District Survey Report of East Garo Hills District for Sand Mining 2019

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND MINING AND RIVER BED IN EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT (Prepared in accordance with Para 7(iii) (a) of S.O 141 (E) Dated15th January 2018, as amended on S.O 3611 (E) Dated 25th July 2018 of MOEF & CC)

Compiled By

Assistant Conservator Forest Social Forestry Division, Williamnagar Cum Nodal Officer District Survey Report, East Garo Hills district

Deputy Commissioner Divisional Forest Officer Cum Cum Chairman Member Secretary District Level Task Force, East & North Garo Hills (T) Division. East Garo Hills, Williamnagar Williamnagar

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Ch No Description Page No 1 Location Map 3 Introduction 4-13 1.1 Topography & Demography 1.2 River & water sources 1.3 Seismicity 1.4 Demography 1.5 Census 1.6 Places of Tourist interest

2 Overview of mining activity in the District 14 3 The list of Mining leases in the District with location, area, and period of validity 14 4 The details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 15 5 Detail of Production of Sand or Bajri or Minor minerals in last three years 16 6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 16 7 General Profile of the District 24 8 Land Utilization Pattern in the District : Forest Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining Etc 28 9 Physiology of the District 30 10 Rainfall Data Month wise 32 11 Geology and Mineral Wealth 33 12 Additional Information: 36 13 District wise detail of river or stream and other 37 sand source 14 District wise availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources 39 15 District wise detail of existing miming leases of 37 sand and aggregates 16 Potential mining sites 40 17 Annexure 42 18 Maps 42

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-1 Introduction

East Garo Hills District was upgraded from a sub-division to a full-fledged district in 1976, after the erstwhile Garo Hills District was reorganised with a view to bring the administration closer to the people. In 2012 East Garo Hills District was further reorganised to form a new district out of the erstwhile Resubelpara Sub-Division. The Dis- trict is bounded by South Garo Hills on the south, West Garo Hills on the west, West Khasi Hills on the east and North Garo Hills on the north.

The headquarter-complex, Williamnagar is a neatly planned township, chris- tened after Captain Williamson A. Sangma, the first Chief Minister of the State of Megha- laya. Williamnagar now has all the amenities of a modern town and is the largest growth centre in Garo Hills, next to Tura.

1.1 Topography & Demography Topography Basic Topographical Facts

Drainage Simsang

Manda

Damring

As is evident from the name, the district of East Garo Hils is a hilly terrain. The hills are highly dissected and one major formation is the Arbella Range, which is cuts through the south-central part of the district. The range consists of peaks with an average height of 700 metres above sea level. Another important physiographic feature is the Simsang Valley which runs through the southern part of the district. The River Sim- sang is the longest river in Garo Hills, which originates in West Garo Hills and flows through East Garo Hills and thence to South Garo Hills. The topography of the rest of the district is of undulating low hills, with altitude ranging from 150 to 600 metres above sea level. Besides the Simsang, the district is also drained by the rivers Manda & Damring, which have their sources within the district. Other than the Simsang which drains southeast wards, the others all runs north or northwest towards the Brahmapu- tra.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

1.2 River System & Water Resources The district is mainly drained by perennial & non-perennial streams and the drainage system of the district comprises of the following:

1. The Simsang & its tributaries: The Simsang flows in from the neighbouring district of West Garo Hills, where its source is, it flows eastwards and then southwards within East Garo Hills and then flows out to neighbouring South Garo Hills, and thence to Bangla- desh. The Simsang and its tributaries drains more than 50% of the district.

2. The Damring & its tributaries: The Damring has its source in East Garo Hills and it flows northwards to neighbouring North Garo Hills, and then to Assam and drains to the Brahmaputra.

3. The Manda & its tributaries: The Manda has its source in East Garo Hills and it flows northwards to neighbouring North Garo Hills, and then to Assam and drains to the Brahmaputra. 1.3 Seismicity Seismically, East Garo Hills district lies in Zone V. Nearly all of the state of Me- ghalaya, lies on the "Shillong Massif". This is a block-like structure that has not under- gone much folding or faulting as compared to the surrounding areas. The main threats to the state come from faults bounding the massif with the surrounding areas. The northern part of the massif has several faults, among the newly identified Oldham Fault that is believed responsible for the 1897 earthquake. The southern boundary is marked by the east-west trending Dawki Fault, along the Bangladesh border. Moderate earth- quakes have occurred in this state but the most significant of all was the Great Assam earthquake of 1897. Centred across the state border in Assam, much of Meghalaya was severely jolted.

The Largest Instrumented Earthquake in Meghalaya was on 7 April 1951 - 6.8 (TS) 20:29:12.40 UTC, 25.80N, 90.40E near Rongrenggre, which is a suburb of Williamna- gar, the district headquarters of East Garo Hills.

1.4 Demography

Basic Facts

Total Population 1,45,798

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Population Density 96.11

(population/sq. km.)

Sex Ratio 961

(females/1000 males)

The population of East Garo Hills district consists of two major groups - tribal & non-tribal. The tribal population of the district amounts to 96.54 % of the total population. The majority of the tribal population are the Garos, while the other indigenous in- habitants are minority communities. The small non-tribal population, including the Scheduled Castes is mostly concentrated in the urban settlements of Williamnagar and semi-urban habitations like Rongjeng, Songsak & Rongsak. The distribution of population in the district is uneven and is mostly governed by topography. The population of the district is mainly concentrated in the flatter areas like Williamnagar and Rongjeng. Since the economy of the district is primarily agricultural, the topography and soil type have a great influence on the population distribution. Also the uneven topography which also influences factors such as accessibility to the areas, causes the low density of population in the interiors of the district.

1.5 Primary Census Abstract for East Garo Hills District

(Census, 2011)

Item Total Rural Urban

Area (in sq. Km) 1517.00 1507.28 9.72

Households 26585 22333 4252

Population in the age group (0-6)

Male 14247 12474 1773

Female 14043 12222 1821

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Total 28290 24696 3594

Scheduled Castes Population

Male 248 90 267

Female 162 53 158

Total 410 143 109

Scheduled Tribes Population

Male 69925 59695 10230

Female 68554 57979 10575

Total 138479 117674 20805

Literates Population

Male 44908 34940 9968

Female 37412 28422 8720

Total 82050 63362 18688

Total Workers

Male 33414 27866 5548

Female 24914 23169 1745

Total 58328 51035 7293

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Main Workers

Male 28531 23451 5080

Female 12952 11589 1363

Total 41483 35040 6443

(i) Cultivators

Male 18105 17720 385

Female 9630 9443 187

Total 27735 27163 572

(ii) Agricultural Workers

Male 1891 1820 71

Female 1039 1008 31

Total 2930 2828 102

(iii) Household Industry Workers

Male 209 178 31

Female 122 94 28

Total 331 272 59

(iv) Other Workers

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Male 8326 3733 4593

Female 2161 1044 1777

Total 10487 4777 5710

Marginal Workers

Male 4883 4415 468

Female 11962 11580 382

Total 16845 15995 850

(i) Marginal Cultivators

Male 2216 2188 28

Female 7658 7531 127

Total 9874 9719 155

(ii) Marginal Agricultural Labourers

Male 1405 1360 45

Female 3184 3152 32

Total 4589 4512 77

(iii) Marginal Household Industry Workers

Male 140 124 16

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Female 244 220 24

Total 384 344 40

(iv) Marginal Other Workers

Male 122 743 379

Female 876 677 199

Total 1998 1420 578

Non-Workers

Male 40938 33751 7187

Female 46532 36415 10117

Total 87470 70166 17304

Source:- District Statistical Officer, Williamnagar.

1.6 Places of Tourist Interest

There are several places in Garo Hills that can be developed for tourism. Some of them are of historical importance; others are important because of their association with the cultural traditions of the Garo people and many of them again have deservedly earned fame for their scenic beauty. Much of the area still remain untouched, retaining almost intact the original flora and fauna which should have more of the attention of the scientists, or even the ordinary lover of Nature. Tourism. If properly developed, could be a potentially rich source of revenue to the district as well as to the State. Ta'sek Lake Formed by River the Great Earthquake of 1897, this lake was believed to be the habitat of a huge water serpent called Sangkni by the locals. Located near Songsak

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019 block, just off the Darugiri-Songsak road, this beautiful, natural inland lake is a popular picnic spot and camping site. The lake has an immense potential for pisciculture. Rong’bang Falls Locally known as Rong’bang dare, this waterfall is situated 25 miles away from Tura on the Tura- Williamnagar Road, a little beyong Rombagre village. It is a tributary of the Simsang River which can be seen from this road but the real beauty and magni- tude of it can be experienced when one goes down to the place at the bottom of the waterfalls.

This Sprightly fall, though perennial, is at its best during the monsoon months. It pre- sents motorists driving from Asanangre towards Williamnagar, a romantic visual of last- ing satisfaction. Although the fall is located about crow-flight kilometres away from the highway, the width and depth of the falls are enough to make it clearly visible and a sheer delight. Clustered on either side by vast evergreen hills of bamboo’s which sway, leaving the viewer with memories of ecstatic joy. Domre Falls

Located just off the Williamnagar-Songsak road, near Dadengpara, this pleasant look- ing waterfalls is small and is only of moderate size during monsoon. Although it's not far off the road, it is nestled deep in the thick jungle and steep hillside and is not easily reached for a vantage view. Mokma Dare Located at Mejolgre village, this beautiful waterfalls falls from a great height and makes a deafening sound.

A few of the more important places are described in the following paragraphs: Naphak or Napak It is situated about 6 km away from Songsak, the headquarters of the Songsak Development Block. The local Inspection Bungalow stands close to a beautiful lake called Ta’sek Wari, on the most beautiful natural lakes found in the Garo Hills. The lake which is located in the middle of the village is very wide and deep. It was formed by the the great earthquake of 1897. Through the very clear water, stumps of trees long sub- merged can be seen. There are many varieties of fish in this lake which people have be- gun to catch for their own consumption having thrown away all their former supersti- tious dread that whoever caught fish from the lake would be afflicted with sickness and die. Local people say that the lake is a habitat of a large water serpent which is called

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Sangkni. The lake has long been a popular resort for the many tourists who regularly visit it to enjoy its beauty.

Nongchram

This large village is situated on the Khasi Hills border in the eastern part of East Garo Hills District. It is 6 Kilometers away from Rongjeng, the headquarters of the Dam- bo-Rongjeng C&RD Development Block. With the establishment of the Meghalaya Bam- boo Chips factory here, the village has started growing steadily. Since bamboos grow abundantly in the whole of Garo Hills, the chipping unit is expected to maintain a regu- lar flow of its produce for the foreseeable future. Williamnagar It is the district headquarters of East Garo Hills. Williamnagar is situated on the upper reaches of the Simsang River, and for this reason it was originally called Simsang- gre, the name being changed in 1976 to Williamnagar, after the name of the first Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Captain Williamson Sangma.

The presence of an a’sim or salt-lick nearby still attracts many kinds of wild animals. Surrounding thick jungles provide an ideal haunt for wild animals like elephants and tigers.

This place is becoming an important center for cultural, educational and socio- economical activities. The rural people of surrounding areas are also provided with agricultural training facilities.

The township has one Civil Hospital, a Veterinary Hospital, a Post Office, a Tele- phone Exchange and a Police Station.

As Williamnagar is the district headquarters, major offices are being established here together with accommodation for the government staff serving here. The government Circuit House and the District Council Inspection Bungalow overlook the beautiful Simsang River.

Bus services ply daily between the township and other places within the Garo Hills and outside. One such service connects Williamnagar to Shillong. The service may use the alternative route via Nongstoin in West Khasi Hills in the event of floods in the plains.

As a planned town, it has the advantage that older towns in Meghalaya do not have, which give a better look and a better layout to it.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

The land is very fertile and suitable for horticultural products of various kinds. Rongrenggiri Located on the left bank of the River Simsang close to Williamnagar, the district headquarters of East Garo Hills, Rongrengiri and its environs are covered with tall, ele- gant and mature Sal trees which constitute the Rongrengiri Reserve Forest covering an are of over thirty six square kilometers. During the British Expedition to annex Garo Hills to British India, they faced the last major Garo resistance to their intrusion at Ron- grengiri. After days of seize, they succeeded on 12th December 1837 to fell the Garo Warrior Pa Togan Nengminja Sangma who led the Garoes, at Chisobibra near Ron- grengiri. This broke the Garo resistance and the British annexed Garo Hills with ease. A simple Memorial to Pa. Togan has been erected at Chisobibra within Rongrengiri Re- serve Forest. A function to commemorate the fallen martyr Pa Togan, is held annually at the site of the Memorial, on the anniversary of his martyrdom.

Rongrengiri is ten kilometres off Williamnagar on the Tura- Asanangre- Williamnagar State Highway. At Rongrengiri, the River Simsang provides an excellent spot for anglers to try their hand for big as well as small catch.

Wildlife lovers will find flocks of Imperial-Pigeons grazing for cachinnates, on the sandy banks of the Simsang River, at Chisobibra.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

CHAPTER –2 OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT Minerals of Meghalaya

The District of East Garo Hills is endowed with large deposits of a number of valuable minerals such as coal, limestone, kaolin, clay, granite, glass-sand and uranium. The table below gives information about various mineral resources of the District. East Garo hills

Kaolin Darugiri area East Garo Bedded Kaolin serve as a valuable component 1 Hills 25°27'42.78"N deposits in China and other table wares, also 90° 0'53.04"E closely has a variety of other uses in products associated including rubber, cable, insulation, with clay speciality films and fertilizer Clay Nengkhra & East Garo Bedded Clay is used for making pottery, both 2 Dobu area Hills 25°29'59.58"N Deposits utilitarian and decorative and con- 90°43'40.48"E struction products such as bricks, wall and floor tiles. Suitable for ceramic and refractory purposes and for ce- ment Industry

Quartz & Nengkhra ar- East Garo Occur as Quartz is used as a gemstone and cul- 3 Feldspar ea Hills 25°29'55.74"N Veins and tured quartz is widely used in elec- 90°41'19.40"E dykes tronic applications. Feldspar is widely used in making dinnerware and used as tiles. It is also used in glass production as a flux

Chapter-3

LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AR- EA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY :

No mining lease

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-4

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS :

Forest Department : 1. Revenue collection for the Year 2017 to 2018 Under East (T) Division, Williamnagar

No mining lease

2. Revenue collection for the Year 2017 to 2018 Under East (T) Division, Williamnagar

Year Month Item Quantity Amount

2017-18 Sand 279.54.0 M³ Ra.25,158.60

3. Revenue collection for the month of 1st May 2018 to 31st July 2019 Under East & North Garo Hills (T) Division, Williamnagar

Year Month Item Quantity Amount Boulder Nil Nil MAY Sand Nil Nil Timber Nil Nil Land Revenue - Nil

Export Fee - Nil

JUNE Boulder - Nil 2018-19 Sand 2901.22 m³ 2,61,109.00 Timber - Nil Land Revenue - Nil Export Fee - 10,000.00

Boulder Nil Nil JULY Sand Nil Nil Timber - Nil Land Revenue - Nil Export Fee - Nil Nil

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-5

DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS :

No mining lease

Chapter-6

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT : River Development Cycle

The three stages in a river or stream's development are youthful, mature and old. Geologists classify streams along with rivers and view their development as a flowing body of water progressing along the same three stages. Rivers and streams erode and change the landscape around them in their various stages of development and, by doing so, also affect their own course.

A river in its youthful stage follows a relatively straight course. Its gradient is steep and it will usually be found flowing through a V-shaped valley. There may only be a slight or a complete absence of a floodplain, which is the flattened area to the side of the river that is subject to flooding. The flow velocity of a river in its youthful stage is high and there are sometimes rapids along its course.

A mature river does not flow as quickly as a youthful one because it has eroded its river bed down to a lower depth and there is a greater area to accommodate a much larger volume of water to move through it. There are more tributaries feeding a mature river, its floodplains have increased and its channels have eroded to a wider distance. The extent of the channel widening will be greater than the extent of its depth.

Old rivers flow slowest and their rate of erosion is counteracted by the degree of sediment they deposit. Their course is no longer straight and widened floodplains are a common char- acteristic. An old river rests in an almost flat valley as a result of the many years of erosion that have taken place.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Stream Erosion and Deposition

Flowing water is a very important mechanism for both erosion and deposition. Water flow in a stream is primarily related to the stream’s gradient, but it is also controlled by the geometry of the stream channel. As shown in Figure-1, water flow velocity is decreased by friction along the stream bed, so it is slowest at the bottom and edges and fastest near the surface and in the middle. In fact, the velocity just below the surface is typically a little higher than right at the surface because of friction between the water and the air. On a curved section of a stream, flow is fastest on the outside and slowest on the inside.

Figure-1. The relative velocity of stream flow depending on whether the stream channel is straight or curved (left), and with respect to the water depth (right).

Other factors that affect stream-water velocity are the size of sediments on the stream bed — because large particles tend to slow the flow more than small ones — and the discharge, or volume of water passing a point in a unit of time (e.g., m3/second). During a flood, the water level always rises, so there is more cross-sectional area for the water to flow in; however, as long as a river remains confined to its channel, the velocity of the water flow also increases.

Figure-2 shows the nature of sediment transportation in a stream. Large particles rest on the bottom — bedload — and may only be moved during rapid flows under flood conditions. They can be moved by saltation (bouncing) and by traction (being pushed along by the force of the flow).

Smaller particles may rest on the bottom some of the time, where they can be moved by saltation and traction, but they can also be held in suspension in the flowing water, especially at higher velocities. As you know from intuition and from experience, streams that flow fast tend to be turbulent (flow paths are chaotic and the water surface appears rough) and the water may be muddy, while those that flow more slowly tend to have laminar flow (straight-line flow and a smooth water surface) and clear water. Turbulent flow is more effective than laminar flow at keeping sediments in suspension.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Stream water also has a dissolved load, which represents (on average) about 15% of the mass of material transported, and includes ions such as calcium (Ca+2) and chloride (Cl-) in solu- tion. The solubility of these ions is not affected by flow velocity.

Figure-2 Modes of transportation of sediments and dissolved ions (represented by red dots with + and – signs) in a stream.

The faster the water is flowing, the larger the particles that can be kept in suspension and transported within the flowing water. However, a Swedish geographer Filip Hjulström dis- covered in the 1940s, the relationship between grain size and the likelihood of a grain being eroded, transported, or deposited is not as simple as one might imagine (Figure-3). Consider, for example, a 1 mm grain of sand. If it is resting on the bottom, it will remain there until the velocity is high enough to erode it, around 20 cm/s. But once it is in suspension, that same 1 mm particle will remain in suspension as long as the velocity doesn’t drop below 10 cm/s. For a 10 mm gravel grain, the velocity is 105 cm/s to be eroded from the bed but only 80 cm/s to remain in suspension.

Figure-3 The Hjulström-Sundborg diagram showing the relationships between particle size and the tendency to be eroded, transported, or deposited at different current velocities

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

On the other hand, a 0.01 mm silt particle only needs a velocity of 0.1 cm/s to remain in suspension, but requires 60 cm/s to be eroded. In other words, a tiny silt grain requires a greater velocity to be eroded than a grain of sand that is 100 times larger! For clay-sized particles, the discrepancy is even greater. In a stream, the most easily eroded particles are small sand grains between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm. Anything smaller or larger requires a higher water velocity to be eroded and entrained in the flow. The main reason for this is that small particles, and especially the tiny grains of clay, have a strong tendency to stick together, and so are difficult to erode from the stream bed.

It is important to be aware that a stream can both erode and deposit sediments at the same time. At 100 cm/s, for example, silt, sand, and medium gravel will be eroded from the stream bed and transported in suspension, coarse gravel will be held in suspension, pebbles will be both transported and deposited, and cobbles and boulders will remain stationary on the stream bed.

A stream typically reaches its greatest velocity when it is close to flooding over its banks. This is known as the bank-full stage, as shown in Figure-4. As soon as the flooding stream overtops its banks and occupies the wide area of its flood plain, the water has a much larger area to flow through and the velocity drops significantly. At this point, sediment that was being carried by the high-velocity water is deposited near the edge of the channel, forming a natural bank or levée.

Figure-4. The development of natural levées during flooding of a stream. The sediments of the levée become increasingly fine away from the stream channel, and even finer sediments — clay, silt, and fine sand — are deposited across most of the flood plain.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Flood Plain – is a broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of a stream channel. During floods, flood plains may be covered with water carrying suspended silt and clay.

When the flood water recedes, these fine-grained sediments are left behind as a horizontal deposit. The sudden decrease in velocity of water leaving the channel causes the river to deposit most of its sediment near the main channel. Progressively less sediment is deposited away from the channel. A series of floods may build up natural levees low ridges of flood-deposited sediment that form on either side of a stream channel.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

MAPS OF RIVER BASIN

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-7

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT : East Garo Hills at a Glance

District Name East Garo Hills

District Headquarter Williamnagar

TotaL - 1517.00 sq. km. (approx.)

Area Rural - 1507.28 sq. km. (approx.)

Urban - 9.72 sq. km. (approx.)

lies between 25.24ºN & 26.10ºN Latitude Location and 90ºE & 91.3ºE Longitude

West Khasi Hills district in the East

West Garo Hills district in the East District Boundaries North Garo Hills district in the North

South Garo Hills district in the South

Population

Total - 1,45,798

Male - 74,352

Female - 71,446

Sex Ratio per 1000 males – 961 (as per 2011 Census) Rural - 1,21,201

Urban - 24,597

Population Density per sq. km. – 96

For more details see Demography & Topography

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Simsang (Someshwari) Drainage Manda (Dudhnoi) 3 (Three) major rivers Damring (Krishnoi)

Administrative Units

Civil Sub-Divisions None

Dambo-Rongjeng C&RD Block C&RD Blocks Samanda C&RD Block 3 (Three) C&RD Blocks Songsak C&RD Block

Revenue Villages 492 (Four Hundred & Ninety-Two) Revenue Villages

Towns Williamnagar 1 (One) Town

Urban Level Bodies Williamnagar Municipality 1 (One) Municipality

Urban Wards 10 (Ten) Urban Wards in Williamnagar

Parliamentary Constituencies Entire district falls under 2-Tura (ST) Parliamentary 1 (One) Parliamentary Constituency Constituency

41-Songsak(ST) Assembly Constituency Assembly Constituencies 42-Rongjeng (ST) Assembly Constituency 3 (Three) Assembly Constituencies 43-Williamnagar (ST) Assembly Constituency

27 - Samandagre District Council Constituency Autonomous District Council Con- stituencies 28 - Darugre District Council Constituency 3 (Three) Assembly Constituencies 29 - Williamnagar District Council Constituency

Police Department

Police Stations Williamnagar PS Police Stations Rongjeng PS

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chiading PS

Songsak PS

Mangsang Police Outpost

Police Outposts Police Outposts Songsak Police Outpost

Chiading Police Outpost

Police Check-posts Nengkhra Police Checkpost 1 (One) Police Check-post

Anti-Dacoity Camps (Temporary) Dobu ADC

3 (Three) Anti-Dacoity Camps Nengmandalgiri ADC

Fire Stations Williamnagar Fire Station

2 (Two) Fire Stations Rongjeng Fire Station

Health Department

Hospitals Williamnagar Civil Hospital 1 (One) Hospital

Community Health Centres Rongjeng CHC 1 (One) Community Health Centre

Bansamgre PHC

Dagal Apal PHC

Dobu PHC Primary Health Centres Mangsang PHC 8 (Eight) Primary Health Centres Rongrong PHC

Samanda PHC

Songsak PHC

Dispensaries Williamnagar Dispensary 1 (One) Dispensary

Leprosy Societies Williamnagar Leprosy Society 1 (One) Leprosy Society

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Tuberculosis Societies District TB Society (RNTCP), Williamnagar 1 (One) Tuberculosis Societies

Name Headquarters Population Location

Dambo Rongjeng Rongjeng

Samanda Samanda

Songsak Songsak

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-8 Land Utilisation Pattern in the District : Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining Etc. TOTAL AREA OF UNDER AGRICULTURE AND HORTICUTURE TOTAL AREA AND CLASSIFICATION AREA IN EACH BLOCK OF GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2010-2019 CLASSIFICATION OF REPORTING AREA (Hectare) Other uncultivated land Fallows land Not available for cultivation excluding fallow land

Area under non-agricultural use

able land

stics

cultiva

Block

able waste landable waste

Cultiv

Geographical area Reporting forArea land Utilization stat Forest land logged Water Forestry Social still under Land water Land Other Total (col.50a to 5d) & un Barren Total (col.5e+6) & pasture Permanent land grazing Other & crops misc included groves.(not under Land snow area) in Total than other land Fallow Fallows Current fallow Current Total snow Area Net Total Area Crop once sown more than Area 1 2 3 4 5(a) 5(b) 5(c) 5(d) 5(e) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Samanda 54700 54500 28047 3 31 494 512 1139 1019 2158 ... 4246 8358 12604 4064 654 4718 6973 7845 872

Songsak 50500 50300 21141 2 ... 460 480 1042 970 2012 ... 8052 8124 16176 4030 915 4945 6026 6939 913

Dambo-Rongjeng 46500 46300 22120 3 15 508 532 1156 964 2120 ... 4089 6433 10522 4174 1065 5239 6299 7191 892

East Garo Hills 151700 151100 71308 8 46 1462 1524 3337 2953 6290 16387 22915 39302 12268 2634 14902 19298 21975 2677

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

FOREST DEPARTMENT : STATUS OF FOREST LAND UNDER EAST GARO HILLS :-

Division District Reserve For- Area est Songsak R.F 23.32 No.29 of 1.10.1885 &

Sq.m 3583 R of 1902

Rongrenggiri 36.26 No. 28 of 19.6.1883 & DFO, East & North Garo Hills(T) Di- East Garo R.F Sq.m 375 R of 29.1.1932 vision, William- Hills nagar Darugiri R.F 10.36 No. 28 of 19.6.1883 & Sq.m 373 R of 19.11932

Dambo R.F 18.13 No. 22 of 12/3/1880 & Sq.m 4276 R of 14.10.1962

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-9 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

10. RAINFALL MONTHWISE

Rainfall Data at district agricultural Office, Williamnagar of the Year 2010-2019 The area receives rainfall by the south-west monsoon. Rainy season sets in the mid-

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Sl month Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg Avg .No 1 Jan 0.00 1.35 1.38 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 Feb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.35 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 3 March 3.3 6.13 0.00 0.04 0.22 0.28 5.48 5.23 0.96 0.70 4 April 14.95 37.55 9.59 5.70 0.88 8.07 1.65 17.20 3.88 8.93 5 May 15.90 3.73 3.60 19.98 15.74 16.26 16.56 17.74 15.45 21.36 6 June 24.41 4.20 19.84 15.26 27.02 35.45 16.14 15.36 15.60 22.97 7 July 20.69 5.23 23.06 14.32 18.44 7.21 35.35 24.51 10.23 28.92 8 August 11.80 1.24 12.03 12.56 25.86 23.37 1.57 28.10 8.2 4.57 9 Sept 3.43 2.11 24.12 10.77 36.43 17.78 7.53 22.64 11.26 - 10 Oct 5.70 0.00 6.24 12.70 1.2 2.21 2.92 9.82 1.34 - 11 Nov 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.65 0.00 - 12 Dec 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 - dle of june and lasts till September. The normal rainfall in the dist is 1399m.

The Indian meteorological department, Nagpur, vide letter No. NAGPUR RCM/CS- 312, dated 18th January, 2016 has provided the period of Rainy season Viz. Normal dates of Onset and withdrawal of south-west Monsoon over India as state-wise. The duration for the period is 10th June to 15 October.

Rainfall Data at district agricultural Office, Williamnagar of the Year 2010-2019

The area receives rainfall by the south-west monsoon. Rainy season sets in the middle of June and lasts till September. The normal rainfall in the dist is 1399m.

The Indian meteorological department, Nagpur, vide letter No. NAGPUR RCM/CS-312, dated 18th January, 2016 has provided the period of Rainy season Viz. Normal dates of Onset and withdrawal of south-west Monsoon over India as state-wise. The duration for the period is 10th June to 15 October.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-11

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH Meghalaya is endowed with sizeable deposits of a number of valuable minerals. Coal, limestone, Uranium, granite, kaolin, clay and glass sand and the principal minerals. A brief account of minerals resources is as follows: Coal – Meghalaya coal, which is tertiary coal, is generally sub- bituminous in composition. The prominent coalfields of the State Are West Darrangiri, Siju, Pendengru-Balpakram in the south Garo hills district; Borsora Langrin in the west Khasi hills district; East Darrangiri Partly in the west khasi hills and partly in the East Garo Hills; Mawlong-Shells and Sohra- Cherrapunjee in the Esat Khasi Hills and Bapung-Sutnga in the Jaiantia Hills district. Limestone - An extensive bed of limestone occurs in the southern part of the state from Jaintia Hills in the East and Garo Hills in the west. The main deposits are found around Cherrapunjee, Mawlong, Ichamati, Shella, Komorrah in the East Khasi hills district; Borsora and Bagli in the west Khasi Hills district; and Darrang Era- aning, Siju, Chok- pot in the south Garo Hills district. Uranium - Significant Occurrence of uranium deposite is found in and around Domiasiat and Wahkyn area in the west Khasi Hills District. Granite – Deposits of multi-Coloured granite have been located around Nongpoh in the Ri- Bhoi district; Mylliem in the East Khasi Hills district; and Mendipathar in the North and Songsak in the East Garo Hills District. Kaolin – Good quality Kaolin (china clay) occurs around Mawph- lang, Smit and Laitiyngkot in the East Khasi Hills district; Thand- laskein, Shangpung, Mulieh and Mynsngat in the Jaiantia Hills district; and Darugiri in the East Garo Hills District. White Clay – Sendimentary white clay is found around Cherrapunjee and Mahadek in the East Khasi Hills; Nangwalbibra in the south Garo Hills and Rongrenggre in the East Garo Hills district. Glass Sand – Glass sand is found to occur at Laitryngew, Um- stew and Kreit in the East Khasi Hills and Tura in the West Garo Hills Dis- trict. Sillimanite – Sillimanite is found in some part of teh Mawthengkut Block at Sonapahar of the West Khasi Hills District.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Others minerals – Quartz occurs almost in all District in the Nothern part of the State. Feldspar and iron ore are reported in teh Ri- Bhoi and the west Khasi Hills District; and bauxite and rock phosphate are found in the Jaintia Hills District.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR DETAILS OF RIVERS ETC :

Chapter-12

DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF THE RIVERS OR STREAMS AND OTHER SAND RESOURCES :

DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVER Drainage System :

1) Simsang River :This river originates from Nokrek situated in West Garo Hills District. After passing through this district it enters South Garo Hills and ulti- mately enters Bangladesh before falling in Meghna River. Its course in the district is about 52.70 km. 2) Chibok Stream : It originates from a hill near Nabokgre and falls in Simsang river. Its full course is within this district only which is about 11.50 km. 3) Rongdol River :It originates from a hill near Rondolgre. Its course in the district is 36.4 km and falls in Simsang. 4) Ringdi River : It originates from a hill near Mangsang. Its course in the district is 75.3 km and fall in Simsang. 5) Rongtam stream : It originates from a hill near Dobu Agalgre. Its course is about 22.00 km before it falls in Simsang.

Availability of sand : Sand accumulation is found in most of the rivers but in small limited areas. In some areas it is found in comparatively a larger areas where sand quarries are seen established for commercial purposes. A few stretches along Simsang river are seen with huge deposition of sand particularly in Kusimkol, Nokil Awe, Rongreng Chidekgre, Ron- greng Baiza, Rongre Bibra, Samanda Megapgre and a few stretches from Warima to Am- pangdam. In smaller rivers like Rondol, Rongtam, Ringdi, Nongchram and Chibok rivers also, in few stretches are seen with sufficient deposition of sand.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

A. DISTRICT WISE AVAILABLITY OF SAND OR GRAVEL OR AGGRE- GATE RESOURCES :

No Data Available

B. DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF EXISTING MINING LEASES OF SAND AND AGGREGATES

No Existing Mining lease on Sand

Chapter-13

DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF RIVERS WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS : DrainageSystem :

The drainage system of the district is controlled by topography. The East West trending hills ranges passing through the area of Dilmagiri, Rongdolgiri, Narringiri, Wethesa ranging in elevation between 688 to 784 m above mean sea level serves as water divide and dissect the area into mainly two drainage basins viz the Brahma- putra and the Meghna. The northern basin drained the water into the mighty river Brahmaputra, Assam where as the southern ones into Meghna, Bangladesh. The southern basin is drained by the river Simsang which is the major perennial river in the southern part of the district. The northern basin is drained by the tributaries vizManda (Dudhnoi), Damring (Krishnoi) etc into the Brahmaputra.

Southern orSimsang River System.

This river system is formed by Simsang and its tributary streams. Simsang river originates from Nokrek peak in West Garo Hills and enters East Garo Hills at Chinabat. From Chinabat it flows towards the east before entering south Garo Hills at Nengkhra. Most of the tributaries originate from southern Durama hill range except few which originate from Arbella Range or Central Range. Chief among the southern tributaries areRong- bang, Chirija , Jadi , RongitChibok, Rongri, Rongon streams which originate from Durama Range. Among the northern tributaries are Rongrit , Rongal and Rongap streams which originate from Arbella range and Rompa stream originating from Mongri peak.

Eastern River System :

Eastern river system consists of two rivers/streams namely Rompa stream which originates from Dobu-Darugre area and flows southwards through Dobu/Nengkhra area before draining into Simsang river in south Garo Hills. The other river is Ringdi river which originates from northern Khasi Hills and flows southwards along Nongchramarea forming 37

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019 boundary between East Garo Hills from Mangsang area before entering South Garo Hills to drain into Simsang river.

Western River System :

Western river system is formed by Damring river which rises from Arbella peak in West Garo Hills and enters part of East Garo Hills at Rongalgre area. From thence it flows in northwest direction forming boundary between West Garo Hills and North Garo Hills before eventually entering North Garo Hills at Rongrong Bazar.

Central and Northern River System :

Central and northern river system consist of two rivers mainly Rongre River System and Manda river system. Rongreriver rises from DobuBolmoram area of Central Range and flows through Songsak area (Songsak State Reserved Forest) in west /northwest direction before eventually falling into Damring river at Chisimagre , North Garo Hills. Rongdol, and Sindong streams at Songsak are some of its southern tributaries whereas Challangand Rongalstreams are its northern tributaries..

Manda river rises in the marshlands of Jamge and flows in northward direction and enters North Garo Hills in DagalBolmedang area. Rongin and Chichra are its main tributaries. While Rongin arises from MangsangRengkil uplands (eastern hills), Chi- chrastream rises from DamboGiting or DamboGitongarea(eastern hills) . Before falling into Manda river these two streams converge at GilmatGitok in Rongjeng State Reserved Forest and drain into Manda river . Before draining into these streams fall from a steep height to form Mok Dare/Mokma Dare of Mokma Falls on border of North Garo Hills.

Ildek river rises from MangsangNongkongkil area and flows northward for a short distance before entering North Garo Hills.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Chapter-14

SALIENT FEATURE OF IMPORTANT RIVERS & STREAMS :

Sl. No Name of the River Total length in the Place of Altitude at District origin Origin (in Km) (1) Simsang River 52.70

(2) Chibok 11.50

(3) Rongdol River 36.40

(4) Ringdi River 75.30

(5) Rongtam 22.00

Portion of River or Length of area Averaage Area recom- Mineable Stream Recom- recommended width of area mended for mineral po- mended for mining for mineral recommended mineral con- tential (In Mineral Concession concession for mineral cession metric tonne) (In Kms) concession (In Sq.Meter) 60% of Total (In Meters) mineral potential)

Survey to identify por- After due enquiry it was found that all the established tion of river or stream quarries, though mostly used for domestic purposes, do not recommended for min- have proper Detailed Mining Plan and hence proper mining ing/mineral concession, leases could not be obtained. mineable mineral poten- Due to unavailability of Detailed Mining Plan, the total tial, Total mineable Min- mineable mineral in this case which is sand could not be eral potential. availed.

Mineral Potential :

Boulder (MT) Bajri (MT) SAND(MT) Total mineable Min- eral Potential (MT)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

Annual Deposition ;

Boulder (MT) Bajri (MT) SAND(MT) Total mineable Min- eral Potential (MT)

Chapter15 Potential Mining Areas of Sand in East Garo Hills District :

Sl River or Portion of GPS Location Length of Average Area rec- Mineable Nos Stream River or where mining is Area rec- width of ommended mineral po- Stream recommended ommend- area rec- for mineral tential (in recom- ed for ommend- concession metric tonne) mended for mineral ed for (in sq. Me- (60% of Total Mineral conces- mineral ter.) mineral po- concession sion conces- tential (in(m)) sion (In Meters) 1. Nokil Awe Chibok St. 25˚30’ 41.92”N Area Stream 90˚ 35’ 25.88”E 579.65 m 44.80m 25,968.3m2 35057.16 End 25˚30’ 54.86”N 90˚ 35’ 12.23”E 2. Kusimkol & Simsang Riv- St 25˚30’ 34.17”N Nokil Awe er 90˚ 35’ 27.53”E End -25˚30’ 47.13”N 468.06 m 66.13 m 30,952.8m2 417862.8 90˚ 35’ 34.71”E Kusimkol & Simsang Riv- St 25˚30’ 51.30”N Nokil Awe er 90˚ 35’ 40.05”E End -25˚31’ 15.69”N 1299.16 m 60.8 m 78,988.9m2 106635.015 90˚ 35’ 14.85”E 3. Rongreng Simsang Riv- St 25˚32.181N Chidekgre er 90˚ 35.201E End -25˚31’ 29.40”N 2500 m 60.89 m 152,225m2 205503.75 90˚ 35’ 03.80”E 4. Rongreng Simsang Riv- St 25˚32’ 32.38”N Baiza er 90˚ 33’ 35.78”E End -25˚32’ 14.96”N 1500 m 72.27 m 108,405m2 146346.7 90˚ 34’ 28.62”E 5 Rongreng Simsang Riv- St 25˚32’ 14.54”N Baiza er 90˚ 34’ 17.15”E End -25˚32’ 14.96”N 90˚ 34’ 54.24”E 600 m 53.3 m 31,980m2 43173

6. Rongre Bi- Simsang Riv- St 25˚33’ 45.87”N bra er 90˚ 32’ 11.33”E End -25˚33’ 10.66”N 1700 m 69 m 117,300m2 1,58,355 90˚ 32’ 37.55”E 7. Samanda Simsang Riv- St 25˚ 34.712 N Megapgre er 90˚ 31.260 E End -25˚34.708 N 1200 m 45 m 54,000m2 72,900 40

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF EAST GARO HILLS DISTRICT FOR SAND MINING 2019

90˚ 31.496 E 8. Warima to Simsang Riv- St 25˚29’ 52.73”N Am- er 90˚ 36’ 11.00”E pangdam End -25˚29’ 48.31”N 600 m 25 m 15,000m2 20,250 90˚ 36’ 29.56”E St 25˚30.043 N 90˚ 36.508 E End -25˚30.204 N 2,872 m 63.33 m 181.883.7m2 2,45,542.04 90˚ 37.069 E 9. Songsak Rongdol Riv- St 25˚40’17.63” N Bone er 90˚ 36’20.33” E Chidekgre End 25˚40’22.03” N 1,000 m 14.5 m 14,500m2 19,575 90˚ 36’14.61” E

10. Nongchram Ringdi River St 25˚35..61 N 90˚ 48.280 E End-25˚34’43.89 N 2780 m 37.36 m 103,860.8m2 1,40,212.08 90˚ 47’49.36 E 11 Nengkra St 25˚30’10.85 N Rongtam Riv- 90˚ 41’24.10 E 1200 m 26.83 m 32,196m2 43,464.6 er End-25˚30’35.34 N 90˚ 41’18.91 E

District mining Officer, Junior Engineer, Assistant Engineer (Technical) East Garo Hills, PWD (Roads) Simsanggiri Sub-Division, Williamnagar Williamnagar Division Williamnagar

Assistant Conservator of Forests Member Secretary Nodal Officer, & District Survey Report Divisional Forest Officer O/O Divisional Forest Officer (SF) District Level task Force East & North Garo Hills(T)Divsion Williamnaga