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Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771): Una Mirada a Los Orígenes Del Pensa- Miento Anatomoclínico Es Un Trabajo Original

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Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771): Una Mirada a Los Orígenes Del Pensa- Miento Anatomoclínico Es Un Trabajo Original José Antonio GIMÉNEZ MAS Ángel ESCOBAR CHICO Elena DEL VALLE SÁNCHEZ GIAMBATTISTA (1682-1771) Una mirada a los orígenes del pensamiento anatomoclínico Incluye texto y traducción anotada del prefacio del De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (1761) SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA Madrid, 2013 GIAMBATTISTA (1682-1771) Una mirada a los orígenes del pensamiento anatomoclínico José Antonio GIMÉNEZ MAS Ángel ESCOBAR CHICO Elena DEL VALLE SÁNCHEZ GIAMBATTISTA (1682-1771) Una mirada a los orígenes del pensamiento anatomoclínico Incluye texto y traducción anotada del prefacio del De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (1761) SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA Madrid, 2013 Cubierta: Elementos decorativos extraídos de la primera edición del De sedibus et causis de Morgagni, publicada en Venecia, 1761 (p. XVI, cubierta, p. XVIII y p. 5, respectivamente; ejemplar de ©Madrid, Biblioteca Histórica de la Universidad Complutense, sign. BH FG 1102). Imagen de anteportada (lámina 1): Morgagni en 1761, según el grabado de Giovanni Volpato (al. Jean Renard) en el primer volumen de la princeps del De sedibus et causis (ejemplar de ©Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Inventar-Nr. 34/171). Edita: Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica Autores: José Antonio Giménez Mas Médico especialista en Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet Ángel Escobar Chico Profesor de Filología Latina. Universidad de Zaragoza Elena del Valle Sánchez Médico especialista en Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet Imprime: ARPIrelieve, S. A. D. L.: M-14.464-2013 Edición no venal ÍNDICE Presentación, por Ricardo GONZÁLEZ CÁMPORA ........................................ 7 Prólogo, por Horacio OLIVA ALDAMIZ ........................................................ 9 1. Introducción........................................................................................ 11 2. Giambattista Morgagni: esbozo biográfico ........................................... 17 3. Un humanista ilustrado ....................................................................... 23 3.1. Poeta entre cadáveres................................................................... 23 3.2. De la Antigüedad a la Ilustración, y viceversa ............................. 29 3.3. Entre la humildad y la fama ......................................................... 38 4. Un médico de la evidencia.................................................................. 45 4.1. Ars anatomica ............................................................................. 45 4.2. De la Patología de los órganos a la Patología de las moléculas ... 49 4.3. Entre colegas y demás adversarios.............................................. 55 5. Un autor entre la tradición y la modernidad........................................ 57 5.1. De los Adversaria anatomica al De sedibus et causis.................... 57 5.2. Sedes et causae: razones de un título ........................................... 59 5.3. El prefacio al De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (1761) ......................................................................... 63 5.3.1. Introducción...................................................................... 63 5.3.2. Texto y traducción anotada ............................................... 88 6. Summary .......................................................................................... 131 7. Bibliografía ......................................................................................... 133 Índice de láminas..................................................................................... 145 Índice de nombres propios ....................................................................... 147 PRESENTACIÓN La Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica, en su afán por difundir los orígenes y el desarrollo de nuestra disciplina, viene reeditando y publicando li- bros y artículos de singular interés. El objetivo fundamental es que las nuevas generaciones de patólogos conozcan cómo se ha desarrollado la medicina a lo largo de la historia, así como la importancia decisiva de los patólogos en la evo- lución conceptual de la enfermedad. Estas publicaciones bianuales coinciden con la celebración del congreso nacional y su difusión es gratuita, gracias a la amable generosidad tanto de los autores como de los patrocinadores. Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771): una mirada a los orígenes del pensa- miento anatomoclínico es un trabajo original. Recoge un esbozo de la vida de Morgagni y un análisis profundo de su obra y de las circunstancias en que se desarrolló, así como la traducción, por primera vez al español, del prefacio de su obra magna, el De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (1761). Morgagni expone en este preámbulo las razones principales del tratado, su jus- tificación en forma de epístolas a un joven imaginario y la procedencia de los materiales. Explica también la distribución en cinco libros con sus respectivos prefacios y dedicatorias a las sociedades científicas a las que pertenecía y aboga por la necesidad de índices. Pero, sobre todo, analiza los méritos y deficiencias del Sepulchretum sive anatomia practica de Teófilo Bonet, obra que determinó en buena parte su De sedibus et causis. La aparición de esta obra marcó el inicio de la medicina moderna y fue un punto de inflexión importante en el desarrollo de los conceptos patológicos. Mor- gagni inició la ruptura con la medicina clásica, basada en la teoría hipocrática y galénica de los humores, y abrió las puertas a una medicina cimentada en la investigación anatómica y en la correlación anatomoclínica, aspectos que tími- damente habían sido esbozados previamente por Antonio Benivieni en su obra póstuma De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis (1507). Por tanto, y teniendo en cuenta además las numerosas aportaciones realizadas en el campo de la patología, existen suficientes razones para considerar a Mor- gagni como el verdadero fundador de la Anatomía Patológica, como muy bien señaló Virchow. — 7 — La importancia de la obra de Morgagni justifica su recuerdo permanente. Baste señalar el reciente Anno Morgagnano (2011-2012), efeméride encaminada a celebrar el 250 aniversario de la publicación de su obra magna y los 300 años de su lección inaugural Nova institutionum medicarum idea, medicum profec - tissimum adumbrans (1712), organizado en la propia Universidad de Padua, lugar donde pasó prácticamente toda su prolongada vida académica. Allí escribió su extensa y variada obra, que no se limitó sólo a estudios anatómicos y patológicos. Morgagni encarna una mentalidad humanística y universal, acorde con la de los grandes pensadores del XVIII. Desde estas líneas, la Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica quiere agra- decer a los autores de la obra, José Antonio Giménez Mas, Ángel Escobar Chico y Elena del Valle Sánchez, su generosidad por este valiosísimo trabajo y por el enorme esfuerzo realizado para desentrañar y dar a conocer una información tan importante sobre la obra de uno de los autores que más impacto han tenido en el desarrollo de la Medicina. Ricardo GONZÁLEZ CÁMPORA Presidente de la Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica Marzo, 2013 — 8 — PRÓLOGO Cuando Laín construye una historia de la medicina, contempla a aquel hom- bre al que no le basta el mundo de la magia y que busca respuestas en el interior del cuerpo humano porque ha ido comprobando junto a las similitudes de los ór- ganos demasiadas diferencias estructurales. Comienza así la etapa orgánica de dicha historia progresivamente ampliada ante tantas masas que comprimen o in- filtran, tantas cavidades unidas por conductos improvisados y sinuosos y tantos espacios encharcados. Comienza así la fase histórica que habría de caracterizarse por que la lesión anatómica constituye un hallazgo de autopsia. Hasta que un día un hombre, Morgagni, considera esa lesión anatómica como el fundamento del saber clínico. No se trata de un hombre que surge por gene- ración espontánea sino de un sabio que aparece formando parte de una larga ca- dena de curiosos inconformistas que partieron de Benivieni, sobre la base de que “las autopsias eran incindidas, no disecadas”. Son en sentido vertical Mal- pigio, su discípulo Valsalva, su discípulo Morgagni, su discípulo Scarpa, su dis- cípulo Luigi Calza, aunque este último era obstetra. La SEAP se ha constituido en una sociedad científica consolidada, cuyo pre- sidente, el Profesor González Cámpora, ya escribió una esclarecedora monografía sobre la historia de la Anatomía Patológica en Sevilla. Ahora la Sociedad llega a su madurez apoyándose en la tradición y en la innovación por lo que lo mismo organiza eventos sobre los anticuerpos monoclonales y los genes que se desdo- blan o se alían, que patrocina un libro tan atractivo como éste, donde los tres autores, José Antonio Giménez Mas, Ángel Escobar Chico y Elena del Valle Sán- chez, el primero y la tercera patólogos y el segundo filólogo latino, haciendo honor a la institución donde trabajan no han hecho una biografía de Morgagni, sino que han planteado una visión humanista, original, tomando el texto del pre- facio de su libro principal, el De sedibus publicado a los 80 años de edad, tradu- cido muy pronto al italiano, alemán y francés, pero no al español que desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y hasta finales del XVII estaba sumido en un de- primente aislamiento cultural y científico. Como si quisieran pagar parte de la deuda, nuestros autores traducen el pre- facio para introducirse
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