciscan Or- der

The Pope approving the statutes of the Order of the , by Giotto, 1295-1300

The rule was “To follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps.” In 1209, Francis led his first eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent III to found a new religious Order.[18] Upon entry to Rome, the brothers Francis considered his stigmata part of the imitation of encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his Christ.[16][17] company Giovanni di San Paolo, the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of At the end of this period (on February 24, 1209, ac- Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to cording to Jordan of Giano), Francis heard a sermon that Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. changed his life forever. The sermon was about Matthew Reluctantly, Pope Innocent agreed to meet with Francis 10:9, in which Christ tells his followers they should go and the brothers the next day. After several days, the forth and proclaim that the Kingdom of Heaven was upon pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that them, that they should take no money with them, nor even when God increased the group in grace and number, a walking stick or shoes for the road. Francis was inspired [3] they could return for an official admittance. The group to devote himself to a life of poverty. was tonsured.[19] This was important in part because it Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Gospel recognized Church authority and prevented his following precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach from possible accusations of heresy, as had happened to repentance.[3] He was soon joined by his first follower, a the Waldensians decades earlier. Though Pope Innocent prominent fellow townsman, the jurist Bernardo di Quin- initially had his doubts, following a dream in which he tavalle, who contributed all that he had to the work. saw Francis holding up the Basilica of St. John Lateran 4 3 MISSIONS WORK

(the cathedral of Rome, thus the 'home church' of all bers neither withdrew from the world nor took religious Christendom), he decided to endorse Francis’ Order. vows. Instead, they carried out the principles of Francis- This occurred, according to tradition, on April 16, 1210, can life in their daily lives.[1] Before long this Order grew and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan beyond Italy. [1] Order. The group, then the “Lesser Brothers” (Order Determined to bring the Gospel to all God’s creatures, of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order), Francis sought on several occasions to take his message preached on the streets and had no possessions. They out of Italy. In the late spring of 1212, he set out for were centered in the Porziuncola and preached first in Jerusalem, but he was shipwrecked by a storm on the Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.[1] Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On May 8, 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as “eminently suitable for whoever wishes to 3 Missions work do penance in a place remote from mankind.”[21][22] The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.[22]

Pope Innocent III has a dream of St. Francis of Assisi supporting the tilting church (attributed to Giotto)

From then on, the new Order grew quickly with new vocations.[20] When hearing Francis preaching in the church of San Rufino in Assisi in 1209, became deeply touched by his message and she realized her calling.[20] Her cousin Rufino, the only male mem- ber of the family in their generation, also joined the new Order. On the night of Palm Sunday, March 28, 1211, Clare sneaked out of her family’s palace. Francis received Clare at the Porziuncola and hereby established the Order Saint Francis Abandons His Father. Francis of Assisi renouncing of Poor Ladies, later called Poor Clares.[20] This was an to his father and his patrimony, laying aside even the garments Order for women, and he gave a religious habit, or dress, he had received from him in front of the public. similar to his own to the noblewoman later known as St. Clare of Assisi, before he then lodged her and a few com- In the same year, Francis sailed for Morocco, but this panions in a nearby monastery of Benedictine . Later time an illness forced him to break off his journey in he transferred them to San Damiano.[1] There they were Spain. Back in Assisi, several noblemen (among them joined by many other women of Assisi. For those who Tommaso da Celano, who would later write the biogra- could not leave their homes, he later formed the Third phy of St. Francis) and some well-educated men joined Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance. This was a his Order. In 1215, Francis went again to Rome for the fraternity composed of either laity or clergy whose mem- Fourth Lateran Council. During this time, he probably 5 met a canon, Dominic de Guzman[2] (later to be Saint kindled which Francis unhesitatingly entered without suf- Dominic, the founder of the Friars Preachers, another fering burns. Such an incident is depicted in the late 13th- Catholic religious order). In 1217, he offered to go to century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper France. Cardinal Ugolino of Segni (the future Pope Gre- basilica at Assisi (see accompanying illustration).[28] The gory IX), an early and important supporter of Francis, statuettes on the fresco relate to late-antique power rep- advised him against this and said that he was still needed resentation and emphasizes the worldly authority of the in Italy. sultan, as opposed to the spirituality of Francis.[29] Ac- In 1219, accompanied by another friar and hoping to con- cording to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis per- mission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and vert the Sultan of Egypt or win martyrdom in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt where a Crusader army had been even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of Damietta two miles (3.2 km) upstream from the mouth for Acre, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by , of one of the main channels of the Nile. The Sultan, al- Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, had succeeded his father as later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed as a result of the encounter Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of [30] Damietta, unable to relieve it. A bloody and futile attack with Francis. The Franciscan Order has been present on the city was launched by the Christians on August 29, in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217 when 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire Elias arrived at Acre. It received concessions which lasted four weeks.[23] It was most probably dur- from the Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to cer- ing this interlude that Francis and his companion crossed tain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (so far as concerns the ) jurisdictional privileges the Saracen lines and were brought before the Sultan, re- [31] maining in his camp for a few days.[24] The visit is re- from Pope Clement VI in 1342. ported in contemporary Crusader sources and in the ear- At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated liest biographies of Francis, but they give no information Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche about what transpired during the encounter beyond not- (Nativity scene).[32] His nativity imagery reflected the ing that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to Francis preached to the Saracens without effect, return- create a living scene so that the worshipers could con- ing unharmed to the Crusader camp.[25] No contempo- template the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, rary Arab source mentions the visit.[26] One detail, added making use of the senses, especially sight.[32] Thomas of by Bonaventure in the official life of Francis (written forty Celano, a biographer of Francis and Saint Bonaventure years after the event), concerns an alleged challenge by both, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feed- Francis offering trial-by-fire in order to prove the verac- ing trough) set between a real ox and donkey.[32] Accord- ity of the Christian Gospel.[27] ing to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas .

4 Reorganization of the Francis- can Order and death

St. Francis before the Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt witnessing the trial by fire (wall fresco, Giotto.) The Passing of Saint Francis of Assisi (1866), by Benet Mercadé

Although Bonaventure does not suggest as much, subse- By this time, the growing Order of friars was divided quent biographies went further, claiming that a fire was into provinces and groups were sent to France, Germany, 6 5 CHARACTER AND LEGACY

Hungary, Spain and to the East. When receiving a report official Rule of the Order, it called on the friars “to ob- of the martyrdom of five brothers in Morocco, Francis re- serve the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in turned to Italy via Venice.[33] Cardinal Ugolino di Conti obedience without anything of our own and in chastity.” was then nominated by the Pope as the protector of the In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, Order. The friars in Italy at this time were causing prob- and entry into the Order.[1] Once the Rule was endorsed lems, and as such, Francis had to return in order to cor- by the Pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external rect these problems. The Franciscan Order had grown affairs.[1] During 1221 and 1222, Francis crossed Italy, at an unprecedented rate, when compared to reli- first as far south as Catania in Sicily and afterwards as far gious orders, but its organizational sophistication had not north as Bologna. kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during than Francis’ example and simple rule.[1] To address this a forty-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (Septem- problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, ber 29), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about the “First Rule” or “Rule Without a Papal Bull"(Regula 14, 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the prima, Regula non bullata), which again asserted devotion Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata.[34] to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it introduced Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left greater institutional structure, although this was never of- [1] a clear and simple account of the event, the first defi- ficially endorsed by the pope. nite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.[3][34] “Sud- On September 29, 1220, Francis handed over the gover- denly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on nance of the Order to Brother Peter Catani at the Porz- a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds iuncola. However, Brother Peter died only five months of Christ.”[34] Suffering from these stigmata and from later, on March 10, 1221, and was buried in the Porzi- trachoma, Francis received care in several cities (Siena, uncola. When numerous miracles were attributed to the Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought deceased brother, people started to flock to the Porziun- back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here, in the place cola, disturbing the daily life of the Franciscans. Francis where it all began, feeling the end approaching, he spent then prayed, asking Peter to stop the miracles and to obey the last days of his life dictating his spiritual Testament. in death as he had obeyed during his life. He died on the evening of Saturday, October 3, 1226, singing Psalm 142(141), “Voce mea ad Dominum”. On July 16, 1228, he was pronounced a saint by Pope Gregory IX (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, friend of St. Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order). The next day, the Pope laid the foundation stone for the Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on May 25, 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias to protect it from Saracen invaders. His exact burial place remained unknown until it was re-discovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed for the remains a crypt in neo- classical style in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi, stripping the wall of its marble decorations. In 1978, the remains of St. Francis were examined and con- firmed by a commission of scholars appointed by Pope Paul VI, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.

5 Character and legacy

It has been argued that no one else in history was as dedi- cated as Francis to imitate the life, and carry out the work Francis of Assisi last resting place at Assisi of Christ, in Christ’s own way.[1] This is important in The reports of miracles ceased. Brother Peter was suc- understanding Francis’ character and his affinity for the Eucharist and respect for the priests who carried out the ceeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years [1] later, Francis modified the “First Rule” (creating the sacrament. “Second Rule” or “Rule With a Bull”), and Pope Hon- He and his followers celebrated and even venerated orius III approved it on November 29, 1223.[1] As the poverty. Poverty was so central to his character that in 5.1 Nature and the environment 7

Franciscan friars Legend of St. Francis, Sermon to the Birds, upper Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle for the members of his Order.[1] mon theme in the Psalms) and the duty of men to protect and enjoy nature as both the stewards of God’s creation He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He and as creatures ourselves.[35] On November 29, 1979, called all creatures his “brothers” and “sisters,” and even [35][36] Pope John Paul II declared St. Francis to be the Patron preached to the birds and supposedly persuaded a of Ecology.[37] Many of the stories that surround the life wolf to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed of St. Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the wolf. In his “Canticle of the Creatures” (“Praises of the environment.[35] Creatures” or “”), he mentioned the “Brother Sun” and “Sister Moon,” the wind and water, Perhaps the most famous incident that illustrates the and “Sister Death.” He referred to his chronic illnesses as Saint’s humility towards nature is recounted in the his “sisters.” His deep sense of brotherhood under God “Fioretti” (“Little Flowers”), a collection of legends and embraced others, and he declared that “he considered folklore that sprang up after the Saint’s death. It is said himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those that, one day, while Francis was travelling with some for whom Christ died.”[1] companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told Francis’ visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with his companions to “wait for me while I go to preach to the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long my sisters the birds.”[35] The birds surrounded him, in- past his own death, since after the fall of the Crusader trigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them Kingdom, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be his hand. recognized as "Custodians of the Holy Land" on behalf of the Catholic Church. Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf “terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as 5.1 Nature and the environment animals.” Francis had compassion upon the townsfolk, and so he went up into the hills to find the wolf. Soon, Francis preached the teaching of the Catholic Church, fear of the animal had caused all his companions to flee, that the world was created good and beautiful by God but though the saint pressed on. When he found the wolf, suffers a need for redemption because of the primordial he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf sin of man. He preached to man and beast the universal to come to him and hurt no one. Miraculously the wolf ability and duty of all creatures to praise God (a com- closed his jaws and lay down at the feet of St. Francis. 8 5 CHARACTER AND LEGACY

“Brother Wolf, you do much harm in these parts and you 5.2 Feast day have done great evil,” said Francis. “All these people ac- cuse you and curse you...But brother wolf, I would like to make peace between you and the people.” Then Fran- cis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Be- cause the wolf had “done evil out of hunger, the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this man- ner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator. Francis even made a pact on behalf of the town dogs, that they would not bother the wolf again. Finally, to show the townspeople that they would not be harmed, Francis blessed the wolf.

Life of Francis of Assisi by José Benlliure y Gil

Saint Francis’ feast day is observed on October 4. A secondary feast in honor of the stigmata received by St. Francis, celebrated on September 17, was inserted in the in 1585 (later than the ) and suppressed in 1604, but was re- stored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on October 4, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Francis- can Order.[39] Wherever the traditional Roman Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the Habit of Francis of Assisi General Calendar. On June 18, 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint Patron Saint of Italy along with Saint Catherine of Siena [40] Then during the World Environment Day 1982, John Paul with the apostolic letter “Licet Commissa”. Pope Pius II said that St. Francis’ love and care for creation was also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder he pronounced on May 5, 1949, in the Church of Santa “not to behave like dissident predators where nature is Maria sopra Minerva. concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all St. Francis is honored in the Church of , the care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so Anglican Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church USA, as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to the Old Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran those who succeed us.” The same Pope wrote on the occa- Church in America, and other churches and religious sion of the World Day of Peace, January 1, 1990, the saint communities on October 4. The Evangelical Church in of Assisi “offers Christians an example of genuine and Germany, however, commemorates St. Francis’ feast day deep respect for the integrity of creation...” He went on on his death day, October 3. to make the point that: “As a friend of the poor who was loved by God’s creatures, Saint Francis invited all of cre- ation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun 5.3 and Sister Moon – to give honor and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Cardinal when we are at peace with God we are better able to de- Jorge Mario Bergoglio of chose Francis as his vote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, becoming which is inseparable from peace among all peoples.”[38] Pope Francis.[41] Pope John Paul II concluded that section of the document At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis with these words, “It is my hope that the inspiration of told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor Saint Francis will help us to keep ever alive a sense of of Saint Francis of Assisi, and had done so because 'fraternity' with all those good and beautiful things which he was especially concerned for the well-being of the Almighty God has created.” poor.[42][43][44] He explained that, as it was becoming 9 clear during the conclave voting that he would be elected Saint Francis is considered the first Italian poet by liter- the new bishop of Rome, the Brazilian Cardinal Cláudio ary critics.[50] He believed commoners should be able to Hummes had embraced him and whispered, “Don't for- pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in get the poor”, which had made Bergoglio think of the the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin. His writings are saint.[45][46] Bergoglio had previously expressed his ad- considered to have great literary and religious value.[51] miration for St. Francis, explaining that “He brought to The anonymous 20th-century prayer "Make Me an an idea of poverty against the luxury, pride, Instrument of Your Peace" is widely but erroneously vanity of the civil and ecclesiastical powers of the time. attributed to St. Francis.[52][53] He changed history.”[47] Bergoglio’s selection of his pa- pal name is the first time that a pope has been named Francis.[lower-alpha 1] 7 In art

6 Main writings • St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century • El Greco - Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, 1585 until 1590 • Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy by Jusepe de Rib- era, (1639) • St. Francis, a wooden sculpture by Johann Baptist Moroder-Lusenberg in the Church of Urtijëi, South Tyrol, Italy (1910) • Francisco Ribalta, Francis of Assisi with angel mu- sic • Saint Francis in Meditation, oil painting by Francisco de Zurbarán (1639) • Ludovico Cigoli, 1596 • Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire by José Benlliure y Gil

8 Media

St. Francis by Nathaniel Hitch

• Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; Canticle of the Sun.

• Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the orig- inal Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation); • Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221; Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi • Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223; • Testament, 1226; 8.1 Films • Admonitions. • The Flowers of St. Francis, a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience.[49] Fellini 10 8 MEDIA

St. Francis Abbey, Kilkenny

A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds

who later became Saint Clare, is played by Helena Bonham Carter

• St. Francis, a 2002 film directed by Michele Soavi, starring Raoul Bova and Amélie Daure

• Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by Fabrizio Costa, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi

• Pranchiyettan and the Saint, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film

Statue of St. Francis in front of the Catholic church of Chania. 8.2 Music

• Franz Liszt: • Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed by Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by • Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi, S.4 (sa- Louis de Wohl cred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; ver- • Francis of Assisi, a 1966 film directed by Liliana Ca- sion of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; ver- vani sion of the Hosannah for organ and bass trom- • Uccellacci e uccellini (The Hawks and the Sparrows), bone, S.677) a 1966 film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini • St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux, No. 1 of Deux Légendes, S.175 (pi- • Brother Sun, Sister Moon, a 1972 film by Franco Zef- ano, 1862–63) firelli • William Henry Draper: All Creatures of Our God • Francesco, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contem- and King (hymn paraphrase of Canticle of the Crea- platively paced, follows Francis of Assisi’s evolution tures, published 1919) from rich man’s son to religious humanitarian, and eventually to full-fledged self-tortured saint. Saint • Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Fioretti (voice and or- Francis is played by Mickey Rourke, and the woman chestra, 1920) 8.3 Books 11

• Gian Francesco Malipiero: San Francesco d'Assisi • The Stigmata of Francis of Assisi, Franciscan Insti- (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21) tute Publications, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57659-140-6

• Amy Beach: Canticle of the Sun (soloists, chorus and • Francis of Assisi – The Message in His Writings, by orchestra, 1928) Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997. ISBN 978-1-57659-127-7 • : (ballet 1938) • Saint Francis of Assisi, by John R. H. Moorman, • : Canticle of the Sun (cantata for mixed Franciscan Institute Publications, 1987. ISBN 978- voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 0-8199-0904-6 1944) • First Encounter with Francis of Assisi, by Damien • Francis Poulenc: Quatre petites prières de Saint Vorreux and translated by Paul LaChance, Francis- François d'Assise (men’s chorus, 1948) can Institute Publications, 1979. ISBN 978-0-8199- • Seth Bingham: The Canticle of the Sun (cantata for 0698-4 chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accom- • St. Francis of Assisi, by Raoul Manselli, Francis- paniment for organ or orchestra, 1949) can Institute Publications, 1985. ISBN 978-0-8199- • : Cantico del sol (chorus, 1973–74) 0880-3

• Olivier Messiaen: Saint François d'Assise (opera, • Saint Francis of Assisi, by and 1975–83) translated by Placid Hermann, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8199-0554-3 • Juliusz Łuciuk: Święty Franciszek z Asyżu (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and or- • Francis the Incomparable Saint, by Lortz, chestra, 1976) Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986, ISBN 978- 1-57659-067-6 • Michele Paulicelli: Forza Venite Gente (musical the- ater, 1981) • Respectfully Yours: Signed and Sealed, Francis of Assisi, by Edith van den Goorbergh and Theodore • Karlheinz Stockhausen: Luzifers Abschied (1982), Zweerman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001. scene 4 of the opera Samstag aus Licht ISBN 978-1-57659-178-9

• Libby Larsen: I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm (SATB • The Admonitions of St. Francis: Sources and Mean- chorus and organ, 1995) ings, by Robert J. Karris, Franciscan Institute Pub- lications, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57659-166-6 • Sofia Gubaidulina: Sonnengesang (solo cello, cham- ber choir and percussion, 1997) • We Saw Brother Francis, by Francis de Beer, Fran- • Juventude Franciscana (JUFRA): Balada de Fran- ciscan Institute Publications, 1983. ISBN 978-0- cisco (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999) 8199-0803-2 • • Lewis Nielson: St. Francis Preaches to the Birds Sant Francesco (Saint Francis, 1895), a book of (chamber concerto for violin, 2005) forty-three Saint Francis poems by Catalan poet- priest Jacint Verdaguer, three of which are included in English translation in Selected Poems of Jacint 8.3 Books Verdaguer: A Bilingual Edition, edited and trans- lated by Ronald Puppo, with an introduction by • Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (fioretti), Lon- Ramon Pinyol i Torrents (University of Chicago, don, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-013-0 2007). The three poems are “The Turtledoves”, “Preaching to Birds” and “The Pilgrim”. • Saint Francis of Assisi, written and illustrated by Demi, Wisdom Tales, 2012, ISBN 978-1-937786- • Saint Francis of Assisi (1923), a book by G. K. 04-5 Chesterton

• Francis of Assisi: A New Biography, by Augustine • Blessed Are The Meek (1944). a book by Zofia Kos- Thompson, O.P., Cornell University Press, 2012, sak ISBN 978-080145-070-9 • Saint Francis of Assisi a Doubleday Image Book • Francis of Assisi in the Sources and Writings, by translated by T. O'Conor Sloane, Ph.D., LL.D. in Robert Rusconi and translated by Nancy Celaschi, 1955 from the Danish original researched and writ- Franciscan Institute Publications, 2008. ISBN 978- ten by Johannes Jorgensen and published in 1912 by 1-57659-152-9 Longmans, Green and Company, Inc. 12 11 REFERENCES

• Saint Francis of Assisi (God’s Pauper) (1962), a • Bernard Malamud's novel The Assistant (1957) fea- novel by Nikos Kazantzakis tures a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brook- • Scripta Leonis, Rufini Et Angeli Sociorum S. Fran- lyn, New York City. cisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Com- panions of St. Francis (1970), edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, containing testimony recorded by intimate, long-time companions of St. 9 See also Francis • List of places named after Saint Francis • Saint Francis and His Four Ladies (1970), a book by Joan Mowat Erikson • Saint Benedict, who founded the Benedictine Monastery • The Life and Words of St. Francis of Assisi (1973), by Ira Peck • Fraticelli

• The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi (1996), a book by • Saint Juniper, one of Francis’ original followers Patricia Stewart • • Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi (2002), • St. Benedict’s Cave, which contains a portrait of a book by Donald Spoto Francis made during his lifetime • Flowers for St. Francis (2005), a book by Raj Aru- • Saint mugam • Saint-François d'Assise, an opera by Olivier Messi- • Chasing Francis, 2006, a book by Ian Cron aen • John Tolan, St. Francis and the Sultan: The Curious • Saint-François (disambiguation) (places named af- History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: ter Francis of Assisi in French-speaking countries) Oxford University Press, 2009. • • Vita di un uomo: Francesco d'Assisi (1995) a book by Chiara Frugoni, preface by Jacques Le Goff, • List of Catholic saints Torino: Einaudi.

• Francis, Brother of the Universe (1982), a 48 page comic book by Marvel Comics on the life of 10 Notes Saint Francis of Assisi written by Father Roy Gas- nik O.F.M. and Mary Jo Duffy, artwork by John [1] On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his Buscema and Marie Severin, lettering by Jim No- official papal name was “Francis”, not “Francis I”. A Vat- vak and edited by Jim Shooter. ican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.[43][48]

8.4 Other 11 References • In Rubén Darío's poem Los Motivos Del Lobo (The Reasons Of The Wolf) St. Francis tames a terrible [1] Brady, Ignatius Charles. "Saint Francis of Assisi.” wolf only to discover that the human heart harbors Encyclopædia Britannica Online. darker desires than those of the beast. [2] Chesterton (1924), p.126 • In Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of 'Pater Seraph- [3] Paschal Robinson (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". icus,' an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Alyosha’s spiritual guide Zosima. The reference Company. is found in Goethe’s “Faust,” Part 2, Act 5, lines [4] Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). “Francis of Assisi”. The Ox- 11918–25. ford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Ox- ford University Press. ISBN 0199566712. • Rich Mullins co-wrote Canticle of the Plains, a mu- sical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it [5] Tolan, John (2009). St. Francis and the Sultan: The Cu- was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but rious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. Oxford: told as a western story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199239726. 13

[6] Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). “Stigmatization”. The Oxford [27] Bonaventure, Legenda major (1260–1263), cap. IX §7–9, dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford criticized by, e.g., Sabatier, La Vie de St. François d'Assise University Press. ISBN 0199566712. (1894), chapter 13, and Paul , The Saint and the Sul- tan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi’s Mission [7] “Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small”. Duke Maga- of Peace, Doubleday Religion (2009) excerpted in an ar- zine. November 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-30. ticle “Mission improbable: St. Francis & the Sultan”, in Commonwealth magazine, September 25, 2009. [8] “St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal”. Franciscanfriars.com. Retrieved 24 October 2012. [28] e.g., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. [9] under subheading “The Crib (Creche) or Nativity Scene” [29] Péter Bokody, “Idolatry or Power: St. Francis in Front of [10] Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New the Sultan,” In Promoting the Saints: and Their Con- York: Barnes & Noble. p. 529. ISBN 978-1-56619-516- texts from Late Antiquity until the Early Modern Period, 4. ed. Ottó Gecser and others(Budapest: CEU Press, 2010), 69-81. https://www.academia.edu/1787059/Idolatry_ [11] Robinson, P. (2009). St. Francis of Assisi. In The or_Power_St._Francis_in_Front_of_the_Sultan Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2011-10-17 from New Advent. [30] For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., Tolan, pp. 258– [12] Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). “St. Francis of Assisi” 263. The first mention of the Sultan’s conversion occurs (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. p. 158. in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on October 4, 1267. See Tolan, pp. 168 [13] Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41 [31] Bulla Gratias agimus, commemorated by Pope John Paul [14] Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of II in a Letter dated November 30, 1992. See also Tolan, St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) p.258. On the Franciscan presence, including an histori- (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. cal overview, see, generally the official website at Custodia p. 190. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0. and Custodian of the Holy Land [32] Bonaventure (1867), p. 178 [15] Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56 [33] Bonaventure (1867), p. 162 [16] Saint Francis of Assisi by Jacques Le Goff 2003 ISBN 0- 415-28473-2 page 44 [34] Chesterton (1924), p.131

[17] The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought by [35] Bonaventure (1867), pp. 78–85 Margaret Ruth mi 2004 ISBN 978-1-4051-0846-1 pages [36] Ugolino Brunforte (Brother Ugolino). The Little Flowers 160–161 of St. Francis of Assisi. Calvin College: CCEL. ISBN 1-61025212-8. ISBN 978-1-61025212-6."Quote.” [18] Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108 [37] Pope John Paul II (November 29, 1979). “Inter Sanctos [19] Galli(2002), pp. 74–80 (Apostolic Letter AAS 71)". Retrieved August 7, 2014.

[20] Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111 [38] Pope John Paul II (December 8, 1989). “World Day of Peace 1990”. Retrieved October 24, 2012. [21] Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Leg- ends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer [39] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), p. (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244. 139

[22] Chesterton (1924), p.130 [40] Pope Pius XII (June 18, 1939). “Licet Commissa” (Apos- tolic Letter AAS 31, pp. 256–257) [23] Steven Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The [41] Pope Francis (March 16, 2013). “Audience to Represen- Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge Uni- tatives of the Communications Media”. Retrieved August versity Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161. 9, 2014.

[24] Tolan, St. Francis and the Sultan: the curious history of [42] “Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of As- a Christian-Muslim encounter, Oxford University Press sisi’s name”. London: The Guardian. 16 March 2013. (2009) pp. 4f. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013.

[25] e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 of February or March 1220 [43] “New Pope Fra[n]cis visits St. Mary Major, collects suit- and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tom- cases and pays bill at hotel”. NEWS.VA. 14 March 2013. maso da Celano, Vita prima (1228), §57: the relevant pas- Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. sages are quoted in an English translation in Tolan, pp. 19f. and 54 respectively. [44] Michael Martinez, CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Fran- cis’ name choice 'precedent shattering', CNN (13 March [26] Tolan, p.5 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013. 14 14 EXTERNAL LINKS

[45] Laura Smith-Spark et al. : Pope Francis explains name, 13 Further reading calls for church 'for the poor' CNN,16 March 2013 [46] “Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor'". BBC • Friar Elias, Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti News (BBC). 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013. Francisci, 1226. [47] Bethune, Brian, “Pope Francis: How the first New World • Pope Gregory IX, Bulla “Mira circa nos” for the can- pontiff could save the church”, macleans.ca, 26 March onization of St. Francis, July 19, 1228. 2013, Retrieved 27 March 2013 • Friar Tommaso da Celano: Vita Prima Sancti Fran- [48] Alpert, Emily (13 March 2013). “Vatican: It’s Pope Fran- cis, not Pope Francis I”. Los Angeles Times. Archived cisci, 1228; Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci, 1246– from the original on 16 March 2013. 1247; Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci, 1252– 1253. [49] The complete list of writings of St. Francis • Friar Julian of Speyer, Vita Sancti Francisci, 1232– [50] Brand, Peter; Pertile, Lino, eds. (1999). “2 - Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)". The Cambridge History of 1239. Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0- • St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, Legenda Maior 52166622-8. ISBN 978-0-52166622-0. Sancti Francisci, 1260–1263. [51] Chesterton, G.K. (1987). St. Francis. Image. pp. 160 p. ISBN 0-385-02900-4. • Ugolino da Montegiorgio, Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius, 1327–1342. [52] Renoux, Christian (2001). La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre. Paris: Editions • Fioretti di San Francesco, the "Little Flowers of St. franciscaines. ISBN 2-85020-096-4. Francis", end of the 14th century: an anonymous [53] Renoux, Christian. “The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Italian version of the Actus; the most popular of the Francis”. Retrieved August 9, 2014. sources, but very late and therefore not the best au- thority by any means. • The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by 12 Bibliography Brown), Doubleday, 1998. ISBN 978-0- 385-07544-2 • Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Fran- cisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other compan- 14 External links ions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Ox- ford, Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. • “Saint Francis of Assisi”, Encyclopædia Britannica Brooke, in Latin and English, ISBN 0-19-822214- online 9, containing testimony recorded by intimate, long- • “St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor”, Butler’s Lives time companions of St. Francis of the Saints • Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (fioretti), Lon- • don, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-013-0 The Franciscan Archive • Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life • St. Francis of Assisi - Catholic Saints & Angels of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti • St. Francis of Assisi at the Christian Iconography Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN web site. Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 • • Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of As- Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis from Cax- sisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. ton’s translation of the Golden Legend • Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. • Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (Lon- don: Sheed and Ward, 1979) • Robinson, Paschal (1913). “St. Francis of Assisi”. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Apple- ton Company. "St._Francis_of_Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Com- pany. 1913. 15

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text

• Francis of Assisi Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi?oldid=630907602 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, Mav, Jeron- imo, Andre Engels, Gianfranco, Deb, William Avery, Mswake, Isis, Olivier, Leandrod, Kchishol1970, Menchi, Ixfd64, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Jk, Andres, JASpencer, Charles Matthews, Harris7, Dysprosia, Hyacinth, Nricardo, Topbanana, Wetman, Pollinator, Gentgeen, Rob- bot, Psychonaut, Mayooranathan, Chris Roy, Academic Challenger, Sunray, Hadal, JackofOz, HaeB, PBP, Alan Liefting, Ancheta Wis, Ad- vance, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Curps, Jdavidb, Per Honor et Gloria, Gadfium, Andycjp, Jonel, Quadell, Antandrus, JoJan, Gauss, Tothe- barricades.tk, Necrothesp, Icairns, Histrion, TonyW, Neutrality, Gerald Farinas, Davidshq, Esquire, Frikle, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Trevor MacInnis, Lucidish, D6, Sneek, EugeneZelenko, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vsmith, JimR, Francis Schonken, Ivan Bajlo, Nard the Bard, Paul August, Stbalbach, Bender235, Lou Crazy, Aecis, Shanes, Bill Thayer, Bobo192, Hurricane111, Ruszewski, In- focidal, Smalljim, Func, Shenme, Man vyi, Shanafme, Zetawoof, DCEdwards1966, Haham hanuka, Polylerus, Hagerman, Nsaa, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Gary, Hektor, Tek022, Arthena, Walkerma, Snowolf, Circuitloss, Wtmitchell, Melaen, RJFJR, Axeman89, Mahanga, Sparta- cus007, Nuno Tavares, OwenX, FeanorStar7, Scriberius, Sesmith, PatGallacher, WadeSimMiser, Chochopk, Hailey C. Shannon, Kmg90, GalaazV, Brendanconway, Prashanthns, Dysepsion, Cuchullain, BD2412, Kbdank71, RxS, MauriceJFox3, Dpr, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Gryffindor, Vary, Bill37212, Gawain, Szymc1o, Ghepeu, Yamamoto Ichiro, Titoxd, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Nihiltres, Folini, RexNL, Angel12, Vilcxjo, Valentinian, Chobot, Gdrbot, The One True Fred, Hall Monitor, Algebraist, YurikBot, VictoriaHoyle, RobotE, Sceptre, RussBot, Petiatil, Reo On, Alexmorgan, CambridgeBayWeather, Neilbeach, Imladros, Thane, MosheA, Wiki alf, As- tral, Nirvana2013, Dannybaer, Irishguy, Aaron Brenneman, Zwobot, Syrthiss, Dbfirs, Robin.r, Kewp, Evrik, Dodoolydee, Botteville, Wknight94, MFSchar, Laszlo Panaflex, Zzuuzz, Codrinb, TheMadBaron, Closedmouth, Jesushaces, JuJube, Aeon1006, Staffelde, Ligeti42, Ilmari Karonen, Jack Upland, Bluezy, Psychiker, Mhkay, Archola, Meegs, NeilN, DVD R W, Eitch, Luk, Attilios, Crystallina, Sarah, Yakudza, SmackBot, Lehla, Hiran, Furry, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot, Thunderboltz, Nickst, Scifiintel, Delldot, Westminsterboy, Can- thusus, Gilliam, Carl.bunderson, Rmosler2100, Ludi, Bluebot, Mstrassburg, Optikos, JWPowell, Thumperward, RomaC, Nberger, DHN- bot, Xeriandros, Darth Panda, Veggies, Joshchicko, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, GBWallenstein, NoahElhardt, OOODDD, JonHarder, Ww2censor, Rrburke, Edivorce, Pax85, Stevenmitchell, Huon, JasonAllen, Mistico, Aldaron, Jfreyre, Cybercobra, Khukri, Sokrat3000, Bigturtle, Fullstop, Kntrabssi, Thunk, Kismetmagic, PatrickA, Toktok, Wybot, Hank chapot, Kendrick7, N Shar, Michael David, Sashato- Bot, Lambiam, Fertuno, Nishkid64, LtPowers, Gloriamarie, Khazar, Ian Spackman, Shlomke, IronGargoyle, Ben Moore, Ex nihil, Salzman, Freder1ck, Interlingua, Deepak D'Souza, AdultSwim, Br Alexis Bugnolo, MTSbot, RMHED, Bwpach, Hu12, SimonD, Pos- sum, Ambadale, HelloAnnyong, Iridescent, JMK, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jason7825, Twas Now, Igoldste, Shoshonna, Mishatx, Zertif, Taram, Gil Gamesh, Adambiswanger1, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, SeanMD80, Daedalus969, JForget, Keller, Fetofsbot2, Sleep- ing123, Ale jrb, 5-HT8, Drinibot, JohnGHissong, Whittsnake, NickW557, El aprendelenguas, MAlanH, Sushi08241982, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Uhgreen, Reywas92, Besieged, Aristophanes68, Mato, DrunkenSmurf, Gogo Dodo, STV0726, Ondioline, Ttiotsw, Bazzargh, Studerby, Irendraca, DumbBOT, Anpetu-We, Omicronpersei8, Gimmetrow, Mamalujo, Mombas, BetacommandBot, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Qwyrxian, Fourchette, Yozef, Misterwikkers, Mojo Hand, Marek69, John254, Verica Atrebatum, NorwegianBlue, James086, Tellyaddict, Aericanwizard, NigelR, Grayshi, Escarbot, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Brian0324, Lyric- mac, Tjmayerinsf, Gerard Mulholland, Iamlondon, Politicaljunkie23, Storkk, Figma, Golgofrinchian, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, MER-C, Sko- morokh, Hello32020, Hut 8.5, Cynwolfe, Bencherlite, Meeples, Dapsv, Magioladitis, Connormah, VoABot II, Tirolion, JamesBWatson, Kohl, Tedickey, Leeborkman, Bubba hotep, Mwalimu59, Culverin, Maniwar, Readeraml86, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Mike Sear- son, [email protected], Allstarecho, Gerry D, DerHexer, Edward321, Dark hyena, Edton, Hintswen, Kkrystian, Gwern, Riccardobot, Jyrejoice, Neonblak, MartinBot, Phantomsnake, STBot, Rettetast, Sport woman, Kostisl, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, BONGU SEAN, Johnpacklambert, Lilac Soul, Deadacolyte, Paranomia, J.delanoy, Brian Joseph Morgan, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Trusilver, Big- face2, BillWSmithJr, Hans Dunkelberg, Dbiel, Libroman, MikeTheActuary, Joprotus, Ans-mo, Puccadolls, Salih, PVani5785, Ncmvo- calist, Skier Dude, Jayden54, Bewareofdog, JayJasper, Rocket71048576, Gabr-el, AntiSpamBot, Floaterfluss, BloodShard, NewEng- landYankee, SJP, Poppynim, Kraftlos, Glendalough, Biglovinb, Shoessss, Haveatay, Juliancolton, STBotD, FuegoFish, Equazcion, Vanished user 39948282, GuyDoe, Ja 62, Andy Marchbanks, Trent31, Digglern, Idioma-bot, Lights, Vranak, Benjicharlton, 28bytes, VolkovBot, Morenooso, Pierotti.gubbio, CWii, Jennavecia, Centreofclassicrock, VasilievVV, TheOtherJesse, Dominics Fire, Philip Trueman, TXiKi- BoT, Berthold Werner, Thmazing, Dickstracke, Whatbrains?, Oxfordwang, John Carter, DennyColt, JhsBot, Broadbot, Buddhipriya, Jack- fork, Drex15, Figureskatingfan, XParadigm777x, Bearian, Brotherdon, Katimawan2005, Mwilso24, Billinghurst, Pvtchauncey, Reissja, Cantiorix, Joseph A. 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Rameshngbot, Calmer Waters, Tomcat7, RedBot, Not Nobody, Ribus88, E-Soter, Arfaz, ActivExpression, Irbisgreif, JVTolan, Raven- tounge, Kgrad, Greco22, Theoffice89, Lotje, Renatash, Red Denim, Vrenator, Dorshil, Aiken drum, Jeffrd10, Ridiculus mus, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, the , DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Baxter885, Searchingwikirocks, Kamboligi, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, Esoglou, EmausBot, 1984perry, Gfoley4, Ajraddatz, Paduaservice, Super48paul, GoingBatty, RA0808, Gimmetoo, Solarra, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Cupidvogel, Paulfunkyfood, Fæ, Shuipzv3, Imadjafar, A930913, Jonathandoering, Rails, Cymru.lass, NGPriest, Wayne Slam, OnePt618, Tolly4bolly, Lev23, IGeMiNix, Brandmeister, Sahimrobot, L Kensington, Donner60, Chewings72, Frognick, ChuispastonBot, ClamDip, EdoBot, Jlknapp, Sven Manguard, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Grottolese, Happyman4, CKompon, Ben542442444, Stephenbloomington, RajaNeela1993, Vaderkenobifan, Muon, Braincricket, O.Koslowski, ScottSteiner, Fruityjuice21, Mannanan51, Widr, Urharec, Bensmithiamright, Theopolisme, Helpful Pixie Bot, Qowieury, Beanoboy22, Titodutta, Calidum, DBigXray, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Patrug, Hallows AG, Planetary Chaos Redux, Brieelise, Joshua.nohra, Sodaant, Criver, Risingstar12, Jfhutson, Hlk90362, Dchowdhury66, Klilidiplomus, Red Rose 13, Lukey-123, Polaris18, BattyBot, Noblessrai, Lukas²³, Riley Huntley, Octopus12, Griot- de, ChrisGualtieri, Kleshty, Gdfusion, SD5bot, ValWelbanks, Tahc, Dexbot, Btellam, TheDevilsPuppy, Webclient101, Francisofmconv, Cerabot, Charlesraynor, Charles Rayner Kelly, TopazStar, Sheacole, Sponsel, Messijr, Lugia2453, QvisDevs, VIAFbot, Frosty, Boogie- man12, Nickorocko99, Lordfraza, Maniesansdelire, Dg123456789, LimosaCorel, Red-eyed demon, CsDix, MedussaHead123, Onina- tortay, Michipedian, TRGUY, Drevis, Thornsie, Gnuckx, Jinkinson, Kiddjm, NotNobody21, RossBragdon, Ugog Nizdast, Bionisam, Ginsuloft, Quenhitran, Internuncio, Kahtar, MagicatthemovieS, Bddulli, Nyashinski, St170e, Vieque, Trackteur, 69lover123, Klabis, Dion.andwill, Fist Coltaine, Tadekpstrag, Yolanter and Anonymous: 1427

15.2 Images

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• File:Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/84/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Giotto • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Habito_de_s_francisco.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Habito_de_s_francisco.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tetraktys • File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Creator:Hildegard von Bingen • File:Josep_Benlliure_Gil43.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Josep_Benlliure_Gil43.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.pjvofm.org/75imag/02/1/43.php Original artist: José Benlliure y Gil • File:Kruis_san_damiano.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Kruis_san_damiano.gif License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.hyvinkaanseurakunta.fi/filebank/376-Risti_6_B.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Legend_of_St._Francis_ by_Giotto.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: PHGCOM • File:Monstrans2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Monstrans2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: Originally from nl.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Broederhugo at nl.wikipedia • File:Nicaea_icon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: [1],[2] Original artist: Unknown • File:Saint_Francis_statue_in_garden.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Saint_Francis_statue_in_ garden.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Sassetta_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Sassetta_001.jpg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Stefano di Giovanni • File:St._Francis_Abbey_(8239701870).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/St._Francis_Abbey_ %288239701870%29.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: St. Francis Abbey Original artist: psyberartist • File:St_Francis_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/St_Francis_2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Weglinde • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: e3000 • File:Traslación_de_San_Francisco_de_Asís,_de_Benet_Mercadé.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/ 78/Traslaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs%2C_de_Benet_Mercad%C3%A9.jpg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Museo Nacional del Prado. Galería online: Traslación de San Francisco de Asís. Orig- inal artist: Benet Mercadé • File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al. • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: ? Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky • File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

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