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Areas of Controversy Are Seen: the Extent Offederal Control Over Local Education

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Areas of Controversy Are Seen: the Extent Offederal Control Over Local Education DOCUNIN? 41111/11 W031 656 AC 006 062 8y-Ovattlebaum. Charles A. Federal Educational Policies. Programs and Proposals. A Survey and Handbook.Part I: Background. Issues. Relevant Considerations. Library of Congress. Washington. D.C. Legislative Reference Service. Pub Date Dec 65 Note-177p.: Part I of a tire* part handbook. Available from-Superintendent of Documents. V.S. Government Printing Office. Washington.OTC. (5.76). EDRS Price MF -60.76 NC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-Educalional Policy.FederalGovernment. FederalLetclation.FoundationPrograms. Covernmet Role. historical Reviews. Private Agencies. Private Schools. RacialIntegration. Training Identifiers -National Science Foundation. Office of Education This. the first of a three part handbook. seeks to make available tothe Coress a compilation. analysis. and summary of certain basicinformation needed fortegislative decision on educational issues that come beforeCongress. Specifically it (1) summarizes the evolution, ofFederal policies in education 1777-1960 and congressional enactments concerning education and training;(2) discusses the history. organization. and functions of the U.S.Office of Education and of the National Science Foundation; (3) reviews the recommendationsof ad hoc advisory commissions. 1929-1967. concerningFederal educational policies; and (4) sets forth the positions of currently active organizations and agencies.grohvreeernmental and nongoVernmental. concerning the Federalroleineducation. areas of controversy are seen: the extent ofFederal control over local education. Federal aid to nonpublic schools; and racial integration inthe schools. (dm) 90th Congress, 2d Session House Document No. 398 FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND PROPOSALS A SURVEY AND HANDBOOK Part I BACKGROUND; ISSUES; RELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS PREPARED IN The Legislative Reference Service OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS BY CHARLES A. QUATTLEBAUM Specialist in Education DECEMBER 1968 Printed for the use of the Committee on Education and Labor CARL D. PERKINS, Chairman U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE O 20-616 0 WASHINGTON : 191$ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oros Washington, D.C. 90100 - Price 76 cents (vapor tom) COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR CARL D. PERKINS, Kentucky, Mattison EDITH GREEN, Oregon WILLIAM H. AYRES, Ohio FRANK THOMPSON, JR., New Jersey ALBERT H. QUID, Minnesota JOHN H. DENT, Pennsylvania JOHN M. AdlIBROOK, Ghio ROMAN C. PUCINSKI, Illinois ALPHONZO BELL, California DOMINICK V. DANIELS, New Jersey OGDEN R. REID, New York JOHN BRADEMAS, Indiana EDWARD J. GURNEY, Florida JAMES G. O'HARA, Michigan JOHN N. ERLENBORN, Illinois HUGH L. CAREY, New York WILLIAM J. SCHERLE, Iowa AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS, California JOHN DELLENBACK, Oregon SAM GIBBONS, Florida MARVIN L. MICH, Michigan WILLIAM D. FORD, Michigan EDWIN D. ESHLEMAN, Pennsylvania WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine JAMES C. GARDNER, North Carolina PATSY T. MINK, Hawaii WILLIAM A. STEIGER, Wisconsin JAMES H. SCHEUER, New York JAMES M. COLLINS, Texas LLOYD MEEDS, Washington PHILLIP BURTON, California CARL ALBERT, Oklahoma (U) blt H. Con. Res. 763 CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That there shall be printed as a House document a survey and hand- book entitled "Federal Educational Policies, P ms, and Propos- als" and that two thousand copies beprintedthe use of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives. Attest: W. PAT JENNINGS, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Attest: FRANCIS R. VALEO, Secretary of the Senate. CHAIRMAN'S PREFACE The Federal role in educationwas long a controversial topic in America. While it can still generate considerable debate, theissue has dwindled to a question of how large the rolemust be. The basic ques- tion of whether there is, in fact,a Federal role has long since been settled in the affirmative. In some respects, it is strange that the issueever became controver- sial at all. Federal involvement in education isnot a new, wild-eyed, or visionary scheme. The principle was established almost before the ink was dry on our Declaration of Independence.In 1777, the Fed- eral Government began direct participation in educationalprograms, with instruction of military personnel in mathematics. From that modest beginning, the Federal role hasgrown to such a point that in 1967 the President declared that the totalFederal ex- penditure for education for the fiscalyear 1968 would amount to about $11 billion. Although the history of Federal participation in educationalpro- grams is long, the monetary outlay did not reach anything like its present proportion until the decade of the 1960's. Estimated outlays in fiscal 1969, for instance, representan increase of 200 percent over 1965, anda 500-percent increase over 1961. It has became a matter of settled Federal policy that investment in educa- tion is essential for the social andeconomic progress of the Nation. This study, undertaken by Dr. Charles Quattlebaum? of the Legis- lative Reference Service of the Library of Cons3, is an explora- tion of the scope ofour Federal educational policies, programs, and proposals today. It is a necessarily much-broadened updating of earlier studies made by D:, Quattlebaum, beginning in 1950 andcon- tinuing to 1960. As such, it is a valuable document for theuse of members of the Committee on Education and Labor and for the Congress in general. It is probably a unique document in that nowhere else is information 4 relative to the education and trainingprograms of all Federal agencies brought together in one handbook. CARL D. PERKINS, Chairman, Committee on Education and Labor. (v) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SEPTEMBER 9, 1968. This study of Federaleducational policies,programs, and pro- posals was undertaken for theCommittee on Education and Labor in response to a request received in the LegislativeReference Service from the chairman, the HonorableCarl D. Perkins. The studywas carried out and the reportprepared by Charles A. Quattlebaum,spe- cialist in educationon the staff of the Service. He was.assistedby Emily C. Hammond, educationanalyst. To some extent this reportrepresents a revision and updating of an earlier one prepared by thesame author and published in three volumes as committee prints of theCommittee on Education and Labor in 1960. In view of themany developments in Federal educa- tional policies andprograms in recent years, however, this revision necessarily is more in thenature of a new report. The primarypurpose of the present study is to make readilyavail- able to the members ofthe Committeeon Education and Labor, and to the Congress in general,a compilation, analysis andsummary of certain basic information neededfor informed legislativedecision on educational issues thatcome before the Congress. A secondarypurpose is to make available tomembers of the committee and otherofficers of the Federal Government,and to other interestedpersons, a hand- book of information concerningthe educational and trainingpro- grams of all Federal departments and independentagencies. The preparation of thisreport would not have been possiblewithout the generous cooperation. ofseveral hundredpersons on the staffs of Federal agencies and privateorganizations. Thesepersons have con- tributed information in variousways, such as by supplying published materials, engaging in conferenceswith the author, and preparing memoranda which he has quoted,edited or otherwise adaptedfor the purpose of thisreport. The assistance of thesepersons is grate- fully acknowledged. This documentis intended for use mainlyas a handbook rather than for continuous reading. Thedetailed table of contents isdesigned to serve as a brief of the report, andto facilitate its useas a reference work. LESTER S. JAYSON, Director, Legislative ReferenceService. (no CONTENXpg--- Page Chapter 1. Introduction 1 A. Importance of education, and of the Federal role in it, duringthe space age 1 B. Controversy over the Federal role.. 3 C. Purpose of this report 7 D. Some findings from earlier studies 8 Chapter 2. Evolution of Federal policies in education, 1777-1960 13 A. Introduction and chronologicalsummary 13 1. Constitutional background 13 2. Beginning and growth of Federal concern 15 B. Federal support to education in the States 17 1. Early Federal land and monetary grants policy 17 2. Nautical education 18 3. The land-grant colleges 18 4. Experiment stations and extension service 18 5. Vocational education below college grade 19 6. 4-H and other clubs 19 7. Depression relief measures 20 8. Wartime activities 21 9. Aid to federally affected localities 22 W. Loans for college buildings 23 11. Surplus property for educational institutions 23 12. National school lunch program 24 13. Aeronautical education (civil aeronautics) 24 14. The National Defense Education Act of 1958 25 15. Other aids to education in the States 25 C. Federally operated educational programs 26 1. Programs of the Armed Forces 26 2. Implication of Armed Forces wartime programs 28 3. Education in special Federal jurisdictions 28 4, Merchant marine training 29 5. Inservice training of Government employees 29 D. Federal educational programs for special groups 30 1. Education for veterans 30 2. Vocational rehabilitation of physically disabledpersons (excepting veterans) 31 3. Training of nurses 3:t 4. Training of personnel in State and local public health work.. 32 I 5. Training of scientists 33 6. Apprenticeship and other industrial training 33 S. 7. Education of other special groups 34 E. Federal
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