Orizzontecina Rivista Quadrimestrale Di Politica, Relazioni Internazionali E Dinamiche Socio-Economiche Della Cina Contemporanea Volume 11 (2020) N

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Orizzontecina Rivista Quadrimestrale Di Politica, Relazioni Internazionali E Dinamiche Socio-Economiche Della Cina Contemporanea Volume 11 (2020) N OrizzonteCina Rivista quadrimestrale di politica, relazioni internazionali e dinamiche socio-economiche della Cina contemporanea Volume 11 (2020) n. 3 grafica e impaginazione: www.glamlab.it Le sfide dell’innovazione cinese La lunga marcia verso l’autosufficienza: costruzione e aggiornamento del sistema nazionale d’innovazione in Cina Francesco Silvestri Tra continuità e rottura: logiche e politiche di sviluppo e innovazione dell’industria spaziale cinese Marco Aliberti Innovazione, territori, istituzioni. Osservazioni sulla Cina Luca Storti L’innovazione come motore per lo sviluppo della finanza verde in Cina: politiche della Banca centrale, fintech e progetti pilota locali Mathias Larsen e Wang Yao Politiche, prassi e potenziale nella cooperazione sino-europea sulla ricerca: quali lezioni imparate? Andrea Střelcová Un nuovo sottostimato driver: innovazioni sociali tramite il settore filantropico in Cina Wang Qinghong Osservatorio STIP: Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy La Cina e lo spazio digitale. Questioni di governance nello spazio digitale globale Giulio Santoni CinesItaliani Le tentazioni sinofobiche italiane dopo un anno di pandemia globale Daniele Brigadoi Cologna Recensione Giada Messetti, Nella testa del Dragone. Identità e ambizioni della nuova Cina (Milano: Mondadori, 2020) Giuseppe Gabusi Registrato con il n.56 del 07/08/2018 presso il Tribunale di Torino - ISSN 2280-8035 ISSN 2612-3479 OrizzonteCina E-ISSN 2280-8035 OrizzonteCina pubblica saggi originali e rigorosi Gli autori e le autrici che desiderano sottoporre al fine di promuovere, a livello nazionale, una un manoscritto o comunicare con la redazione più articolata conoscenza del sistema politico, sono invitati a scrivere a [email protected] delle relazioni internazionali e delle dinamiche socioeconomiche della Repubblica popolare DIREttoRE RESPONSABILE cinese e della più ampia collettività sinofona. La rivista ospita contributi di ricercatori affermati Giovanni B. Andornino, Università degli Studi di ed emergenti con l’obiettivo di agevolare il Torino dialogo tra diverse prospettive disciplinari, anche favorendo la traduzione in italiano di articoli CONDIRETTORE proposti da studiosi stranieri. Daniele Brigadoi Cologna, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria OrizzonteCina combina gli strumenti interpretativi propri delle scienze sociali con la sensibilità COMITATO EDITORIALE filologica degli studi d’area sinologici e si compone Giovanni B. Andornino, Università degli Studi di di una sezione monografica, costituita da articoli Torino e note di ricerca dedicati all’approfondimento Davor Antonucci, Sapienza, Università di Roma critico di una tematica di particolare salienza, e di specifiche rubriche a cura del Comitato Daniele Brigadoi Cologna, Università degli Studi editoriale. dell’Insubria Daniele Brombal, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Il Comitato editoriale di OrizzonteCina condivide Carlotta Clivio, The London School of Economics e si conforma allo spirito delle raccomandazioni and Political Science del Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Simone Dossi, Università degli Studi di Milano al fine di assicurare la costante e rigorosa Enrico Fardella, Peking University implementazione delle migliori pratiche internazionali per quanto attiene alla correttezza Giuseppe Gabusi, Università degli Studi di Torino etica del processo di pubblicazione della rivista. Andrea Ghiselli, Fudan University Elisa Giunipero, Università Cattolica del Sacro Il Comitato Editoriale di OrizzonteCina accoglie Cuore manoscritti in lingua italiana, inglese e cinese, Simona Grano, University of Zurich che vengono sottoposti a una doppia peer-review: Emma Lupano, Università degli Studi di Cagliari - una revisione a singolo cieco svolta da Arianna Ponzini, Università degli Studi di Torino un membro del Comitato Editoriale affine all’approccio disciplinare di cui l’articolo è Giorgio Prodi, Università degli Studi di Ferrara espressione; Flora Sapio, “L’Orientale” Università degli Studi - una revisione anonima a doppio cieco svolta di Napoli da un Revisore esterno al Comitato Editoriale Francesco Silvestri, Beijing Foreign Studies esperto della tematica trattata nell’articolo. University OrizzonteCina è una rivista scientifica COMITATO DI REDAZIONE quadrimestrale registrata al Tribunale di Torino Govanni B. Andornino, Daniele Brigadoi Cologna, e censita dall’Agenzia nazionale di valutazione Virginia Mariano, Arianna Ponzini (coordinatrice), del sistema universitario e della ricerca (ANVUR). Zhao Meirong Promossa dal Torino World Affairs Institute, la rivista è pubblicata in formato Open Access dal TOChina Centre, centro del Dipartimento di Culture, Politica e Società dell’Università degli Studi di Torino, che ne ha la responsabilità scientifico-redazionale. 2 VOLUME 11 (2020) N. 3 | OrizzonteCina OrizzonteCina Volume 11 (2020) n. 3 Le sfide dell’innovazione cinese La lunga marcia verso l’autosufficienza: costruzione e aggiornamento del sistema nazionale d’innovazione in Cina Francesco Silvestri 4 Tra continuità e rottura: logiche e politiche di sviluppo e innovazione dell’industria spaziale cinese Marco Aliberti 24 Innovazione, territori, istituzioni. Osservazioni sulla Cina Luca Storti 38 L’innovazione come motore per lo sviluppo della finanza verde in Cina: politiche della Banca centrale, fintech e progetti pilota locali Mathias Larsen e Wang Yao 48 Politiche, prassi e potenziale nella cooperazione sino-europea sulla ricerca: quali lezioni imparate? Andrea Střelcová 54 Un nuovo sottostimato driver: innovazioni sociali tramite il settore filantropico in Cina Wang Qinghong 62 Osservatorio STIP: Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy La Cina e lo spazio digitale. Questioni di governance nello spazio digitale globale Giulio Santoni 70 CinesItaliani Le tentazioni sinofobiche italiane dopo un anno di pandemia globale Daniele Brigadoi Cologna 76 Recensione Giada Messetti, Nella testa del Dragone. Identità e ambizioni della nuova Cina (Milano: Mondadori, 2020) Giuseppe Gabusi 82 OrizzonteCina | VOLUME 11 (2020) N. 3 3 ARTICOLO DI RICERCA OrizzonteCina Vol. 11 (2020), n. 3: 4-23 doi: 10.13135/2280-8035/5597 La lunga marcia verso l’autosufficienza: costruzione e aggiornamento del sistema nazionale d’innovazione in Cina Francesco Silvestri School of International Relations, Beijing Foreign Studies University Contatto: [email protected] Ricevuto il 20 ottobre 2020; accettato il 10 gennaio 2021 Abstract The Fifth Plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the CCP emphasized the role of science, technology and innovation (STI) as the country’s driving forces on the path to achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In light of the escalating relevance bestowed to STI areas, this essay examines the gradual yet steady establishment, through a trial-and-error approach, of a national innovation system (NIS) in China. Adop- ting the analytical tools offered by the NIS theory, the article highlights the key principles and critical tur- ning points in the country’s STI policy since the inception of the economic reforms. Whereas mainstream reports on China’s progress in the STI areas ascribe its success mainly to heavy State-led investments in science and technology, this essay acknowledges the attention accorded to the coordination of innovative actors and the circulation of knowledge, skills, and ideas. When looking at the present and future deve- lopments, four areas of attention are highlighted: the updated definition of new emerging industries, the growing importance of regional clustering, an ongoing infrastructural upgrade, and the strategic rele- vance of technology standardization. Significant obstacles to continued progress in the STI areas are also identified. First of all, the incentives structure is still too disconnected from qualitative criteria. Secondly, growing constraints to China’s long-standing policy flexibility are endangering a model that, thus far, has enabled its extraordinary progress in science and technology. Keywords National innovation system; China’s innovation policy; China’s STI policy; Technology absorption; Indi- genous innovation Introduzione Qualsiasi analisi dell’apparato scientifico, tecnologico e d’innovazione cinese dovrebbe partire dal presupposto che si sta cercando di comprendere e definire un oggetto in costante evoluzio- ne. A partire dal 1978, anno d’avvio della politica di “Riforma e apertura”, la Cina ha intrapre- so un percorso graduale ma costante volto a costruire, aggiornare e consolidare le capacità di questo apparato. Oggi, dopo molti traguardi, qualche insuccesso, continue sperimentazioni e ambiziosi cambi di direzione, questo processo è ancora in corso. Nonostante la dinamicità e le molte sfaccettature delle varie fasi di riforma impediscano di fissare le politiche d’innovazione in un quadro stabile, è utile tentare di rilevarne i principi caratterizzanti e alcune caratteristiche consolidate. Studiosi in varie aree di ricerca si sono posti questo ambizioso obiettivo offrendo 4 VOLUME 11 (2020) N. 3 | OrizzonteCina Francesco Silvestri chiavi interpretative afferenti diverse pro- Figura 1 spettive teoriche. Il presente contributo in- Tappe salienti della costruzione del sistema nazionale d’innovazione. tende offrire un resoconto critico di ciò che la ricerca sulle politiche d’innovazione in Cina ha messo in luce finora e tratteggiare le prospettive d’indagine più promettenti per il prossimo futuro. Le politiche d’innovazione in Cina devono essere esaminate sullo sfondo del proces- so di riforme che si è esteso lungo
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