Sujet Etude Des Différentes Biotechniques D'extraction

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Sujet Etude Des Différentes Biotechniques D'extraction N° d’ordre : 07/2016-M/GP République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene Faculté de Génie Mécanique et de Génie des Procédés MEMOIRE Présenté pour l’obtention du diplôme de Magister En : GENIE DES PROCEDES Spécialité : Technologie Pharmaceutique Par : Haciane Yamina Sujet Etude des différentes biotechniques d’extraction des molécules à partir de fractions volatiles et polyphénoliques issues des matrices végétales Soutenu publiquement le 29/06/2016 devant le jury proposé de : M K.Daoud Professeur à l’USTHB Président M F.Benkaci-Ali Professeur à l’USTHB Directeur de mémoire Mme H.Moghrani Maitre de conférence/A à l’USTHB Examinatrice M N.Nasrellah Maitre de conférence/A à l’USTHB Examinateur M R.Yafssah Docteur chercheur à CRNA Invité REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Dieu de m’avoir prêté vie, santé et volonté pour achever ce travail. Je remercie vivement mon promoteur Mr F.BENKACI-ALI, de m’avoir confié ce sujet, et de l’aide précieuse qu’il m’a toujours apportée. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma sincère reconnaissance. Mes sincères remerciements accompagnés de vive reconnaissance vont au personnel du Laboratoire d’Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle de l’Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, du Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d’Alger (CRNA) implanté à Tilimly, de l’Institut Pasteur et d’HURBAL. Qu’ils trouvent ici le témoignage de ma profonde gratitude pour avoir mis à notre disposition les différents appareils de leur laboratoire. Je remercie plus particulièrement Mr YEFSAH RABAH (CRNA), Mr KEZZAL SALIM (IPA),MmeKHADIDJA(IPA),Mr RACHID (IPA),Mme HAKEM KARIMA ,Mme OUTOUDERT HAKIMA , Mme ZOHRA LABCHERIE , Mme TAMACHE ZINA, Mr KASDI BOUALEM, Mme LATIFA KHETTOU , Mme NASSIMA DOUKHANDJI , Mme CHEMANI MALIKA , Mr KAMEL FERRAH , Mme SAIDA FERRAH , Mme ANIA BABOU , Mr MOUHAMED OUTOUDERT, Mme SOUAD LAZAZI , Mme HAMIDA BENSAFIA , Mme BENNASSER AICHA , Mme TCHOUK F/ZOHRA , Mme NABI MALIKA , Mme BOUGUERNINE SAFIA, Mme FARIDA , Mme RAJA MECAOUI(LAOF) et Mme ZAHIA (LAOF). Mes remerciements les plus sincères à Mr MEZIANE SAID et Mme KRIMICHE IMENE pour l’aide qu’ils m’ont apportée. Je remercie vivement les membres du jury : Mr K. DAOUD, Mr N. NESRALLAH, Mme H. MOGHRANI et R.YEFSAH qui nous ont fait l’honneur d’examiner ce travail. Je remercie mes parents de m’avoir élevée, instruite, pour tous leurs sacrifices ….les mots s’épuisent sans doute, mais vous comprendrez que tout un univers de paroles ne pourrait suffire pour vous dire merci, et à tous ceux qui ont contribué de prés ou de loin à ma réussite MERCI. DEDICACES Je dédie humblement ce travail A mes chers parents Mr SAID et Mme NOURA A mon époux NAFAA MEZIANE et ma fille FARAH A ma sœur SABRINA et son époux BILAL et leurs enfants ABD EL HADI et NIHAD A mon frère ABD EL AZIZ et ma sœur SALMA Ames grands parents Mr HASSAN et Mme WARDIA A mes beaux parents Mr SAID et Mme KHEIRA A mon beau frère MAJID et sa femme IMENE et leurs enfants SAID et YACINE A ma belle sœur YOUNA et son époux BOUMEDIENE et leur fis ILYES A mon beau frère TAHAR A toute la famille HACIANE et MEZIANE A tous mes amis sans exception A tous ceux qui m’ont aidé de près ou de loin pour élaborer ce travail LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS HE : huile essentielle Qte : quantité P. cubéba :Piper cubéba HC : hydrodistillation classique HD-MO : hydrodistillation assistée par micro-onde HD-MO -SV: hydrodistillation assistée par micro-onde sous vide HS-SPME: Head Solide Phase Micro-Extraction t : temps tf : temps finale s : seconde min : minute h :heure P : pression l:litre g :gramme BC : broyage cryogénique BS : broyage simple R : rendement W :watt γ :gamma kGy :kilo gry GC : Chromatographie en phase gazeuse GC/MS : Chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse KI : Indice de rétention calculé selon Van Den Dool ref : Référence DO :Densité optique CMI : concentration minimale inhibitrice ADN : L'acide désoxyribonucléique ARN : L'acide ribonucléique Glossaire • les antalgiques, qui ont pour rôle de diminuer la douleur, et les analgésiques, qui suppriment la sensibilité à la douleur. • La dysenterie est une maladie infectieuse du côlon chez l’humain, qui peut être grave, aiguë ou chronique. • L'entérite est l'inflammation de l'intestin grêle. Chez l'homme elle prend la forme d'une gastro-entérite lorsqu'elle est liée à une gastrite. Chez les anatidés elle prend le nom de peste du canard. • Dans la génétique , la génotoxicité décrit la propriété des agents chimiques que les dommages de l'information génétique dans une cellule provoquant des mutations , ce qui peut conduire à un cancer • La glutathion peroxydase (GPx) est une sélénoprotéine ayant fonction d'enzyme, formée de quatre sous-unités contenant chacune un atome de sélénium incorporé dans une molécule de sélénocystéine (dans laquelle le soufre du groupement thiol de la cystéine est remplacé par le sélénium). La glutathion peroxydase est présente dans les liquides extracellulaires et dans les cellules au niveau du cytosol et des mitochondries. Elle assure la transformation des hydroperoxydes organiques, lipidiques notamment, de type ROOH en ROH • La blennorragie ou gonorrhée(aussi appelée familièrement chaude-pisse, chaude- lance, castapiane ou chtouille) est une infection sexuellement transmissible. C'est une infection des organes génito-urinaires, due au gonocoque (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) découvert par Albert Neisser en 1879 dans un pus d’urétrite aiguë et isolé en 1885 par Bumm. Elle fait partie des gonococcies. • Athérosclérose (aussi connu comme la maladie ou ASVD vasculaire artériosclérose) est une forme spécifique de l' artériosclérose dans laquelle une artère -wall épaississe à la suite de l' invasion et de l' accumulation de globules blancs (leucocytes) (cellule de mousse) et la prolifération de l' intima-muscle lisse la création d' une plaque de fibro cellulaire. • Leishmania est un genre de protistes proche des trypanosomes. C'est un parasite des mammifères transmis par la piqure de phlébotomes et responsable d'une maladie, la leishmaniose. Certaines leishmanioses touchent d'autres mammifères que l'homme, et en particulier les canidés, par exemple la leishmaniose canine (en) chez le chien, notamment en Europe autour de la Méditerranée. • En biologie, un mutagène (du latin, littéralement origine de changement) est un agent qui change le génome (en général l'ADN) d'un organisme et élève ainsi le nombre de mutations génétiques au-dessus du taux naturel d'arrière-plan. Les mutagènes sont en général des composés chimiques ou des radiations. Les mutations, en dehors de celles qui affectent les cellules reproductives, ne sont pas inoffensives. Si elles n'induisent pas toutes des cancers, c'est la première étape nécessaire vers la cancérisation. • Les superoxyde dismutases (SOD), sont des métalloprotéines possédant une activité enzymatique: la catalyse de la dismutation du superoxyde en dioxygène et peroxyde d'hydrogène. Pour cette raison, cette enzyme est une partie importante du système de défense contre les radicaux libres. Elle est présente dans presque tous les organismes aérobies. Une des rarissimes exceptions est Lactobacillus plantarum et les Lactobacillus apparentés, qui n'en possèdent pas et utilisent un mécanisme de défense différent. • La syphilis (connue familièrement sous le nom de vérole ou encore de grande vérole par opposition à la variole ou petite vérole) est une infection sexuellement transmissible contagieuse, due à la bactérie tréponème pâle. Elle se manifeste par un chancre initial et par des atteintes viscérales et nerveuses tardives, certaines manifestations survenant plusieurs années après la contamination. L'évolution de la maladie se fait donc en stades successifs, classiquement trois, aujourd'hui différenciée entre stade précoce et tardif. • Les tanins sont des substances naturelles phénoliques qui peuvent précipiter les protéines à partir de leurs solutions aqueuses. Ce sont des métabolites secondaires des plantes supérieures que l'on trouve dans pratiquement toutes les parties des végétaux (écorces, racines, feuilles, fruits, etc.) où ils jouent le rôle d'armes chimiques défensives contre certains parasites. Sur le plan chimique, ils sont constitués soit de polyol (glucose le plus souvent), ou de catéchine ou de triterpénoïde auquel sont attachés des unités galloyles (ou leurs dérivés) soit d'oligomères ou polymères de flavanols. • IC50 : La concentration inhibitrice médiane (CI50) est une mesure de l'efficacité d'un composé donné pour inhiber une fonction biologique ou biochimique spécifique. Souvent, le composé en question est un éventuel médicament. Cette mesure quantitative indique quelle quantité d'un médicament ou d'une autre substance (inhibiteur) est nécessaire pour inhiber à moitié un processus biologique donné (ou un élément d'un processus, par exemple une enzyme, un paramètre cellulaire, un récepteur cellulaire ou un microorganisme. En d'autres termes, c'est la demi (50 %) concentration inhibitrice (CI) d'une substance (CI à 50 %, ou CI50). Elle est couramment utilisée en tant que mesure de l'efficacité d'un médicament antagoniste en recherche pharmacologique. Selon la FDA, la CI50 représente la concentration d'un médicament qui est requise pour une inhibition à 50 % in vitro. Elle est comparable à la CE50 pour les médicaments agonistes. La CE50 représente aussi la concentration plasmatique nécessaire pour obtenir 50 % d'un effet maximal in vivo. • En chimie, l’adsorption, à ne pas confondre avec l’absorption, est un phénomène de surface par lequel des atomes ou des molécules de gaz ou de liquides (adsorbats) se fixent sur une surface solide (adsorbant) selon divers processus plus ou moins intenses comme les interactions de Van der Waals ou les interactions dipolaires. Un atome adsorbé est un adatome. Ce phénomène a une très grande importance dans l’évolution de nombreuses réactions chimiques. • L’absorption est un phénomène ou processus physique et chimique dans lequel des atomes, molécules ou ions pénètrent dans une phase gazeuse, liquide ou solide.
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