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WSN 45(2) (2016) 307-330 EISSN 2392-2192

Lignicolous Macro Fungi from Gujarat, India

Praveen Kumar Nagadesi1,*, Arun Arya2 1Department of Botany, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada - 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara - 390002, Gujarat, India *E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The state of Gujarat is well known for its contrasting eco-regions such as moist deciduous forests and deserts. The documentation of Lignicolous fungal diversity of Gujarat state was started in 19th century by different scientist. Detailed fungal diversity study was started in 2003 from different parts of Gujarat to identify the lignicolous fungi that destroy wood logs in different forests. During these studies we noticed a great lacuna in fungal diversity of lignicolous fungi occurring in Gujarat. Here we provide, for the first time, lignicolous fungal diversity from timbers of Gujarat state. The survey revealed that the economically important woods present in Gujarat were 14 and locally available common woods were seven. A total of 69 species Lignicolous macro fungi belong to 15 families and 30 general. These wood deteriorating fungi were belonging to the families Xylariaceae, Agaricaceae Coprinaceae, Pleurotaceae Auricularreae, Bondarzewiaceae Ganodermataceae, Shizophyllaceae, Stecherinaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Lachnocladiaceae, Schizoporaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporaceae Stereaceae. All the lignicolous fungi were new to Gujarat, India. For the first time Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. Coprinus plicatilis (Fr.) Fr. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) Quélet, belonging to Agaricales were reported from Gujarat, India. The commonly observed lignicolous fungi on woods belongs to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were Schizophyllum commune, Flavodon flavus, Ganoderma lucidum, Daldinia concentric, Xylaria polymorpha.

Keywords: Macrofungi; Lignicolous, Gujarat; Xylariaceae; Agaricales

World Scientific News 45(2) (2016) 307-330

1. INTRODUCTION

The occurrence and distribution of different Aphyllophoroid Basidiomycetes depends on the type of wood, availability of moisture, temperature, and sun light. It is interesting to note that history of Aphyllophorales is quite old in India. Important contributors are Bose, Sundararaman and Marudarajan, Bakshi and Thind among others. Bose [1] gave a comprehensive account on Indian Polypores collected from Bengal in a series of papers. Sundararaman and Marudarajan [2] also reported several polypores from Madras. Sarbhoy et al [3] listed more than 500 Aphyllophorales. Bakshi [4] published a book on Indian Polyporaceae and Sharma [5] on Hymenochaetaceae of India. Thind [6] explored of mycoflora in Himalayas. He put forth the tissue concept for Indian species of polypore as proposed by Corner. According to available record, Bakshi [4] also reported Polyporus luteo-umbrinus Romell on ground attached to buried wood or root and dead fallen Heritiera minor in Baroda, Gujarat. Wood deteriorating fungi were first collected in Gujarat state in 1992 by S. D. Sabnis and later by Arya in 2004. Sabnis reported Polyporus sp. From Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat. and Arya [7] reported 7 species of fungi from Schoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat i. e. Phallus impudicus L., Cyanthus striatus (Schw.) de Toni, Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Ryv., Lenzites sterioides (Fr.) Ryv., Phellinus nilgheriensis (Mont) Cunn, Trametes cingulata Fr, and T. Varians Van der Bij. The Trametes varians and Lenzites sterioides are new reports to India. Arya et al. [8] reported that Lenzites sterioides was recorded for the first time on T. grandis. Two other polypores Navisporus floccosus and Coriouls aspera were reported for the first time from India. Nagadesi & Arya [9] reported Aurificaria indica var. leucocephala var. nov, and Microporus affinis var. glabriceps var. nov. were described and four species, Fomitopsis cupreorosea, Ganoderma curtisii, Microporus alboater and Phellinus shaferi from Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary (RWLS), Gujarat were new reports for India. Thirty species of lignicolous fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycete are reported from the Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India. The new species are Coriolus versicolor, Coriolopsis gallica, Daedalea quercina, F. resupinate, D. unicplor var. hydnoidea, Fomitopsis rosea, Hypodontia comptopsis and Lenzites betulina. F. varigatum is reported for the first time from India. All the species are new to Gujarat, India [10]. Rotting of Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth. living trees by pathogenic lignicolous fungi like Flavodon flavus (Klotz.) Ryv., Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Fr.) Karst., Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. and Schizophyllum commune Fr. was describe [11]. Taxonomic studies of the genus Phellinus had been extensively done throughout the world by different mycologist [12,13]. P. rubriporus (Phellinus torulosus) was selected by Donk [14] as generic nomenclature type. Then the concept of Phellinus has remained stable. In India Phellinus was studied by Bagchee [15] and Sharma [16]. Fifty three species have been already reported from India [16]. Eighteen species have been reported from Kerala [17]. Lignicolous fungi play a significant role in destruction of forest flora especially wood, litter and living trees. A few species of Phellinus was reported from Gujarat i.e. Phellinus nilgheriensis (Mont.) Cunn [7]. Rotting of Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth. living trees by pathogenic lignicolous fungi like Phellinus badius (Berk.: Cke) Cunn., P. robustus (Karst.) Bourd. & Galz., P. pectinatus (Kl.) Quel., P. hoehnelii (Bres.) Ryv., P. conchatus (Pers.: Fr.) Quel., P. pachyphloeus (Pat.) Pat., P. rhabarbarinus (Berk.) Cunn., P. setulosus

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(Llyod) Imaz., and P. caryophyllii (Racib.) Cunn. was describe [11]. For the first time all lignicolous fungi were recorded from Rajpipla, Gujarat, India. It was interesting to note that in Vadia palace, Rajpipla there are approximately 100 P. ferrugineum trees, out of which 69 plants were infected with pathogenic lignicolous fungi. In Arboretum of Botany Department, M.S. University of Baroda was surveyed, 10 plants were present, and out of that 7 plants were infected. Except P. setulosus which was already reported on P. ferrugineum all other Phellinus spp are new host records [11]. Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. Timber Degrading Fungi belonging to Aphyllophorales are economically important as many of these cause serious damage in sawmills of Gujarat. To find out the association of the timber degrading fungi and timber decay problems in sawmills a survey was conducted during 2007 to 2011 in different sawmills of 5 districts of Gujarat i.e. Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Rajkot and Jamnagar. teak wood present in sawmills was infected with 14 types of fungi in which Lenzites sterioides and Trametes versicolor damaged the wood severely was reported for the first time [18]. In all 94 sawmills were surveyed, the 28 sawmills were from Vadodara, 29 from Ahmedabad, 12 from Bharuch, 21 from Rajkot and 4 from Jamnagar. Out of 94 sawmills surveyed, 84 sawmills were having timber rotting fungi associated with wood. Maximum fifteen and thirteen fungal species were observed in saw mills of Chhani road, followed by 11 in Station road, 7 in Dhabhoi road and 6 in Harni, Vadodara. Fours woods uninfected are Beyo, Marinty, Ash, and Arjun. Fourteen different types of fungi were found associated with teak, followed by seven in pinus, madhuca, Acacia nilotica, six in babul, neem, four in tamarind, Pithacoelobium and three in mango, Eucalyptus, African Mahagoni, Kapoor, Peltophoram rouxburghii, Derris pinnata wood respectively. The commonly observed timber decaying fungi were S. commune, F. flavus and G. lucidum belonging to Basidiomycota. Ascomycota members included were D. concentrica and X. polymorpha [18]. A wood decay fungus was defined based on the zone of tree that invades. N. floccosus causing heart rot was recorded in living trees of A. excelsa for the first time. The cultural characters of N. floccosus were described for the first time [19]. Fungi may cause internal decay, cankers, loosening of tissue and cell walls result into weak forks in the trunk and large branches. Tree rot may be associated with root decay, damage to foliage and fruits. Wood decay fungi isolated from Tamarindus indica were D. concentrica, S. commune, F. flavus, Irpex hydnoides, and P. fastuosus, in which D. concentrica causing canker rot is reported for the first time from India and F. flavus and I. hydnoides P. fastuosus are recorded for the first time on T. indica wood causing white rot. During canker rot, formation of bark canker and extensive internal decay of wood was observed; as a result the tree growing in the M.S. University campus became structurally unstable and broken off at the canker face. Early detection and removal of such hazardous branches of trees is advocated to avoid loss of life and property [20].

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2. 1. Forest area The total forest cover in India according to the latest State of Forest Report 2003 is 67.83 m ha and this constitutes 20.64 % of the geographic area. The state of Gujarat is one of the

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progressive states in the western part of India with an area of 196,024 sq. km. While the recorded forest area is 19,393 sq.km, which is 9.89 % of the total geographical area. The production of fuel and timber is much less than the demand. The forest area which produces timber and fuel wood is only 63.5 % of the recorded area. 90 percent of forest raw material is processed by 25,000 saw mills and a larger number of cottage units, who would also lay claims on forests (Fig. 1).

Saw mills Surveyed

Forest Areas visited

Fig. 1. Map of Gujarat showing surveyed areas.

Gujarat is endowed with a great diversity of natural ecosystems ranging from moist deciduous forests to pure desert conditions [21]. out of the 16 different forest types seen in India, four are found in Gujarat: 1) tropical moist deciduous forest; 2) tropical dry deciduous forest; 3) northern tropical thorn forest; 4) littoral and swamp forest. Tropical moist deciduous forests occur at the southern part of the state where the most common species found is Tectona grandis (teak), which need the moderate rainfall. Terminalia tomestosa and Anogeissus latifolia are common associates of teak in tropical moist deciduous forests. Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in central and Saurashtra region of the state. These forests show mixed growth of trees where T. grandis, Boswellia serrata, Anogeissus latifolia, Wrightia tinctoria, Euphorbia nerrifolia and Diospyros malanoxylon are very common. The area is also known for Savanna type of grass lands. Northern tropical thorn forests occur commonly in Kutch, Junagadh, Rajkot and Bhavnagar Districts and are characterized by the

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growth of Acacia arabica, Acacia nilotica, A. senegal, A. catechu, Acacia leucophloea, Capparis aphylla and Zizyphus mauratiana. Some parts of Kutch, Jamnagar and Junagadh Districts have littoral swamp forests where mangroves are found. The main species found in these forests are Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal. In spite of this geographic, climatic and vegetational diversity, information on the fungal diversity of the state is scanty and no comprehensive list is available for the Gujarat state. Our study is focused on exploration and documentation of fungal diversity of the state. It provides a preliminary checklist for the first time that lists 334 species based on available literature supplemented with our own data [22]. Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary (RWS) is an area of approximately 55 sq. km consisting of dry deciduous forest. It lies between the Paanam and Orsang rivers in Limkheda taluka of Panchmahals district (74º 37' to 70º 11' East, 22º 32' to 22º 35' North). Ratanmahal forest contains 543 species of plants (119 trees, 40 shrubs, 238 herbs, 48 grasses, 87 climbers). Teak has the maximum density and comprises 19.6% of the total tree cover. Bhondaro (Lagerstroemia parviflora), constitutes 15.7% of the total composition. The princely state of Rajpipla was situated largely between two important rivers of western India i.e. the Narmada and the Tapti, with the Satpura range in the south. Spanning an area of over 1500 sq miles (4,000 km²), of which 600 sq miles (1550 km²) were forests and the rest fertile agricultural plains and river valleys, Rajpipla grew to be one of the most prosperous princely states in Gujarat, second only to Baroda. It was also famous for its agate mines. It was situated at 73°31'12"E Long and 21°51'31" N Lat. It was often referred to as the 'Taj of Gujarat'. The palace was set in a 151- acre estate, with well laid out formal gardens, mango and lime orchards. The building, including the outhouses, covered almost an acre – 4320 square yards. The palace was presently the Gujarat Forest Rangers College. In and around the palace 100 P. ferrugineum trees were planted as fencing.

2. 2. Identification of fungi 2. 2. 1. Stains and Mounting medium 2. 2. 1. 1. Lactic acid in glycerol Although less effective than lacto-phenol for cleaning plant tissues, lactic acid has similar properties and can be used neat or combined with glycerol and water for routine examinations of many fungi. (Composition for 100 ml.){Lactic acid: 25 ml, Glycerol: 50 ml and Distilled water: 25 ml}

2. 2. 1. 2. Cotton blue in lactic acid This is widely used as standard mordant which rapidly stains the cytoplasm of fungal cells. Permanent mounts can be prepared by sealing with nail varnish. Add cotton blue powder to lactic acid. Heat in a glass beaker and stir until dissolved. Add to cool then filter to remove any sediment. (Composition for 100 ml.){Cotton blue: 0.01 gm and Lactic acid (85%): 100 ml}

2. 2. 1. 3. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Used at 5-10 % potassium hydroxide is useful for softening the fungal tissue. After clearing, the KOH can be washed off with water using a dropper or pipette and replaced with

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stain. A 5 % solution is prepared as follows: Weigh out 5gms of potassium hydroxide pellets. Add to distilled water in a glass beaker. Stir until dissolved. (Composition for 100 ml.){Potassium hydroxide: 5 gm, Dist. water: 100 ml

2. 2. 1. 4. Melzer’s regent Mainly used for testing the amyloid reaction in sporulating structures of Basidiomycetes. Also clears and stains the fungal tissues including cell walls and can be used for general examination of fungal structures. Prepare in a fume cupboard. Dissolvepotassium iodide in distilled water. Add iodine and leave to dissolve for 24 hours. Add chloral hydrate and stir until dissolved. Mix thoroughly. (Composition for 100 ml.){Cholral hydrate: 100 gm, Iodine: 1.5 gm, Potassium iodide: 5 gm and Distilled water: 100 ml}

2. 2. 2. Microscopic observation Fruiting bodies of the lignicolous fungi were collected from its natural habitat, growing on wooden logs. Standard methods were followed for collection, preservation, macroscopic and microscopic studies [23,24]. The morphological features of the fungi were recorded from fresh specimen. Materials were collected in clean polythene bags from different locations and brought to the laboratory. Basidiomes were studied using macroscopic (eg. size, colour, number of pores/mm, length of tubes) and microscopic (presence or absence of structures, dimensions, vegetative and reproductive characters [25]. To observe basidia and setae, free hand sections were taken. For the clear observation of setae, trammel setae and setal hyphae, lacto phenol cotton blue was used as staining and mounting medium. Xanthochoric reaction was also tested using potassium hydroxide solution. The various details of specimens were compared with Hymenochaetaceae of India [5], Indian Polyporaceae [4], CBS Aphyllophorales database, New Zealand Fungi database, and Species Fungorum. Certain specimens were sent to the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew for final confirmation. These fungi are kept in fungal collection of Botany Department, MS University of Baroda, India.

2. 2. 3. Anatomical characters For the anatomical study, the basidiocarps were fixed in FAA, processed in TBA series, embedded in wax and blocks were prepared (Johansen 1940). Serial sections of 15 μm were taken on rotary microtome. These sections were stained in 0.5% toluidine blue in 1% borax solution.

2. 3. Isolation The fungi associated with the samples were isolated. Wood chips measuring 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm were aseptically removed from the samples and transferred to Petri plates containing 2 different cultural media: 2 % malt extract agar amended with 250 μg streptomycin sulphate per mL and PDA medium amended with 250 μg streptomycin sulphate per mL. The first medium was intended to isolate Basidiomycetes fungi and the second medium to specifically isolate total fungi. Eight pieces of wood were removed from each disc and placed in 2 plates. The plates were incubated at 25 °C for 7days. Once fungal colonies formed in the agar plates, each colony was transferred to a new agar slant to grow as a pure culture. The cultural and growth characters were described based on Stalpers [26] and Nobles [27].

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It is evident from Tables 1that 69 species of Lignicolous macro fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes fungi reported from Gujarat, India. A total of 69 species Lignicolous macro fungi belong to 15 families and 30 general. These wood deteriorating fungi were belonging to the families Xylariaceae, Agaricaceae Coprinaceae, Pleurotaceae Auricularreae, Bondarzewiaceae Ganodermataceae, Shizophyllaceae, Stecherinaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Lachnocladiaceae, Schizoporaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporaceae Stereaceae. All the lignicolous fungi were new to Gujarat, India. For the first time Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. Coprinus plicatilis (Fr.) Fr. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) Quélet, belonging to Agaricales were reported from Gujarat, India. The families with one species are Coprinaceae, Pleurotaceae, Stereaceae, Bondarzewiaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Schizoporaceae, Lachnocladiaceae and Steccherinaceae. Xylariaceae have 3 genera and 6 species, Agaricaceae have 2 species, Auricularreae also have 2 species, Ganodermataceae have 4 species, Hymenochaetaceae have 2 genera like Aurificaria and Phellinus 19 species, Fomitopsidaceae have 2 genera 6 species and Polyporaceae have 12 genera 22 species of Lignicolous macro fungi. The family with largest genera is Polyporaceae ( Plate I to V). Morphological and anatomical features of the basidiocarp and the cultural characteristic features of the two fungi S. commune Fries and F. flavus (Klot.) Ryv. have been investigated. S. commune is a split gilled fungus with Hymenophore confined to the underside of the basidiocarp while F. flavus is stipeless attached to the substratum and with a uni-lateral hymenophore. The anatomical features and cultural characters of the two fungi have been discussed in detail. Both the fungi cause white rot and are laccase positive [28]. But in the present paper the lignicolous fungi were identified based on morphological, cultural, and anatomical features. White rot causing fungi Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. delignifing the wood of A. excelsa [29]. Earlier the fungus was reported from east Africa but N. floccosus (Bres.) Ryv. was new report for India [8]. In the present paper lignicolous fungi were also new to Gujarat, India.

Table 1. A check list of Lignicolous fungi from different forests of Gujarat.

S. No Name of the Lignicolous fungi Family Characteristics and habit

Ascomycetes Ascocarps are ball like rounded or *Daldinia concentrica 1 Xylariaceae hemispherical initially brown, dense, (Bolton) Cesati and de Notaris spherical, sessile, aggregated, smooth. Ascocarps turbinate, with short, stout stipe, solitary, with inconspicuous to 2 D. sacchari Dargan & Thind Xylariaceae conspicuous surface vinaceous buff to grayish sepia, dull reddish brown granules immediately beneath surface, Stromata effused-pulvinate surface 3 *Hypoxylon rubiginosum Xylariaceae grayish sepia; brown granules

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immediately beneath surface and between perithecia, Stromata solitary or in small clusters, only branched near the base, cylindrical 4 Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr., Xylariaceae allantoid to clavate, Exterior dark brown to black with age. with associated with dung Stroma erect, cylindrical, brown, stalked stromata; stroma brown, 5 X. feejeensis (Berk.) Fr. Xylariaceae rough, stalk, short; perithecia rounded, few in stroma, globous, some are flattened, The fungus produces erect finger like ascostorma, tough; shaped like a finger *X. polymorpha (Dead Man’s but occasionally flattened; usually with a 6 Xylariaceae fingers) rounded tip; at first coated with a pale dust of conidia, soon blackish with a pale tip and eventually black overall. Basidiomycetes Agaricales It is completely white, convex to broadly Agaricus bisporus convex; dry; smooth. scattered to 7 Agaricaceae (Lange)Sing gregarious on manure soil, compost piles, Pileus cream to perfect beige coloured, 8 Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. Agaricaceae convex when young, expanded and gibbous in old. Surface fibrillose Cap cylindric-ovoid expanding to shallowly convex, buff with cinnamon 9 Coprinus plicatilis (Fr.) Fr. Coprinaceae centre, soon deeply grooved and greying from margin inwards. cap becoming flat or somewhat depressed; lung-shaped to semicircular; Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) growing in shelf-like clusters on dead 10 Pleurotaceae Quélet, and living wood of hardwoods; causing a white rot; beginning in summer widely distributed in North America Fruiting body was gymnocarpous with the sporiferous part of the fruit body restricted or limited only to the underside 11 *Schizophyllum commune Fr. Schizophyllaceae of the cap. The hymenophore was confined to the lower side. The upper surface was covered with small white to grayish hairs. Hymenophore was gilled.

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Aphyllophorales The basidiocarps are fleshy, much twisted, ear- shaped, several lobed, *Auricularia auricula (L.) 12 Auriculariaceae sessile, thin gelatinous, sterile surface Underwood curling over hymenium, red-brown when moist. A. polytricha (Montagne) Basidiocarps frequently were having a 13 Auriculariaceae Sacc. strongly convex dorsal surface. Sporophore annual, sessile, imbricate, fleshy. Upper surface light yellow, the Bondarzewia berkleyii (Fr.) surface becomes dark yellow brown due 14 Bondarzewiaceae Sing. to heavy deposition of spores from fruit bodies situated above. hymenial surface mustared yellow towards margin. Basidiocarps annual, sessile, effused- reflexed; pilei often in imbricate clusters. *Hypodontia comtopsis upper surface pale brownish to gray, 15 Schizoporaceae Burdsall and Nakasone often green due to algae, pore surface pale huff on young specimens, becoming darker with age. Basidiome effuse, membranaceous to soft crustose, often layered, not *Vararia pallescens (Schw.) 16 Lachnocladiaceae separable. Hymenial surface even, Rogers and Jacks. cream-coloured to pale ochraceous. On wood of angiosperms Sporophore perennial, sessile, applanate, *Ganoderma applanatum single. upper surface brown, Hymeneal 17 Ganodermataceae (Pers. ex. Wallr.) Pat. surface white when fresh turning light brown on drying, Sporphore annual, sessile, applanate, semicircular, corky, soft when fresh, light in weight, upper surface glabrous, 18 G. colossum (Fr.) Bers Ganodermataceae semiglossy, yellow, laccate, hymenial surface white when fresh, pale brown when dry. Basidiocap annual, stipe lateral, aplanate, covered with cuticle, pileus rusty brown 19 G. curtisii, (Berk.) Murill, Ganodermataceae to grayish brown, golden brown zones, glabrous. Hymenium rusty brown to grayish brown with yellow line of zone. The sporophores perennial, stiptiate corky becoming woody later. stalk 20 G. lucidum (Leyss.) Karst. Ganodermataceae lateral, upper surface shiny with laccate crust, reddish brown, smooth.

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Basidiocap annual, stiptiate, funnel Aurificaria indica (Massee) shaped, thin leathery, upper surface is 21 Reid var. leucocephala var. Hymenochaetaceae yellow in fresh. Hymenium golden nov, brown to blackish brown, pores visible to naked eye, Basidiacarps perennial, pileate, solitary, Phellinus adamantinus (Berk.) applanate, pileus glabrous, dark brown to 22 Hymenochaetaceae Ryv. grayish black, pore surface grayish to deep brown Basidiocarp perennial, seesile, hoof shaped to ungulate, pilear surface yellowish brown when young brownish 23 P. badius (Berk.: Cke) Cunn., Hymenochaetaceae when maturity. sterie pore surface dark brown glancing tubes ferruginous brown, paler than pore surface, Basidiocarp annual, effused- reflexed, semicircular, pilear surface rusty brown, 24 P. caryophyllii (Racib.) Cunn. Hymenochaetaceae velvety, Pore surface rusty brown, with sterile reddish brown border; Basidiocarps perennial, sessile, imbricate, semicircular; upper surface P. conchatus (Pers. : Fr.) 25 Hymenochaetaceae yellowish brown, tomentose, with age Quel., becoming black Pore surface dark brown; Basidiocarps perennial, usually solitary, sessile, pilear surface reddish brown to 26 P. extensus (Lev.) Pat. Hymenochaetaceae reddish black, velvety reddish brown; pore surface dark redissh brown; Sporophore perennial, solitary, pileate broadly attached, consistency woody hard when dry. pileus dimidiate, flat to 27 P. fastuosus (Lév.) Ryv. Hymenochaetaceae convex, upper surface dark brown, rusty brown to almost black and pore layer golden-yellow to cinnamon or rusty brown, more fuscous in older specimens, Basidiocarp annual, imbricate, sessile, coriaceous, Upper surface golden brown, 28 *P. gilvus (Schw. Fr.) Pat. Hymenochaetaceae azonate, Pore surface dark purplish brown, fertile up to the margin, Basidiocarps perennial, pileate, subapplanate, sessile, broadly attached, 29 P. hoehnelii (Bres.) Ryv., Hymenochaetaceae woody hard on drying, pilear surface glabrous, encrusted, rusty brown. Pore surface golden brown. Basidiocarps perennial, solitary to 30 P. linteus (Berk. Curt.) Teng. Hymenochaetaceae imbricate, sessile, broadly to narrowly

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attached; upper surface first matted tommentose, dark reddish brown to dark chestnut brown, concentrically zoned and sulcate, pore surface yellowish to reddish brown; Basidiocarps perennial, solitary, sessile, applanate, semicircular, woody hard, 31 P. nilgheriensis (mont.) Cunn. Hymenochaetaceae glabrous, blackish brown at the base, pore surface dark reddish brown, Basidiocarps perennial, imbricate, effused-reflexed, woody, hard, light in 32 P. noxius (Corner) Cunn. Hymenochaetaceae weight when dry, upper surface black, pore surface reddish brown, Basidiocarps perennial, solitary, woody, light in weight on drying, applanate, 33 P. pachyphloeus (Pat.) Pat., Hymenochaetaceae upper surface tomentose, reddidh brown. Pore surface grayish brown; tubes distinctly stratified, Basidiocarps perennial, pileate, applanate, upper surface compressible tomentum when young, yellowish 34 P.pectinatus (Kl.) Quel., Hymenochaetaceae brown, with age a black surface is exposed from base, Pore surface golden brown, Basidiocarps perennial, solitary, P. rhabarbarinus (Berk.) applanate, pileus glabrous, concentrically 35 Hymenochaetaceae Cunn., sulcate and zonate, dark brown to black. Pore surface, dark reddish brown, Basidiocarp perennial, effused-reflexed P. robustus (Karst.) Bourd. & or sessile upper surface rusty brown to 36 Hymenochaetaceae Galz., almost black first. Pore surface grayish brown. Basidiocarps perennial, imbricate, sessile, upper surface reddish brown 37 P. setulosus (Llyod) Imaz., Hymenochaetaceae slowly becoming black, Pore surface dark brown; Basidiocarp perennial, resupinate, effused, attached to on upper surface 38 P. shaferi (Mur.) Ryv,, Hymenochaetaceae facing hymenial layer, golden brown Hymenium reddish brown with grayish tinge Basidiocarps annual to perennial, effused-reflexed to sessile, upper surface 39 P. xerenticus (Berk.) Pegler Hymenochaetaceae first bright yellow then cinnamon and finally chesrnut brown, pore surface first bright ochraceous to yellow, becoming

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more cinnamon with age; Basidiocarp Yellowish to brown in colour, upper pileus hairy, margin *Coriolopsis aspera (Jungh.) 40 Polyporaceae rounded but not completely smooth, it is Teng. deflexed. Pore surface darker than context, Basidiocarp well developed, convex; semicircular, bracket-shaped; Pore 41 *C. gallica (Fries) Ryv. Polyporaceae surface gray-brown; becoming elongated and jagged (gill-like) with age. Sporophore sessile, effuso-reflexed, imbricate, upper surface yellowish 42 C. telfari (Kl.) Ryv. Polyporaceae brown to cinnamon, glabrous; hymenial surface yellowish brown,, Sporophores annual, pileate narrowly attached, sessile, solitary, upper surface *Coriolus versicolor (L.ex Fr.) dimidiate, flabelliform, grayish, zones 43 Polyporaceae Quel. are of very different colour. Lower surface cinamomum yellow, often glancing, Sporophore annual, broadly effused, sessile, upper surface reddish brown, 44 *Daedalea adamani Berk, Fomitopsidaceae coarsely hirsute, hymenial surface reddish brown daedaloid. Fruit body perennial, single, semicircular, pileus flat to slightly convex often with a slightly raised base, 45 *D. quercina F. resupinata. Fomitopsidaceae greyish in old specimens. Pore surface flat to oblique, especially close to the substrate, deadaloid to almost lamellate, Basidiocarps annual, sessile, pilei often *D. unicolor var. hydnoidea in imbricate clusters. dimidiate, upper 46 Fomitopsidaceae Hennings surface pale brownish to gray, pore surface darker with age. Sporophores of was sessile, reniform, dimidiate, attached by short base upper Daedaleopsis confragosa (Fr.) surface dark yellow strongly 47 Polyporaceae Schroet. concentrically closely zoned, hymenial surface cinnamon yellow daedaloid reaching to lamellae , Basidiocarp annual, solitary and imbricate, sessile or with a contracted Fomitopsis cupreorosea (Ber.) 48 Fomitopsidaceae base, dimidiate and broadly attached, J. Carr. & Gil., with a resupinate hymenial surface frequently present, upper surface grayish

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brown, first velvety, Pore surface cinnamon brown, Basidiocarp semicircular; smooth, becoming wrinkled with age; red to dark *F. pinicola (Swartz) P. 49 Fomitopsidaceae brownish red, with a white to yellow Karsten. marginal area. Pore Surface: Cream colored; Basidiocarp shell-shaped; finely hairy when young; pinkish to creamy along the *F. rosea (Albert. and Schw.) 50 Fomitopsidaceae margin, pinkish brown when mature. P. Karsten. Pore Surface: Rose pink when fresh, becoming brownish pink to brownish; Sprophore sessile, reflexed, developing Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Fr.) close to substrate, solitary, upper surface 51 Polyporaceae Karst., sepia cloloured. Hymenial surface snuff brown pores usually lamella, Fruit body annual, solitary, sessile with smooth margins, Pileus circular, light 52 *Hexagonia apiaria Pers. Polyporaceae brown to dark cinnamon coloured. Pores hexagonal, larger in the centre. Sporophores resupinate, semicircular to circular, context dark brown, hymenial 53 *H. tenuis hooker ex. Fries Polyporaceae surface reddish to black, pores hexagonal sometimes round, Basidiocarps of was annual, resupinate, Irpex hydnoides Y.W. Lim & upper surface yellow; hymenophore 54 Polyporaceae H.S. Jung reddish brown, hydnoid, teeth, denticulate at the apex; Basidiome sessile, attached by a broad *Lenzites betulina F. variegata base, dimitiate upper surface lignt 55 Polyporaceae (Fries.) Donk. brown, hymenial surface brown, lamellate, lamellae wavy, uniform; Basidiocarp annual sessile solitary, upper 56 *L. palisoti Fr. Polyporaceae white, hymenial surface cream, poroid sporophores sessile, fan shaped, upper surface white to buff, zonate hymenial 57 *L. sterioides (Fr.) Ryv. Polyporaceae surface pinkish or yellowish. Pore layer lamellae (forming gills), lamellae regular, close. Sporophore annual, solitary, spathulate, short stipe, attached laterally, Pileus Microporus affinis var. glabrous with slightly raised sulcate 58 glabriceps var. nov. (Blume & Polyporaceae zone, upper surface reddish brown to T. Nees) Kuntze almost black, Stalk lateral Hymenium grayish yellow,

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Basidiocarp annual, solitary or in small groups, centrally or rarely laterally stipitate, Pileus smooth, zonate with numerous concentric zones of reddish M. alboater (Hennings) 59 Polyporaceae brown, upper surface deep brown to Kuntze, almost black, Hymenium first light cream with a narrow white sterile margin, with age it darkens and is often discoloured with dark spots, Sporphore annual, stipitate, circular, almost funnel shaped with depression at * M. violaceo-cinerescens the center, stalk central or concentric, 60 Polyporaceae Petch usually bulbous at the base, Upper surface vinaceous brown, hymenial surface whitish, Sporphore centrally stipitate, single, funnel shaped, stipe yellow, or yellowish 61 * M. xanthopus Fr. Polyporaceae brown, Upper surface yellowish red, chestnut to dark maroon, Hymenial surface with shades of pink to brown, The sporophore annual, sessile, aplanate, light in weight. upper surface smooth, Navisporus Floccosus (Bres.) 62 Polyporaceae glabrous, cream to pale yellow, lower Ryv. surface was grayish yellow to violet brown, Sporophore annual, sessile, effuso- reflexed, pilei laterally fused, upper Oxyporus ravidus (Fr.) Bond. 63 Polyporaceae surface cream, uneven, with distinct and Sing. crust and cracking, hymenial surface white, Basidiocarp is annual, tough, white rotting, shelf or hoof shaped 64 *Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. Polyporaceae concentrically zoned, smooth polypore. Pores small fusiform simple Basidiocarps annual, coriaceous when 65 T. hirsutum (Wulfen) Pilát, Polyporaceae fresh; upper surface hirsute, gray, zonate; pore surface white to tan or cinereous, Sporophores are sessile, applanate, 66 *T. lactinea Polyporaceae simple or imbricate, semicircular, hard. Surface is matted tomentose. Fruiting Body semicircular; hairy; with zones of whitish to grayish white colors; 67 Tricheptum biforme (Fr.) Ryv. Polyporaceae Pore Surface: Purple, fading to brownish in age; Flavodon flavus (Klotzsch) Fruit body was gymnocarpous with 68 Steccherinaceae Ryv. sporiferous part of the fruit body laid

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only on the dorsal layer surface. Hymenophore was uni-lateral and confined to the upper side. Hymenophore and its over lying hymenial layer were spiniform (Fig. 1d). The basidiocarps were re-supinate to effused reflexed reclining over the surface and attached to the substratum. Fruiting Body fan-shaped, semicircular, densely velvety, hairy; colors variable, yellow to tan, brown, reddish brown, or Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) 69 Stereaceae buff laterally attached, without a stem. Pers. pore surface: Smooth; yellowish to yellow-brown or grayish brown; sometimes bruising darker yellow.

N. floccosus causing heart rot was recorded in living trees of A. excelsa for the first time. The cultural characters of N. floccosus were described for the first time. Heart rot fungus i.e. N. floccosus decayed mostly heartwood of living tree. It colonized in the central portion of tree and begins decaying of wood which ultimately lead to death of A. excelsa tree was recognized for the first time [19]. In the present papers also N. floccosus was observed on different A. excels tress causing heart rot. Timer decay is caused by primarily enzymatic activities of microorganisms. For the first time fungal diversity of timber degrading fungi was studied in Gujarat, India. The teak wood present in sawmills was infected with 14 types of lignicolous fungi in which L. sterioides and T. versicolor damaged the wood severely was reported for the first time. [18]. In the present paper the all the lignicolous fungi were reported from different forests of Gujarat, India. The fine scale ecological determinants were investigated and statistically analyzed on woody debris collected from Switzerland and Ukraine (30), studies have been conducted on Picea abies forest [31], Eucalyptus [32], temperate forest plants [33], hazel trees [34]. The correlation between species richness of wood decay fungi, stand age, dead wood features have been investigated by Björn and Heidi, [34] in hazel trees in South East Sweden. Distribution of fungal species in deciduous and coniferous trees depends on the type of rot and type of wood present. Over 600 species of white rot fungi have been found to be lignolytic after the breakdown of lignin CO2 may be released in the atmosphere [35]. In the present paper lignicolous fungi were reported from different regions of Gujarat, India.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence and distribution of different Aphyllophoroid lignicolous fungi depends on the type of wood, availability of moisture, temperature, and sun light. Detailed fungal diversity study was started in 2003 from different parts of Gujarat to identify the lignicolous fungi that destroy wood logs in different forests. During these studies we noticed a great lacuna in fungal diversity of lignicolous fungi occurring in Gujarat. Here we provide, for the

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first time, lignicolous fungal diversity from timbers of Gujarat state. All the lignicolous fungi were new to Gujarat, India. For the first time Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. Coprinus plicatilis (Fr.) Fr. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) Quélet, belonging to Agaricales were reported from Gujarat, India. Apart from above study extensive Biodiversity of lignicolous fungi are required in Gujarat, India

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, The M S University of Baroda for laboratory facilities and to Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for providing financial support.

References

[1] S.R. Bose, Bull. Camichael Med Coll Belgachia (1919-1928) IV: 1-5. [2] S. Sundararaman, D. Marudarajan, Madras Agric. Dept. Year Book (1925) 1924: 69-75. [3] A.K, Sarbhoy G Lal JL. Varshney Associated Pub Company, New Delhi (1984). [4] B.K. Bakshi, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. (1971) pp. 246. [5] J.R. Sharma Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. (1995) pp. 291. [6] K.S. Thind, Presidential address delivered at the 25th Annual General Body Meeting of IPS (1973). 26(1): 2-23. [7] A. Arya In: Vistas in Palaeobotany and Plant Morphology: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives, Prof D D Pant Memorial Vol., PC. Srivastava (ed). UP Offset, Lucknow, India, (2004) pp. 321-327. [8] A., Arya S., Albert P. K., Journal of Mycolology & Plant Pathology (2008) 38(2), 221- 226 [9] P.K. Nagadesi, A. Arya, Mycosphere (2012) 3(6); 997-1004. [10] P.K. Nagadesi, A. Arya, International Letters of Natural Sciences (2014) 8: 23-29 [11] P.K. Nagadesi, A. Arya, Journal on New Biological Reports (2013) 2(1): 17-27. [12] L. Ryvarden, Norwegian J Bot (1972) 19: 229-238. [13] M. Rajchenberg Sydowia (1989) 41: 277-291. [14] M.A., Donk,. Persoania, (1960) I: 173-302. [15] K.D. Bagchee, Indian Forester (1950) 76: 216-220. [16] J.R. Sharma, Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests (Calcutta), (2000) pp. 189. [17] P.N. Ganesh, K.M., Lelavathy Current. Science, (1986). 55: 727-728. [18] P.K. Nagadesi, A. Arya, International Letters of Natural Science (2014) 7: 13-22. [19] P.K. Nagadesi, A Arya, International Letters of Natural Science (2014) 6: 1-7.

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[20] P.K. Nagadesi, A. Arya International Letters of Natural Sciences (2015) 46: 84-91. [21] D.S. Tadvi. Ph.D. Thesis, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara (2013). [22] H.G. Champion SK. Seth Govt. of India Press, New Delhi, (1968) pp. 404 [23] A. Kumar, R.P. Bhatt, T.N. Lakhanpal, Bisen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Publ., Dehradun (1990) p. 160. [24] N.S. Atri, A. Kaur, H. Kaur, NRC for Mushrooms, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, (2003) p. 16. [25] L. Ryvarden Synopsis Fungorum 5 Fungi flora, OSLO, (1991) p. 363. [26] J.A. Stalpers, Studies Mycology. (1978) 16: 1-248. [27] M.K. Nobles, Canadian Journal of Botany (1965) 43(9): 1097-1139. [28] P. Amee. P.K. Nagadesi, A Susy, A. Arya, J Mycol Pl Pathol (2009) 39(1): 27-31. [29] R.D. Koyani, G.V., Sanghvi, Mycology (2010) 1(3) 204-211. [30] N. Küffer, F. Gillet, B. Senn-Irlet, D., M. Aragno, M. Job, Fungal Diversity (2008) 30: 83-95. [31] M. Edman, B.G. Jonsson, Journal of Vegetation Science (2001) 12: 609-620. [32] S.C. Fryar, G.C. Kirby, K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity (1999) 3: 39-56. [33] S, Yamashita T, Hattori and H Abe, Mycologia (2010) 102: 11-19. [34] N. Björn, P. Heidi, Biological Conservation (2001) 101(1): 1-8. [35] D. Kumar, R. Gupta, Indian Journal of Biotechnology (2006) 5: 20-25.

( Received 16 March 2016; accepted 31 March 2016 )

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Plate I

A B

C

Plate I. Fig. A. ear shaped sporophore of Auricularia auricular, Fig. B. Finger shaped Ascocarp of X. polymorpha, Fig. C. Basidiocarp of Schizophyllum commune

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Plate II

A B C

D

E

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F

Plate II. Fig. A. Ascocarp of Daldinia sacchari, Fig. B. Ascocarp of Xylaria allantoidea, Fig. C. Ascocarpt of X. feejeensis, Fig. D. Resupinate Sporophore of Flavodon flavus, Fig. E. Sporophore of Ganoderma colossum showing upper surface, Fig. F. Sporophore of G. colossum showing lower surface.

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Plate III

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate III. Fig. A. Sporophore of Auricularia polytricha showing upper surface, Fig. B. Sporophore of A. polytricha showing lower surface, Fig. C. Sporophore of Coriolus versicolor showing upper surface, Fig. D. Pore surface of C. versicolor, Fig. E. Upper surface of Fomitopsis rosea, Fig. F. Lower surface of F.rosea, Fig. G. H. Sporophore of T. hirsutum

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Plate IV

A

B

C

Plate IV. Fig. A. Sporophore of Irpex hydnoides, Fig. B. Ascocarp of Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Fig. C. Sporophore of Navisporus Floccosus

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Plate V

(A)

(B)

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(C)

Plate V. Fig. A. Funnel shaped sporophore of Aurificaria indica var. leucocephala, Fig. B. Basidiocarp of Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fig. C. Basidiocarp of Microporus alboater showing black upper surface.

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