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The Genera of Anguinidae ( Matoda, Tylenchida)

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The genera of Anguinidae ( matoda, Tylenchida) MichaI W. BRZESKI Insfyfuf War~yumicfztra, 96-100 Skierniemice, Poland. SUMMARY The family Anguinidae is redefined ; it includes the genera Anguina Scopoli, 1777 ; Nofhanguincz Whitehead, 1959 ; Afrinn g. 11. ; Orrina g. n. ; Subunguina Paramonov, 1968 ; Difylenchzzs Filipjev, 1936 ; Nofhofylenchus Thorne, 1941, and Dipfenchzzs Khan, Chawla & Seshadri, 1969. Parangzzinu Kirjanova, 1955 and Cynipcznguincz Maggenti, Hart & Paxman, 1974 are synonymised wit.h Angzzinn. Les genres de la famille des Anguinidne (Netnafoda : Tylenchida) L’auteur redéfinit la famille des Angzzinidae ; celle-ci comprend les genres Anguina Scopoli, 1777, Noflzangzzinn Whitehead, 1959, Afrina g. nov., Orrina g. nov., Szzbanguina Paramonov, 1968, Dif~lenchzzs Filipjev, 1936, Nofhofylenchus Thorne, 1941, et. Dipfenchus Khan, Chawla 62 Seshadri, 1969. Paranguznn Kirjanova, 1955 et Cynipanguina Maggenti, Hart & Paxman, 1974 sont c.onsidérés comme synonymes mineurs d’Anguinn. Anguinn poophila Kirjanova, 1952 est synonymisé avec A. ngrosfis Steinbuch, 1799. Nofhtrngzzinn cecidoplasfes Goodey, 1934 est. la seule espèce retenue dans le genre Nofhanguina. Nofhangzzina phyllobin Thorne, 1934 devient l’espèce type d’Orrina g. nov. Afrinn g. nov. comprend A. hypnrrheniae (Corbett, 1966) comb. nov. et A. fzzmefczciens (Cobb, 1932) comb. nov. Dix-sept espkces appartenant aux genres dngzzina ou Paranguinu sont. transférées au genre Szzbanguina. A l’int&ieur des Anguinidae la complexité de la structure de la gonade femelle parait être en relation avec le degré d’adaptat,ion au parasitisme. Paramonov (1962) considered t!he Anguininae and Ditylenchus when they regarded Subanguina a subfamily of Tylenchidae, and c.haracterised as synonymous with Anguina. In 1974, the new this subfamily by the large number of oogonia genus Cynipanguina Maggenti, Hart & Paxman, and sexual dimorphism. He included the genera 1974, was proposed. Anguina Scopoli, 1777, Paranguina Kirjanova, Siddiqi (1971) recognised the subfamilies 1955, and Nothnnguina Whitehead, 1959. Later Anguininae, Pseudhalenchinae and Syc.hnot,y- on, the genus Subangnina Paramonov, 1968, chinae within t.he Anguinidae. However, Geraert was added. While recognising close afflnities and Kheiri (1970) studied the two known species between Anguina and Dit,ylenchus Filipjev, 1936, of PseudhaZenchus Tarjan, 1958, and found that Paramonov (1962, 1970) placed the latter in P. nzinutus, t.he type species, is closer to Tylen- Tylenchinae. Wu (1967) found it difflcult to chus Bastian, 1865 s. 1. than to Ditylcnchrzs. separate these two genera and redefined both Golden [1971) proposed the new subfamily on the basis of t,he length of crustaformeria in Ditylenchinae to ac.comodate Ditylenchus, Pserrd- relation to the length of spermatheca. Choi and halenchus and Diptenchus, while in the Angui- Loof (1973) also discussed the status of Anguina ninae he included Anguina, Paranguina and Revue Nématol. 4 (1) : 23-34 (1981) 23 fil. W. Brzeski Subanguina. This ha s not been rec.ognised by prot.ruded. A few tightly packed cells always Hooper (1978) who synonymised Anguininae present, between uterine sac and crustaformerja. and Ditylenchinae. Crust,aformeria of the genera least adapted to Sumenkova (1975) and Geraert (1976) stated parasitism is in t.he form of quadricolumella : that Nofhofyknchus Thorne, 1941 is probably four rows of cells with four cells per row. The synonymous wit.11 Difylenchus, although they evolution toward parasit.ism is marked by belong to different superfamilies. imrease in the number of çells in t.he crusta- In order to resolve the above confusion, formeria ; the greatest development occurs in extensive studies have been made of these Anguina and Nofhangzzinn where it is a multi- groups and especially of Anguinu s. 1. nuc1eat.e tube. Spermatheca axial. Oogonia may be arranged in tandem wit,h few cells in circum- ference, or with many c.ells in c.ircumference. In Family Anguinidae Nicoll, 1935 t.he last case the rachis is probably present. Male with paired spicules, (an aberrant male GENERAL MORPHOLOCX of Su banguina. picridis had three spic,ules). Gubernaculum not protrusible. Bursa usually The cuticle of members of this family lias envelops most of the tail. Testis similar in delicate t.ransverse annulat,ions and no longi- st.ruct.ure to ovary. Sperm rounded. t,udinal lines were observed. Lateral field of the genera Difylenchus, Nofhofylenchzzs and Dipfen- DIAGNOSIS : Tylenchoidea. Cuticle delicately clous Khan, Chawla 3t Seshadri, 1969, bas four annulated. Deirids usually present, phasmids not to six incisures. The number of incisures on observed. Amphidial apertures pore-like, labial. swollen adults of the remaining genera was Stylet short, weakly developed. Cephalic skele- impossible t,o Count.. t.on not or weakly sclerotizecl. Median bulb Stylet is thin and small, wit,h the conus usually present. or absent., with or w&hout. refrac.tive shorter than t.he shaft. In some Anguina species t.hickenings. Cardia lacking, anterior intestinal the conus may be slightly bent. Knobs small. c.ells hyaline. Female gonad prodelphic, sperma- Cephalic skeleton weakly developed. Stylet theca axial, wit,h a sphinc.ter between uterine sac protract.ors attac.hed to the knobs and t.he basa1 and crustaformeria. Tail of bath sexes conoid. plate of t.he skelet.on. Bursa envelops most. of t.he tail. Oesophageal median bulb with or wit,hout ‘ refract,ive thickenings. Terminal bulb may be offset, slightly overlap int.estine on. dorsal side, SYNONYMS : Nothotylenchinae Thorne, 1941, or form a dist,inct lobe. The swollen adult,s of s. n., Dit,ylenchinae Golden, 1971. some genera may bave irregularly shaped terminal bulb. Sometimes secretions of dorsal oesophageal gland may accumulate in isthmus TYPE GENUS or proc.orpus giving the appearance of a “storage Anguina Sc.opoli, 1777 organ” (Thorne, 1961). However, this depends on t.he physiological activity of a spec.imen and = Purungzzinn Kirjanova, 1955, s. nov. cannot be considered as a taxonomie character. = Cynipanguina Maggenti, Hart R: Paxman Isthmus may be offset from terminal bulb by 1974, s. nov. deep constriction. Cardia absent and ant,erior OTHER GENERA intestinal c.ells hyaline. Female reproduct.ive system proclelphic ; post.- Nofhanguina Whitehead, 1959 ulerine sac. present, rarely absent.. The few cells Afrina g. nov. usually present in posterior branc.h of the repro- Orrina g. nov. ductive system are remnants of an ancestral Szzba.ngzzina Paramonov, 1965 paired gonad. One female of Angzzinn fritici Difylenchus Filipjev, 1936 was seen wit.h a long posterior gonad, but Nofhofylenchzrs Thorne, 1941 without. a spermatheca. Vulval lips may be Dipfenchzzs Iihan, Chawla & Se§hadri, 1969 24 Revzza Némwfol. 4 (1) : 23-36 (1981) Genera of Anguinidae The proposed diagnosis limits the Anguinidae by a constriction. C&staformeria, a long multi- to the genera with labial amphids, no cardia, nucleate tube composed of more or less hexag- an axial spermat,heca, and with a sphincter onal cells. Ovary with many oogonia in circum- between uterine sac, and c.rustaformeria. Pres- ference. Testes usually with two flexures. Bursa ence or absence of refrac.tive thic.kenings in enclose most of the t,ail, except the tip. Form median bulb is considered at present as a generic. galls on stems, leaves ancl/or inflorescences of character. Therefore, the subfamily Nothoty- grasses, A. balsamophila is an exception, lenchinae is synonymised with Anguinidae, and infesting a dicot,yledon. Nothotylenchzzs is inc.luded in the lat.ter family. The taxonomie position of other genera of Not.hot.ylenchidae should be furt.her inves- TYPE SPECIES tigated. 1 share the opinions of Sumenkova A. trifici (Steinbuch, 1799) Chitwood, 1935 (1975) and Geraert (1976) t.hat Ditylenchus and Notholyler&us may be identical. However, both . certainly need more work and regrouping, and OTHER SPECIES 1 prefer not to propose any change at this time. A. agropyri Kirjanova, 1955 ’ = Paranguina agropyri Kirjanova, 1955 KEY TO THE GENERA OF ANGUINIDAE A. agropyronifloris Norton, 1965 A. agrostis (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 1. Gonads with many cells in circumference . 2 Gonads with one or two cells in circumference . 4 = A. poophila Kirjanova, 1952, s. nov. 2. Mrdian bulb large, with refract.ive thickenings . 3 A. amsinckiae (Steiner & Sc.ott, 1935) Thorne, Median bulb fusiform, without thickening . Nothanyuina 1961 3. Crustaformeria a long multinucleate tube ; no A. australis Steiner, 1940 muc.ro at tail tip. Anguina Crustaformeria as four rows of uells, fourteen cells A. balsamophila (Thorne, 1926) Filipjev, 1936 in a row ; tail tip with mucro . Afrina A. danthoniae (Maggenti, Hart & Paxman, 4. hIedian bulb with refrac.tive thickenings . 5 1974) comb. nov. No refractive thickening in oesophageal lumen 7 5. Crustaformeria as quadricolumella . 6 = Cynipanguina danthoniae Maggenti, Hart Crustaformeria as four rows of ~Ils, eight to twelve L% Paxman, 1974 cellsinürow . Su banguina A. fzznesta Price, Fisher & Kerr, 1979 6. Posterior uterine sac present ; vagina perpendicular to the body axis . Difylenchus A. graminis (Hardy, 1850) Filipjev, 1936 No posterior uterine sac ; vagina oblique to the body axis . , . , . Dipfenchus A. microlaenae [Fawcett, 1938) Steiner, 1940 7. Median bulb fusiform ; oesophageal glands in a Pa.ranguina and Cynipanguina are synony- terminal bulb offset from intestine . Nofhotylenchzzs mised with Angzzina bec.ause studies of type Rledian bulb absent ; oesophageal glands in
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    Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.91-98 International Journal of Nematology June, 2010 Occurrence and distribution of nematodes in Idaho crops Saad L. Hafez*, P. Sundararaj*, Zafar A. Handoo** and M. Rafiq Siddiqi*** *University of Idaho, 29603 U of I Lane, Parma, Idaho 83660, USA **USDA-ARS-Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA ***Nematode Taxonomy Laboratory, 24 Brantwood Road, Luton, LU1 1JJ, England, UK E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Surveys were conducted in Idaho, USA during the 2000-2006 cropping seasons to study the occurrence, population density, host association and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with major crops, grasses and weeds. Eighty-four species and 43 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were recorded in soil samples from 29 crops in 20 counties in Idaho. Among them, 36 species are new records in this region. The highest number of species belonged to the genus Pratylenchus; P. neglectus was the predominant species among all species of the identified genera. Among the endoparasitic nematodes, the highest percentage of occurrence was Pratylenchus (29.7) followed by Meloidogyne (4.4) and Heterodera (3.4). Among the ectoparasitic nematodes, Helicotylenchus was predominant (8.3) followed by Mesocriconema (5.0) and Tylenchorhynchus (4.8). Keywords. Distribution, Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Idaho, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, population density, potato, Pratylenchus, survey, Tylenchorhynchus, USA. INTRODUCTION and cropping systems in Idaho are highly conducive for nematode multiplication. Information concerning the revious reports have described the association of occurrence and distribution of nematodes in Idaho is plant-parasitic nematode species associated with important to assess their potential to cause economic damage P several crops in the Pacific Northwest (Golden et al., to many crop plants.
  • Biology and Control of the Anguinid Nematode

    Biology and Control of the Anguinid Nematode

    BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE AIIGTIINID NEMATODE ASSOCIATED WITH F'LOOD PLAIN STAGGERS by TERRY B.ERTOZZI (B.Sc. (Hons Zool.), University of Adelaide) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Adelaide (School of Agriculture and Wine) September 2003 Table of Contents Title Table of contents.... Summary Statement..... Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction ... Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.I Introduction.. 4 2.2 The 8acterium................ 4 2.2.I Taxonomic status..' 4 2.2.2 The toxins and toxin production.... 6 2.2.3 Symptoms of poisoning................. 7 2.2.4 Association with nematodes .......... 9 2.3 Nematodes of the genus Anguina 10 2.3.1 Taxonomy and sYstematics 10 2.3.2 Life cycle 13 2.4 Management 15 2.4.1 Identifi cation...................'..... 16 2.4.2 Agronomicmethods t6 2.4.3 FungalAntagonists l7 2.4.4 Other strategies 19 2.5 Conclusions 20 Chapter 3 General Methods 3.1 Field sites... 22 3.2 Collection and storage of Polypogon monspeliensis and Agrostis avenaceø seed 23 3.3 Surface sterilisation and germination of seed 23 3.4 Collection and storage of nematode galls .'.'.'.....'.....' 24 3.5 Ext¡action ofjuvenile nematodes from galls 24 3.6 Counting nematodes 24 3.7 Pot experiments............. 24 Chapter 4 Distribution of Flood Plain Staggers 4.1 lntroduction 26 4.2 Materials and Methods..............'.. 27 4.2.1 Survey of Murray River flood plains......... 27 4.2.2 Survey of southeastern South Australia .... 28 4.2.3 Surveys of northern New South Wales...... 28 4.3 Results 29 4.3.1 Survey of Murray River flood plains...
  • Ditylenchus Dipsaci, from Eastern Canada

    Ditylenchus Dipsaci, from Eastern Canada

    Host range and genetic characterization of the stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, from Eastern Canada By Sandra Poirier Student ID: 260751029 Department of Plant Science McGill University Montreal Quebec, Canada October 2018 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master in Plant Science © Sandra Poirier 2018 Table of content List of figures ...................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ........................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 6 Résumé ................................................................................................................................ 8 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 10 Contribution of Authors .................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Literature review ............................................................................................. 14 2.1. Ditylenchus dipsaci ...........................................................................................