© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03172-2 - Emperors and Bishops in Late Roman Invective Richard Flower Index More information

Index

Aaron (Old Testament priest), 198 , 203 Alexandria, 83 , 92 , 113 , 114 , 118–23 , 141 , 168 , 196 , Abel (son of Adam), 203 217 , 224 , 226 Abraham (Old Testament patriarch), 152 , Council of (362), 224 155n.124 , 187 , 199 , 203 , 207 Allectus (usurper), 41n.43 , 97 , 135n.35 acclamations, 42 , 221 Altar of Victory controversy, 78n.1 , 128n.1 Achillas, bishop of Alexandria, 217 Altercatio Heracliani cum Germinio , 1–6 , 26 , Achilles (Homeric hero), 46 , 47n.71 , 48n.77 , 32 , 230 50 , 107 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 21 , 75n.201 , 76 , acta , see martyr literature 78n.1 , 82n.9 , 128n.1 , 131 , 226 , 228 Acta Appiani , 148n.84 as ‘patristic’ author, 13 Acts of the Pagan Martyrs , 148n.84 Ammianus Marcellinus (historian), 41n.40 , Adam (ﬁ rst man), 203 52n.98 , 58n.127 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 103 , 104 , 106 , Adrianople, battle of (378), 225 124 , 209n.128 , 209n.129 , 211n.142 aduentus , 29 , 45 , 221 Amorites (biblical tribe), 5 of Athanasius into Alexandria (346), 121–3 Amos (Old Testament prophet), 198 of Athanasius into Alexandria (362), 122–3 Ananias (Jewish High Priest), 4n.14 of Constantius II into Rome, 41n.40 , Ananias (or Hananiah, Old Testament 58n.127 persecuted ﬁ gure), 201 episcopal, 118–23 , 161–2 Antichrist, 62n.143 , 64n.150 , 68 , 100 , 113 , 143 , of Eusebius of Vercelli, 161–2 186 , 198 , 199 , 208 , 213 , 214–16 , 228 imperial, 41 , 117–18 Antioch, 33 , 35 , 41n.41 , 44 , 53 , 84 , 186n.27 , 225 inverted, 118–21 Council of (338/9), 118 Aelius Aristides (orator), 37n.25 Council of (341), 80 , 129 Aeneas (Homeric hero), 64n.153 Riot of the Statues (387), 42n.44 , 75 Aeschines (orator), 48n.77 , 50 , 52 Antiochus IV (Seleucid king), 144 Aethiopians, 73 Antonius, Lucius (brother of Mark Antony), Agamemnon (Homeric hero), 107 137n.42 Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), 75 Antonius, Marcus, see Mark Antony Agrigentum, 49 Antony (monk), 13 , 22–3 , 114 , 132 , 155 Agrippinus (‘Homoian’ interlocutor), 2 Aphrodisias (Asia minor), 45 Ahab (king of Israel), 110 , 111–12 , 142 , 145 , 186–7 , Aphthonius (rhetorician), 37n.22 , 50 , 89n.36 , 196 , 228 97n.78 , 104 Ajax (Homeric hero), 48n.77 , 107 Apollo, Temple of (at Daphne), 41n.41 Alexander (heretic), 185 Aquileia, Council of (381), 233n.8 Alexander (lawyer in Martyrdom of Pionius ), Arcadius (emperor), 57 , 59–61 , 65 , 76 , 149n.89 103n.113 Alexander III (king of Macedon), 49, 75 , 146 Arena, Valentina, 56 compared with Constantine I, 73–4 , 75 , Arianism, 3 , 80–1 78–9 construction of, 12 , 14–16 , 20 , 30–2 , 83n.17 , Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, 82 , 178–80 , 217 92 , 178–80 , 183–8 , 189–219 as martyr, 153 supported by Constantine I, 92–3

284

Index 285

Arians as ‘patristic’ author, 10–11 , 13 Ariminum, Council of (359), 3 , 14 , 80 , as pillar of orthodoxy, 7 , 84 , 93 , 94 , 113 , 155 , 96n.76 , 161n.148 , 205n.112 , 209 , 211–12 , 240 215n.158 , 249 use of Scripture by, 24 , 178–82 , 183–8 , 189–90 , called Ariomaniacs, 157–8 , 190 , 226 , 243 191–9 , 200–1 , 203–6 , 217–19 , 222–4 as henchmen of Constantius II, 100 , 110 self-presentation, 22 , 29–32 , 92 , 121–3 , 127–34 , as persecutors, 155–62 , 207–17 , 226 139–43 , 146–8 , 151–3 , 155 , 162–3 , 176–7 , Aristophanes (friend of Libanius), 34 180–2 , 183 , 190 , 196–9 , 200–1 , 203–6 , Aristotle (philosopher), 75 , 81n.9 217–19 , 222–4 Arius (presbyter), 14–16 , 82 , 92 , 142 , 185 , 203 , as violent persecutor, 120–1 , 188–9 206n.121 , 215 , 227 Athens, 33 , 44 , 51 death, 178–80 , 190n.41 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 36 , 37 Th alia , 185n.24 , 194–5 , 216n.164 , 223 Augustus (emperor), 44 , 48n.77 , 62 , 95 , Ark of the Covenant, 114n.162 97n.80 asceticism, 22–3 , 132 Res Gestae , 98n.83 Asclepas, bishop of Gaza, 121n.193 Aurelian (emperor), 66 , 90 Asterius (‘Arian’ theologian), 153 , 185 Aurelianus (Nicene layman), 1 , 3 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria Ausonius, Decim(i)us Magnus (poet), 34 , Ad episcopos Aegypti et Libyae , 152–3 , 179n.4 , 39n.32 , 75 , 183 185n.22 , 185n.25 , 186 , 195n.75 , 198–9 , Professores , 34n.5 201n.95 , 204 , 217–18 authority aduentus into Alexandria (346), 121–3 ascetic, 22–3 , 25n.90 , 132 , 182 aduentus into Alexandria (362), 122–3 biblical, 223–4 Apologia ad Constantium , 99 , 100n.97 , 101–2 , charismatic, 130–3 110n.140 , 110n.142 , 225 episcopal, 127–34 , 139–77 , 178–219 , Apologia contra Arianos , 92n.53 , 118n.178 , 220–4 119–20 exegetical, 182 , 189–96 , 200–7 , 223–4 and asceticism, 203–4 imperial, 35–44 , 46–9 , 53–61 , 78–117 , 123–6 , audience for invectives, 87–9 220–2 biography, 82–3 invectivist, 53–61 , 127–77 , 222 on the Council of Nicaea, 13 martyrial, 25–6 , 29–30 , 112–17 , 118–21 , 127–34 , De decretis , 153n.113 , 184–6 , 190n.47 , 192, 193 , 139–77 , 212–17 , 222–3 194 , 195n.73 , 203 , 204n.110 , 205–6 scriptural, 178–207 De fuga , 86n.30 , 141–3 , 147n.80 , 152 Auxentius, bishop of Milan, 84 , 207–17 , 224 , De morte Arii , 178–80 , 199n.87 250 , 252–3 De sententia Dionysii , 142 , 186 , 189 , 194–5 , Ayres, Lewis, 250 199n.87 , 206n.121 Azarias (or Azariah, Old Testament persecuted De synodis , 14n.48 , 129n.4 , 205n.112 ﬁ gure), 201 education, 85–6 Encyclical Epistle , 83n.15 , 118–21 , 141 , 142 , 151 , Babylon, 62 , 159 , 201 196–7 , 203 Babylonians, 141 Epistula ad monachos , 88n.35 Barabbas (biblical villain), 5 , 110 , 185 exile, 80 , 82–3 , 92 , 141–3 , 225 Barak (Old Testament general), 152 Festal Letters , 141 Barnes, Timothy, 15 , 85 , 121 , 184 , 252 History of the Arians , 7 , 21n.70 , 24n.84 , 32 , Bartsch, Shadi, 39 83 , 86n.30 , 87 , 89–115 , 121–3 , 124n.204 , 128 , Bashan (biblical land), 5 141 , 143n.70 , 147n.80 , 151–2 , 155 , 179n.5 , Basil, bishop of Caesarea, 33 , 228 208n.124 Address to Young Men , 16n.60 as invectivist, 6 , 7 , 8 , 16–19 , 20 , 23 , 26–7 , 28–9 , Bauer, Walter, 9 , 13 78–117 , 123–6 , 151–3 , 155 , 220–2 , 227–9 B é ziers, Council of (c . 356), 83 Life of Antony , 22–3 , 86 , 132 , 152 , 155 Bordeaux, 34n.5 as martyr, 25 Boyarin, Daniel, 87 Orationes contra Arianos , 153n.113 , 182 , 184–6 , Brakke, David, 22 , 203–4 187–8 , 189–90 , 191–4 , 197–8 , 199 , 201 , 203 , Britain, 97 205 , 205n.110 Britons, 73

286 Index

Brown, Peter, 12 , 16 , 25 , 34 , 177 as impious persecutor, 92–3 , 94 , 124 , 125 , 132 Brutus, Marcus Junius (assassin of Caesar), intervention in Arian controversy, 14 , 90–2 137n.41 Oration before the Assembly of the Saints , 202 praised by Eusebius of Caesarea, 17 , 28 , Caecilian, bishop of Carthage, 100n.97 , 131 , 42n.45 , 69–74 , 78–9 , 91 , 92 , 98–9 , 102 , 107 , 148n.83 125 , 145 , 222 Caesarius (brother of Gregory of Nazianzus), 19 praised in the Panegyrici Latini , 41 , 42 , 47 , Cagliari, 84 , 133 49n.79 , 73 , 89 , 97 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 104n.121 , Caiaphas (Jewish High Priest), 141 , 185 , 189 , 122 , 135 190n.41 , 196 reign as turning point, 12 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 68 , 75 , Cain (son of Adam), 111 , 114 131 Caligula (emperor), 58n.127 , 66 , 94 victory at the Milvian Bridge (312), 67 , 72–3 , Cameron, Averil, 8 , 9 , 15 74 , 94 , 108 , 145 Cappadocia, 156 , 243 vision, 107 Carausius (usurper), 135n.35 Constantine II (emperor), 42n.45 , 79 , 80 , 90 , Carolingians, 9 95n.72 Carthage, 3 , 131 Constantinople, 57 , 58 , 76n.207 Council of (256), 100n.94 Council of (360), 14 , 80 , 84 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 225 Castelli, Elizabeth, 165 Council of (381), 14 , 77 Catiline (Roman rebel), 29 , 137–9 Constantius I (emperor), 41n.43 , 42n.45 , cento , 183 66n.159 , 90 , 91n.48 , 97 , 98n.83 , Chaeronea, battle of (338 bc ), 51 122 Christianus sum (martyrial statement), 166–8 Constantius II (emperor), 6 , 21n.70 , 27 , 28 , Chronicon Paschale , 96n.77 , 107n.131 , 108 , 125 52n.98 , 243 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 8 , 24 , 55 , 148 , 163 , 176 aduentus into Rome, 41n.40 , 58n.127 Catilinarians , 137–9 , 221 biography, 79–81 In Pisonem , 136n.39 death, 208 , 224 , 249 , 250 as invectivist, 51n.95 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 136–40 as ideal ruler, 107–8 , 121 , 125 In Verrem , 35n.11 as recipient of invective, 20 , 28–9 , 52 , 78–126 , Philippics , 29 , 35n.11 , 54 , 67 , 136–40 , 221 127–34 , 140–8 , 150–5 , 163–76 , 186–8 , Pro Archia , 136n.39 191n.52 , 198 , 199–200 , 201–2 , 208 , 212 , 213 , Pro Roscio , 211n.140 215 , 217 , 220–3 writings used by Lactantius, 64 , 65 , 78 as recipient of panegyric, 44n.54 , 75 , 89 , 90 , Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (Republican 95–6 , 107 politician), 94 , 137n.42 religious policy, 8 , 14 , 15 , 80–1 , 240 , 242 circumcellions, 131 role in dynastic massacre (337), 95–6 Cittinus (African martyr), 3 unusual eﬀ usion of invectives during reign, ciuilitas , 39 , 40 227–9 Claudian (poet), 48 , 52 , 76 , 221 Constantius III (emperor), 118n.177 De consulatu Stilichonis , 57n.121 Cooper, Kate, 164 In Eutropium , 20 , 50n.83 , 52n.96 , 54n.109 , Corbeill, Anthony, 56 56–9 , 65 Cornelius, bishop of Rome, 171–3 In Ruﬁ num , 58n.122 Cowley, Abraham, 220 Claudianus (consul 180), 3 creeds Claudius II Gothicus (emperor), 89–90 , 93 ‘Dated’ (Sirmium 359), 80 Clodius Pulcher, Publius (Roman politician), 52 ‘Dedication’ (Antioch 341), 80 , 129 Commodus (emperor), 66 , 94 ‘Fourth’ of Antioch (342), 80 confessors, 29–30 , 131 , 148–55 ‘Homoian’ (Constantinople 360), 81 Constans (emperor), 79 , 80 , 83 , 90 , 91 , 92 , ‘Long’ (344), 80 95n.72 , 103n.117 , 227 , 228 Nicene (325), 80 , 81 , 92 , 114 , 129 , 161n.148 , Constantine I (emperor), 6 , 61 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 205–6 76 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 88 , 103 , 147 Sirmium (351), 80 compared with Alexander the Great, 73–4 Crispus (caesar ), 42n.45 , 69 , 91 as ideal ruler, 69–75 , 78–9 , 86 , 89–97 , 98–9 , Cromwell, Oliver, 220 123–6 , 135 , 222 Culcianus (prefect in Acts of Phileas ), 149n.89

Index 287

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 22 , 30 , 63 , 100 , Elisha (Old Testament prophet), 141 , 182 , 198 147 , 149n.90 Enoch (Old Testament patriarch), 203 Letters , 171–3 Ephrem Syrus (Christian poet), 182 On the Glory of Martyrdom (pseudonymous), Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, 129 117 , 173–6 Panarion , 131n.17 , 156n.128 , 186n.27 , 226 writings used by Lucifer of Cagliari, 115–17 , Epistula Liberii papae ad Eusebium, Dionysium 133n.26 , 139n.56 , 163–76 , 193 , 222 et Luciferum in exsilio constitutos , 32 , 153–4 , Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, 10 238 Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, 107, 184 Epistula Luciferi, Pancratii et Hilarii , 32 , 133n.27 , 161–2 , 240 , 242 Dagalaifus (consul 366), 3 Ernest, James, 24 , 186 Dalmatius (caesar ), 95 Esau (brother of Jacob), 142 Damascus, 5n.19 eschatological literature, 61–2 Damasus, bishop of Rome, 128n.1 , 253 Eudocia (wife of Th eodosius II), 183n.15 Daniel (Old Testament prophet), 141 , 155n.124 , Eudoxius, bishop of Constantinople, 226 159–61 Eunomian Christianity, 92 Daphne (near Antioch), 41n.41 eunuchs, 103 David (king of Israel), 109 , 110n.142 , 141 , 142 , Euripides (tragedian), 86 , 112n.151 144 , 152 , 153n.112 , 198 , 200n.90 , 203 , 206 Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 17 , 19 , 21 , 28 , 76 , Decius (emperor), 62n.143 , 64 , 65 , 93 , 113 , 150 , 78–9 , 82 , 125 171–3 , 213 attacked by Marcellus of Ancyra, 201n.91 Demosthenes (orator), 47n.71 , 48n.77 , 50 , attacks on Marcellus of Ancyra, 50n.85 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 86 , 137 , 139 188n.37 Philippics , 54 , 136 , 221 De sepulchro Christi , 71–2 Devil, the, 94 , 150 , 157 , 158 , 161 , 167 , 185–6 , 209 , Ecclesiastical History , 62n.141 , 66n.158 , 68 , 71 , 215 , 216 , 243 , 254n.9 72–3 , 91n.48 , 98–9 , 101 , 102 , 107 , 108 , 110 , Dinocrates (brother of Perpetua), 166 112 , 119 , 145 , 147 , 214n.152 Dio Chrysostom (orator), 130 , 135 , 148 , 163 Laus Constantini , 42n.45 , 69–71 On Kingship , 35n.11 , 37n.25 Life of Constantine , 42n.44 , 73–5 , 91 , 92 , 96 , Diocletian (emperor), 45n.57 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 91n.48 202n.99 , 222 Diomedes (Homeric hero), 47n.71 , 48n.77 Martyrs of Palestine , 65n.156 , 114 Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, 194–5 , Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, 15 , 91 , 93 , 95–6 , 206n.121 178 , 179 , 205 Dionysius, bishop of Milan, 84 , 153–4 , 208n.124 , Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli, 32 , 102n.106 , 209 , 238 , 252 124n.204 , 129 , 213 , 240 Dionysius, bishop of Rome, 206n.121 action against Auxentius of Milan, 210n.132 , Doeg (Old Testament villain), 109 , 110 211 , 250 Dolabella, Publius Cornelius (Republican at the Council of Alexandria, 224 politician), 137n.42 exile, 84 , 155–62 , 238 , 243 , 249–50 Domitian (emperor), 38–40 , 59 , 60 , 62n.141 , 65 , Letter 1, 242 94 , 101n.100 , 130 , 135 Letter 2, 155–62 , 243 , 250 Donata (African martyr), 3 Letter 3, 161n.148 , 249–50 Donatism (schism), 10n.33 , 14n.48 , 100n.96 , 128 , as presented by Liberius of Rome, 130–3 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 224 , 227n.12 153–4 Drake, Hal, 70 , 71 self-presentation, 30 , 155–63 , 176–7 , 222 Dufraigne, Pierre, 117 visit to Sirmium, 2 , 4 Dugan, John, 138 Eustathius (consularis of Syria), 53n.102 Eustomius (or Eudoxius), bishop at Council of Echetus (Homeric tyrant), 50 Milan (355), 242n.5 ecumenical councils, 13–14 , 77 Eutropius (consul 399 and eunuch), 20 , 54n.109 , Eden, Garden of, 111 , 187 56–9 , 65 Egypt, 110 , 121 , 143 , 198n.82 , 204 , 217 , 250 Eutropius (consularis of Syria), 53n.102 Eli (Old Testament priest), 111n.145 Eutropius (historian), 48n.77 Elijah (Old Testament prophet), 141 , 142 , 145 , Euzoius, bishop of Antioch, 225 182 , 187 Evagrius Ponticus (monk), 184n.21

288 Index

exempla Gregory, bishop of Nyssa, 132 , 184 Christianisation of, 16–19 , 28–9 , 72–7 , Gwynn, David, 15 , 22 , 86 , 184 78–117 , 123–6 , 127–34 , 139–77 , 178–219 , 221–4 Habakkuk (Old Testament prophet), 159–61 in invective, 23–5 , 49–53 , 60 , 65–7 , 78–117 , Hadrian (emperor), 63 , 71n.184 220–1 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 137 in panegyric, 23–5 , 36–7 , 48–9 , 72–7 Hannibalianus (nephew of Constantine I), 95 Ezekiel (Old Testament prophet), 198 Hanson, R. P. C., 249 Heath, Malcolm, 46 Fausta (wife of Constantine I), 42n.45 , 79 , 90 , Hector (Homeric hero), 46 , 50 , 107 91 , 94n.60 Heim, Fran ç ois, 111 Felicitas (African martyr), 164–8 , see also martyr Heraclianus (Nicene layman), 1–6 , 230 literature: Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas heresy Filastrius, bishop of Brescia, 253 construction of, 11–16 , 20 , 30–2 , 180–2 , Firmianus (Nicene layman), 1 , 3 183–219 Florentius (consularis of Syria), 53n.102 Hermogenes (rhetorician), 37n.22 , 46–9 , 89n.36 , Florentius (magister offi ciorum ), 88n.35 97n.78 , 97n.80 Frontinus, Sextus Julius (technical writer) Herod Antipas (tetrarch of Galilee), 143–4 On aqueducts , 37n.25 Herod the Great (king of Judaea), 190n.41 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (orator), 39n.32 Herodias (wife of Herod Antipas), 185 F u fi us Calenus, Quintus (supporter of Mark Herodotus (historian), 48n.77 Antony), 137–8 Heterousian Christianity, 16n.57 fulfi lment of prophecy, 180 , 190 , 200–2 , 204 , Hezekiah (king of Judah), 141 , 199 , 203 , 218 206–7 , 217 , 223 Hilarianus (procurator), 166 Hilarius (deacon), 84 , 161–2 , 240 , 242 Gaddis, Michael, 25 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers Gaius (unidentifi ed Illyrican bishop), 215n.158 Ad Constantium , 84n.19 , 99–100 , 102n.106 , Galerius (emperor), 65n.156 , 66 , 67n.163 , 206–7 , 210 , 216 , 225 , 242 90n.42 , 94n.60 Aduersus Valentem et Ursacium , 9n.29 , 10n.33 , Gallus ( caesar ), 104 32n.101 , 96n.76 , 119–21 , 133n.27 , 188–9 , 205 , Gaul, 33 , 84 , 88n.35 , 208 , 209 , 224 , 228n.13 209 , 215n.158 , 238 , 250 , 256n.11 genealogies audience for invectives, 87–9 of heresy, 183–200 , 218 , 223–4 biography, 83–4 of orthodoxy, 200–7 , 217–19 , 223–4 Contra Auxentium , 31 , 32 , 207–17 , 225 , 226 , George of Cappadocia, ‘Arian’ bishop of 250 , 252–3 Alexandria, 121n.195 , 224 on the council of Nicaea, 13 Germanicia (Asia Minor), 84 De synodis , 129 , 205n.112 Germinius, bishop of Sirmium, 1–6 , 215n.158 , De Trinitate , 84 230 , 242n.5 education, 85–6 Gibbon, Edward, 12 , 36 exile, 83–4 , 129 , 208–9 , 212 , 256n.11 Gibson, Bruce, 39 , 40 In Constantium , 32 , 84n.19 , 87 , 89–115 , 118 , Gideon (Old Testament judge), 152 124n.204 , 128 , 129 , 143–4 , 150–1 , 186 , 208 , Glaucia (Republican politician), 137 209 , 212 , 213 , 215–17 , 226 , 228n.13 Gorgonia (sister of Gregory of Nazianzus), 19 as invectivist, 6 , 16–19 , 20 , 23 , 26–7 , 28–9 , Goths, 89 78–117 , 123–6 , 150–1 , 220–2 , 227–9 Gracchus, Gaius (Republican politician), 137 as ‘patristic’ author, 10–11 Gracchus, Tiberius (Republican politician), 137 as pillar of orthodoxy, 7 , 84 , 209 Gratian (emperor), 3 , 75 , 228 self-presentation, 29–32 , 127–34 , 139–41 , Gray, Patrick, 10 143–4 , 146–8 , 150–1 , 162–3 , 176–7 , 180–2 , Greece, 73 183 , 200–1 , 206–17 , 218–19 , 222–4 Gregory of Cappadocia, ‘Arian’ bishop of use of Scripture by, 180–2 , 183 , 186 , 200–1 , Alexandria, 83 , 118–21 , 141 , 196 206–7 , 218–19 , 222–4 Gregory, bishop of Elvira, 161n.148 , 249–50 visit to Sirmium, 2 , 4 Gregory of Nazianzus, bishop of Himerius (orator), 33 , 36n.20 , 37n.25 Constantinople, 19 , 25 , 33 , 61n.137 Hinnon (biblical valley), 220 on Athanasius, 86n.28 , 122–3 , 141n.57 Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, 186n.27

Index 289

Holy Sepulchre, Church of the, 71 Job (Old Testament fi gure), 200n.90 , 203 Homer (poet), 86 , 181 Joel (Old Testament prophet), 178–80 Iliad , 69n.172 John (apostle), 161 , 168 , 214 Homoian Christianity, 2 , 4 , 15, 16n.57 , 81 , John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, 108n.134 , 209 , 225 , 252–3 33n.3 , 225n.6 homoousios (theological term), 6 , 80 , 205–6 John the Baptist, 143–4 , 167 , 185n.24 Honorius (emperor), 48 Jonah (Old Testament prophet), 188–9 Hopkins, Keith, 22 , 37 Jones, A. H. M., 14 Hortensius (orator), 76 Joseph (son of Jacob), 141 , 203 Hosea (Old Testament prophet), 187 , 188 , 200 Josephus (inhabitant of Scythopolis), 129 Hosius, bishop of Cordoba, see Ossius, bishop Joshua (Old Testament fi gure), 198 , 203 of Cordoba Josiah (king of Judah), 203 Humphries, Mark, 20 , 90 , 118 Jovian (emperor), 52n.98 , 209 Huns, 57 , 58 Jovinianus (‘Homoian’ deacon), 4 Hymenaeus (heretic), 185 Judah, 200 Judaism, 30 , 87 Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, 159 , 165n.167 , 169 linked with Arianism, 110 Illyricum, 73 , 209 Judas Iscariot (exemplary betrayer), 109 , imitatio Christi , 149 , 164 , see also Jesus Christ: as 114n.162 , 164 , 178–80 , 185 , 190n.41 , 203 , 217 exemplum Julian (emperor), 18 , 52n.98 , 150n.92 , 228n.13 Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, 183 , 186n.27 accession, 80 , 208–9 Isaac (Old Testament patriarch), 187 , 199 , 203 , amnesty for exiled bishops, 83 , 84 , 209n.131 , 207 224 Isaiah (Old Testament prophet), 190 , 200 , 207 at Antioch, 41n.41 Israel (Old Testament kingdom), 5 , 112 , 144 , Caesars , 90n.42 191n.52 , 196–7 death, 52 , 209 Israel (Old Testament patriarch), see Jacob (Old impact on Christian literature, 228 Testament patriarch) Letter to the Athenians , 95 , 102n.107 , 103n.114 Israelites, 5 , 73 as invectivist, 96 , 102 , 106 , 124 Italy, 209 and his ‘pagan reaction’, 12 , 12n.41 as panegyrist, 36n.20 , 37n.25 , 44n.54 , 89 , 90 , Jacob (Old Testament patriarch), 141 , 142 , 187 , 93 , 95 , 107 199 , 203 , 207 praised by Libanius, 34 , 52 Jacob, bishop of Nisibis, 108n.133 as student, 33 James (apostle), 168 as target of invective, 61n.137 Jehosaphat (king of Judah), 201 , 202 , 203 Julianus (comes Orientis ), 35 Jephtha (Old Testament judge), 152 Julius Caesar (Roman geezer), 29 , 76 , 136 , 138 Jeremiah (Old Testament prophet), 198 , Julius, bishop of Rome, 119 202n.97 Justin Martyr (Christian apologist), 183 Jeroboam (king of Israel), 187 Juvenal (poet), 52 , 137n.41 Jerome (monk), 59n.128 , 184n.21 Altercatio Luciferiani et orthodoxi , 85n.26 Kaufman, Peter, 252 De uiris illustribus , 82 , 83n.14 , 83n.18 , 84n.22 , Krueger, Derek, 11 , 23 , 182 85n.26 , 88n.35 , 156n.127 , 249n.17 Vulgate Latin Bible, 85n.26 L’Huillier, Marie-Claude, 44 Jerusalem, 5n.19 , 59n.128 , 71 , 107 , 123 , 199 labandago (unidentifi ed method of execution), Jesus Christ, 5 , 71 , 141 , 142n.64 , 161 , 183 , 185 169 as exemplum , 109 , 123 , 141 , 142–3 , 150–1 , 164 , Lactantius (Christian author), 17 , 19 , 28 , 30 , 68 , 181 , 188–96 78–9 , 82 , 85 , 98 as prophet, 31 , 204 , 207 De mortibus persecutorum , 65–7 , 91n.48 , 111 , second coming, 61 112n.151 , 114 , 222 Jews Divine Institutes , 64–5 , 66n.158 , 68–9 , 115–17 , as exemplum , 164 , 181 , 188n.37 , 189–96 , 203 , 167n.181 , 170–1 , 173 , 175 , 210n.140 218 , 223 writings used by Lucifer of Cagliari, 115–17 , Jezebel (wife of Ahab), 111 , 142 , 186 , 217 133n.26 , 139n.56 , 163–76 , 193 , 222 Joash (king of Judah), 109 Laodicea (Asia minor), 45

290 Index

Lentulus Sura, Publius (father-in-law of Mark Macarius (presbyter), 178 , 179 Antony), 138n.50 MacCormack, Sabine, 36 Leontius, bishop of Antioch, 103 Macedon, 50 , 73 leviathan (monster), 199 Macrina (sister of Gregory of Nyssa), 132 Levites, 196–7 , 200 Magnentius (usurper), 80 , 83 , 107 , 147n.80 , 227 Libanius (orator), 18 , 33–5 , 37n.25 , 40 , 44 , Magnus Maximus (usurper), 24 , 49 , 59 , 135n.34 , 45n.59 , 46 , 52 , 75 135n.35 as invectivist, 53–4 Mani (or Manichaeus) (heretic), 185 progymnasmata , 47n.71 , 48n.77 , 50–1 Manichaeanism (heresy), 10n.33 , 167n.180 , To Th ose Who Do Not Speak , 33 184n.19 , 185 Liberius, bishop of Rome, 32 , 84 , 105 , 151–2 , Mappalicus (African martyr), 64n.150 153–4 , 155 , 238 , 240 Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, 121n.193 , 121n.194 , Licinius (emperor), 14 , 64 , 66 , 98 , 102 184n.21 , 188–9 , 201n.91 , 232n.7 Lim, Richard, 21 Marcion (heretic), 186 London, 41n.43 , 220 Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 75 Long, Jacqueline, 19 , 56 Marin, Marcello, 173 Louth, Andrew, 86 Marinus (‘Homoian’ reader), 4 Lucianus (comes Orientis ), 53n.102 Maris, bishop of Chalcedon, 150n.92 Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, 240 , 242 Marius Victorinus (orator), 44 audience for invectives, 87–9 Marius, Gaius (Republican politician), 94 , biography, 84–5 137n.42 De Athanasio I , 93n.55 , 94n.63 , 94n.65 , Mark Antony (Republican politician), 29 , 52 , 100n.93 , 102n.106 , 104n.120 , 110–11 , 55 , 136–40 115n.165 , 123n.204 , 144–5 , 164n.159 , 186–7 , Martial (poet), 39 199–200 , 201–3 Martin, bishop of Tours, 253 De Athanasio II , 94n.63 , 100n.93 , 104n.120 , martyr literature, 1 , 22 , 25–6 , 29–30 , 61–8 , 79 , 123n.204 , 164n.159 , 203n.101 86–7 , 93–5 , 112–17 , 118–21 , 127–34 , 146–77 , De non conueniendo cum haereticis , 94n.64 , 222–3 , 230 164n.159 , 186 , 187n.33 , 191 , 203n.100 , Acts of Cyprian , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 166n.173 203n.101 Acts of Euplus , 3n.6 , 149n.89 De non parcendo in deum delinquentibus , Acts of Marcellus , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 154n.119 , 94n.64 , 144n.72, 164n.159 , 191n.52 , 198 , 203 166n.173 De regibus apostaticis , 93n.56 , 111 , 115n.165 , Acts of Maximilian , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 166n.173 164n.159 , 232n.6 Acts of Phileas , 149n.89 education, 85–6 Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs , 131n.14 , 131n.17 exile, 84–5 , 129 , 153–4 , 156 , 238 Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs , 3 , 149n.89 , as invectivist, 6 , 16–19 , 20 , 23 , 26–7 , 28–9 , 150n.91 , 166n.173 78–117 , 123–6 , 150–1 , 220–2 , 227–9 Letter of Phileas , 168n.187 letter to Eusebius of Vercelli, 161–2 Martyrdom of Agape, Irene and Chione , 3n.6 , Moriundum esse pro dei ﬁ lio , 21n.70 , 30 , 32 , 149n.89 , 150n.91 89–117 , 139n.56 , 150–1 , 163–76 , 203n.101 , Martyrdom of Apollonius , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 211n.140 150n.91 as presented by Athanasius, 151–2 Martyrdom of Conon , 149n.89 as presented by Liberius of Rome, 153–4 Martyrdom of Crispina , 3n.6 , 149n.89 role in the Antiochene schism, 225 Martyrdom of Dasius , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 150n.91 self-presentation, 29–32 , 127–34 , 139–41 , Martyrdom of Felix , 3n.6 , 149n.89 144–8 , 150–1 , 162–77 , 180–2 , 183 , 196 , 198 , Martyrdom of Fructuosus and his Deacons 199–203 , 218–19 , 222–4 Augurius and Eulogius , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , use of Scripture by, 180–2 , 183 , 186–7 , 191 , 193 , 150n.91 , 166n.173 198 , 199–203 , 218–19 , 222–4 Martyrdom of Irenaeus of Sirmium , 3n.6 , Luciferians (heretics), 85 , 249 149n.89 , 154n.119 Lucius, bishop of Adrianople, 121n.193 Martyrdom of Julius the Veteran , 149n.89 , Lucius, Homoian bishop of Alexandria, 226 166n.173 Lucullus (orator), 76 Martyrdom of Marian and James , 149n.89 , Lyman, Rebecca, 15 , 20 , 184 154n.119

Index 291

Martyrdom of Marinus , 149n.89 Nicaea, Council of (325), 2 , 3 , 14 , 77 , 80 , 82 , 91 , Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius , 149n.89 , 99 , 128 , 227 151n.100 , 154n.119 , 168n.187 afterlife, 13–14 Martyrdom of Pionius and his Companions , presentation in 350s, 205–6 3n.6 , 149n.89 , 150n.91 , 165n.167 Nicomedia, 69 Martyrdom of Polycarp , 3n.6 , 149n.89 , Nisibis, 107–8 149n.90 , 150n.91 , 153n.113 Noah (Old Testament patriarch), 203 Martyrdom of Saints Carpus, Paphylus and Nun (father of Joshua), 203 Agathonice , 3n.6 , 149n.89 Martyrdom of Saints Justin, Chariton, Charito, Obadiah (Old Testament ﬁ gure), 142n.64 Evelpistus, Hierax, Paeon, Liberian and their Odysseus (Homeric hero), 44 , 47n.71 , 75 , 107 , Community , 149n.88 , 149n.89 110 Martyrs of Lyons , 149n.88 , 168n.187 Og (king of Bashan), 5 Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas , 149n.90 , Olympiodorus (historian), 118n.177 150n.91 , 151n.100 , 163n.154 , 164–8 Opelt, Ilona, 20 Maxentius (usurper), 41 , 47 , 60 , 72–3 , 94 , 98 , Opimius, Lucius (Republican politician), 137 101 , 103 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 135 , 145 orthodoxy Maximian (emperor), 42n.45 , 49 , 67 , 90 , construction of, 11–16 90n.42 , 93 , 102 , 104n.121 , 113 , 150 , 155 , Ossius, bishop of Cordoba, 93n.59 , 105 , 128 , 155 , 214 161n.148, 162 , 249 Maximinus Daia (emperor), 65n.156 , 67n.163 , 67n.164 , 98 Pacatus, L. Drepanius (panegyrist), 24 , 38 , McKitterick, Rosamond, 9 38n.31 , 40 , 47 , 49 , 59 , 97 McLynn, Neil, 252 Pachomius (monk), 13 Meccano, 43 paideia , 16–19 , 33–5 , 44–51 , 75–6 , 85–6 , 108 , 134 , Melchizedek (Old Testament priest), 203 179 , 220–1 Meletianism (schism), 128 , 131 , 143 , 186 , 217 , 226 Palestine, 65n.156 , 84 Menander Rhetor, 28 , 37n.22 , 44–9 , 51n.95 , Palladius, Aelius (prefect of Egypt), 226 56n.116 , 73n.195 , 89 , 97–8 , 101 Palladius, bishop of Ratiaria, 233n.8 Menelaus (Homeric hero), 75 Pammenes (lover of Philip of Macedon), 51 Mensurius, bishop of Carthage, 148n.83 Pancratius (presbyter), 84 , 161–2 , 240 , 242 Midian, 142 panegyric Milan, 207–17 , 224 , 252–3 Christianisation of, 68–77 Council of (355), 32 , 80 , 84 , 133n.27 , 153 , 155 , in Roman politics, 28 , 35–44 156 , 161–2 , 208n.124 , 209 , 238 , 240 , 242 , training in, 44–9 243 Panegyrici Latini , 24 , 28 , 35–44 , 45n.59 , 47 , 49 , Milvian Bridge, battle of the (312), 67 , 72–3 , 74 , 52 , 59 , 67 , 72n.188 , 73n.195 , 76n.206 , 88 , 94 , 108 , 145 90n.40 , 94n.67 , 97–8 , 101n.99 , 101n.101 , Minucianus (rhetorician), 46n.63 102–3 , 104n.121 , 122 , 135 , 221 Misael (or Misha’el, Old Testament persecuted Pannonia, 209 ﬁ gure), 201 Paris, Council of (360/361), 209 , 215n.158 , Moloch (Old Testament god), 220 256n.11 Montanism (heresy), 152n.109 parrhesia , 25–6 , 29–30 , 53–61 , 129–30 , 134–77 , Moses (Old Testament lawgiver), 5 , 17 , 72 , 73 , 222–3 75 , 78 , 107 , 142 , 145 , 182 , 185 , 198 , 203 patristic literature, 8–11 Patrophilus, bishop of Scythopolis, 155–62 , 243 Narcissus, bishop of Neronias, 94n.61 Paul (apostle), 4n.14 , 5 , 31 , 142 , 152 , 168 , 174 , 181 , Nartzalus (African martyr), 3 185n.23 , 188 , 190 , 192 , 195n.75 , 198n.82 , 203 , Nazarius (panegyrist), 42, 103 206 , 207 , 212 , 215 , 217 , 220 Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian king), 64n.150 Paul of Samosata (heretic), 186 , 188n.37 , Neo-Arian Christianity, 16n.57 193n.60 Nero (emperor), 62 , 65 , 93 , 94 , 113 , 150 , 213 , 228 Paul, bishop of Constantinople, 114 , 147n.80 Neronias (also known as Irenopolis), 94n.61 Paulinus, bishop of Antioch, 84 , 225 Nestor (Homeric hero), 75 , 107 Pausanias (murderer of Philip of Macedon), 51 Nestorianism (heresy), 9 Pelagius (heretic), 184n.21

292 Index

Perpetua (African martyr), 164–8, see also martyr autobiographical, 137–9 literature: Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas biblical, 23–5 , 28–32 , 106–15 , 127–34 , 140–6 , persecution of Christians, 61–8 , 86–7 , 93–5 , 159–62 , 178–207 , 212 , 217–19 , 222–4 112–17 , 119 , 130–2 , 146–77 historical, 136–40 Persia, 112 , 209 martyrial, 112–17 , 127–34 , 146–77 , 212–17 , Peter (apostle), 161 , 162 , 168 , 190 , 191 , 194n.65 222–3 Peter, bishop of Alexandria, 217 , 225–6 Rhetorica ad Herennium , 51n.95 Phalaris (Sicilian tyrant), 49 Rome, 41 , 42 , 44 , 62 , 67 , 94 , 103 , 135 , 156 Pharaoh (Old Testament villain), 72–3 , 108 , 110 , Romulus (mythical king of Rome), 44 112 , 142 , 145 , 152 , 186 R u ﬁ nus (consul 392), 58n.122 Pharisees, 190 , 191 Philagrius, Prefect of Egypt, 119 , 122 Sabellius (heretic), 186 , 188n.37 , 206n.121 Phileas (martyr), 149n.89 Salome (daughter of Herodias), 185n.24 Philip (apostle), 161 Samaritans, 5 Philip (Praetorian Prefect of the East), 114 Samson (Old Testament judge), 152 Philip II (king of Macedon), 50–1 , 55 , 104 , 137 , Samuel (Old Testament prophet), 144 , 152 , 198 139 Sapor II (Persian king), 107–8 Philistines, 114n.162 Sardinia, 156 Philoromus (tribune in Acts of Phileas ), 149n.89 Sarpedon (Homeric hero), 107 Philostorgius (ecclesiastical historian), 10n.33 , Satan, see Devil, the 92 , 103n.113 , 103n.117 , 121n.195 Saturninus (proconsul), 3 on Constantius II, 95–6 , 107 , 121 , 125 Saturninus (Republican politician), 137 Photinus, bishop of Sirmium, 232n.7 Saturninus, bishop of Arles, 256n.11 Piso Caesoninus, Lucius Calpurnius (Roman Saturus (African martyr), 165 politician), 52 Saul (king of Israel), 110n.142 , 111 , 142 , 144 , Plato (philosopher), 60n.135 , 70 145 Pliny the Younger, 45 , 59 , 60 , 163 Scythians, 73 on the persecution of Christians, 150n.91 Scythopolis (Palestine), 129 , 155–62 , 243 Panegyricus , 37n.25 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 101n.100 , 135 Secunda (African martyr), 3 Plutarch (biographer), 48 Seleucia, Council of (359), 14 , 80 , 208 Polycles (governor of Phoenice), 53n.102 , Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (philosopher), 65 , 78 54n.108 Sennacherib (Assyrian king), 199 Pontius Pilate (Prefect of Judaea), 5 , 63 , 110 , Serapion, bishop of Th muis, 178 141 , 186 Serdica, Council of (343), 9n.29 , 80 , 119–21 , Porphyry (Neoplatonist philosopher), 92 188–9 , 218 Powell, Jonathan, 56 Severus (consularis of Syria), 53n.102 Praesens (consul 180), 3 Shaw, Brent, 165 Priscillian (heretic), 184n.21 Sibylline Oracles , 62 Proba, Faltonia Betitia (poet), 183 Sidonius Apollinaris (poet), 36n.20 Probus (emperor), 90 Letters , 39n.32 Procopius (usurper), 225 Sihon (king of the Amorites), 5 progymnasmata , 28 , 37n.22 , 44–51 , 55 , 81n.9 , 86 , Silvanus (son of Antiochene decurion), 53n.102 , 97n.78 , 106 , 221 54n.108 Prohaeresius (orator), 33 , 44 Simon Magus (heretic), 30 , 161–2 , 194n.65 , 196 , Ptolemy II (king of Egypt), 185n.24 240 Publius Nasica (Republican politician), 137 Simonetti, Manlio, 230 Sinon (legendary deceiver), 110 Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius (rhetorician), 45 , Sirmium, 1 , 3 , 4 , 230 136n.40 Blasphemy of, 80 , 205n.112 , 249n.19 Council of (351), 80 Rabshakeh (Old Testament Assyrian messenger), Sizgorich, Th omas, 26 199 Socrates Scholasticus (ecclesiastical historian), Rapp, Claudia, 24 , 25 , 133 , 148 , 166 , 177 211n.142 Red Sea, 72 , 108 , 145 Solomon (king of Israel), 31 , 102n.103 , 110n.142 , re-enactment 189n.41 , 192 , 201 , 206 , 217

Index 293

Sotades (poet), 185 , 195 Tobit (Old Testament ﬁ gure), 198 Sozomen (ecclesiastical historian), 14n.48 , Trajan (emperor), 35n.11 , 37n.25 , 38–41 , 43 , 107n.131 , 150n.92 , 179n.4 , 211n.142 47n.73 , 48n.77 , 68n.166 , 75 , 95 , 101n.100 , Spartacus (insurrectionist slave), 24 , 49 , 137 130 , 135 , 146 Speratus (African martyr), 3 Trier, 42n.45 Statius (poet), 36n.20 , 39 Troy, 197 statues typology, 23–5 , 180–2 , 218n.167 imperial, 41–2 Riot of the (Antioch 387), 42n.44 , 75 Urbanus (governor of Palestine), 65n.156 , 114 Stead, Christopher, 85 Ursacius, bishop of Singidunum, 96 , 209 , Stephen (martyr), 181 215n.158 Stilicho (magister militum ), 48 , 57 , 58n.122 Ursicinus (magister equitum ), 103 Suetonius (biographer) Ursinus, bishop of Rome, 128n.1 Caligula , 58n.127 Uzziah (king of Judah), 198 Vespasian , 151n.100 Sulla Felix, Lucius Cornelius (Republican Valacius (dux ), 114 politician), 137n.42 Valens (emperor), 15 , 52n.98 , 209 Sulpicius Severus (ecclesiastical historian), as non-recipient of invective, 225–6 10n.35 , 208n.124 , 224n.1 religious policy, 225 , 228 Susanna (Old Testament ﬁ gure), 160–1 Valens, bishop of Mursa, 96 , 161 , 209 , 215n.158 , Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais in Cyrene 240 De regno , 45n.60 , 54n.109 , 56n.116 , 59–61 , 65 , Valentinian I (emperor), 31 , 52n.98 , 208 , 209–12 , 76 , 103n.113 214n.153 , 216 , 230 , 252 synkrisis , 46 , 48–53 , 60 , 65–7 , 72–7 , 78–117 , Valentinian II (emperor), 78n.1 , 128n.1 , 226 123–6 , 135 , 139–77 , 178–207 , 220–2 Valentinus (heretic), 194 Syria, 53 , 100 Valerian (emperor), 64 , 65 Vandals, 57 Tacitus (historian), 151n.100 Vercelli (northern Italy), 155n.126 , 156 , 243 Tarquinius Superbus (king of Rome), 67n.164 , Vespasian (emperor), 213 137n.42 Vessey, Mark, 10 Tarsus, 46 Vestia (African martyr), 3 Tertullian (Christian apologist), 21 , 63 , 82n.9 , Vetus Latina Bible, 85n.26 , 111n.144 , 143n.71 167 , 236n.37 vices Ad Scapulam , 132n.19 cowardice, 103–4 Th ebaid (Egypt), 84 , 156 , 225 , 243 family relationships, 89–97 , 137 Th ebes (Greece), 51 ignorance, 103–4 Th emistius (orator), 35 , 36n.20 , 37n.25 , 44n.54 , impiety, 98–106 75 , 95 , 135 injustice, 101–2 Th eodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, 23 , 182n.11 , 225 , intemperance, 104–5 226n.7 , 226n.9 in invective, 27–9 , 49–68 , 78–117 , 123–6 Th eodorus (‘Homoian’ presbyter), 2 , 3 Vindaonius Magnus (comes sacrarum Th eodosius I (emperor), 12 , 13 , 21 , 25 , 38 , largitionum ), 226 42n.44 , 47 , 49 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 75 , 76 , 79n.1 , 88 , Virgil (poet), 64n.153 , 72 , 86 , 183 , 202 97 , 135 , 226 , 228 virtues Th eodosius II (emperor), 183n.15 courage, 97–8 , 103–4 Th eon (rhetorician), 37n.22 , 45–50 , 89n.36 , family relationships, 89–97 97n.78 , 97n.80 justice, 97–8 , 101–2 Th eophanes Confessor, 96n.77 , 107 , 125 in panegyric, 27–9 , 35–49 , 68–77 , 86 , 89–106 Th ersites (Homeric hero), 47n.71 piety, 98–106 Th ibaris (Byzacena), 63n.148 temperance, 97–8 , 104–5 Th ucydides (historian), 48n.77 wisdom, 97–8 , 103–4 Tiber (river), 72 , 145 Tigrinus (presbyter), 157 Washburn, Daniel, 156 Tisamenus (consularis of Syria), 53–4 Watts, Edward, 35 Titus (emperor), 75 Weber, Max, 131

294 Index

Wickham, Lionel, 250 Young, Frances, 19 Williams, Daniel, 250 , 252 Williams, Michael Stuart, 23 Zechariah (Old Testament priest), 109 Williams, Rowan, 14 Zeno of Citium (philosopher), 75 Zeus (god), 90n.42 Xenophon (Athenian author), 75 Zosimus (historian), 102n.107 , 105n.125