German Protestant Reform and Christian Socialism As Seen in His Works

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Student Work

6-1-1964

The early years of Friedrich Naumann, 1860-1896: German Protestant reform and Christian socialism as seen in his works

John C. Fout University of Nebraska at Omaha

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Recommended Citation Fout, John C., "The early years of Friedrich Naumann, 1860-1896: German Protestant reform and Christian socialism as seen in his works" (1964). Student Work. 408. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/408

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MHLT TEARS OF FRIEDRICH KAUMAHH 1860«*1896 $ OBKMAK FR0TS8RYT REFORM AHB CHRISTXAH SOCIALISM AS SEEK m HIS works

by Joha 0* Feut

A Theeia Presented to the Graduate Faculty of tb« Department of History University of Omaha

la Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Mae ter of Arte

June 196ii UMI Number: EP73046

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ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Jtictnid) Baumann tut Sabre 1899

Taken from M artin Wenck, F rie d ric h Nanmann (B e rlin : Buch Verlag der "Hllfe", 1920). PREFACE

Though long Interested in German studio®, I must ad­ m it th a t until April of 1963 I had never heard of Friedrich Baumann, the subject of his career vas assigned to me as a. term paper by Hr, Raymond Smith, Jr, I am moat grateful to Dr, Smith for Introducing me to the topic* let, it wee Br* Km Stanley 1¥iekeit who guided me through the long arduous task of research and writing of the thesis and his sure hand made the completion o f my goal possible* I would n o te , how­ ever, that he is not to b® associated with the imperfection® to be found* I ehot^Id also thank the entire history faculty at the University o f Omaha because at on® time or another I bothered a l l o f them w ith a continual barrage of questions* Finally, I m ust thank the Library staff, and especially Hiss Uougherty for her help in a cq u irin g so many o f my book® from l i b r a r i e s all over the country, 1 as afraid I often taxed their facil­ ities with my voluminous request® for obscure books. As for my wife, Mary Jane, and my daughter, Justin®, I am sure that like myself they are happy it 1® finished at la s t I TABLE OP CONTENTS Pag© PR ON? IS PIE C E ...... I l l PREFACE ...... Iv w m o m c n o v ...... x Chaptar ‘ i* miEvnxcK m vm m t a bioorapbxcal sketch of THE EARLY YEARS * . 7 The Family Background B Tli® School Years li|. nauhes Kaus 21 ITiSgiSbergT The First Pastornt® 25 At Frankfurt am Haln 29 Neumann, the Writer 33 I I , THE GERMAN PROTESTANT CHURCH AND THE IKIUS TRIAL REVOLUTION: THE CHALLENGE OP THE YODEHH WOfftLP * • . * ...... 37 The Church I8l5-16?0 38 The Indue t r i a l R evolution ipS C ris is In the Church k& The S o c ia l Q uestion Sit W1lh e 1m1an Carmany 5 9 Conclusion 61 TIT* NAUMANNt SOME VIEWS ON THE CHURCH ..,*»• 62 Jesus, The Man of the People 62

ThrTstlim -ll mig n aiiiTTtT^25M2i-M£ ill r m iwiWiMWunt m m m nrnnv> 70 Churon M issions 73 Socialist Letters to Bich People 82 IV. TWO VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM ...... 85

Adolf SfcBeker and His Christian Socialism OK Neumann and His C h ris tia n S o cialism 96 CONCL'-SION ...... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY , ...... , ...... 103 IRTBOmCTION

Controversies mrm n ot uncommon among sc h o la rs* The controversies about Friedrich Raumann's life and work are many. Interpretations o f th ese themes have been presented by a great host of historians* Unfortunately, ffost of the views disagree* Any number of interpretations, chosen at random* would pro v id e a l i k e number of distinct and separate portraits of the man* The varied nature of Kaumann’ s .in ter­ e s ts i s the major factor which contributes to this dilemma* ftaumann was born In i860* Coming from a r e lig io u s background, he entered the clergy and became a German P ro te s ­ tant pastor during the Second Empire* The "social question" aroused Neumann* • i n t e r e s t and i t was not long b efo re he was fascinated by Christian-Socialist doctrines. The unsuccess­ ful struggle to reform th e a t t it u d e of church convinced him that he should leave the clergy, which he did in 1.8 9 ?* He formed his own political party based on Ghrletlan«$oeialist principles, but his solutions to the problem s of his day had no appeal a t the polls. He and his p a r ty 1s candidate® were soundly defeated at the ballot box in 1903, Baumann, then forty-three years of age, f e l t th a t th e re was l i t t l e hope fo r the u ltim a te achievement of h is g o a ls . Travel throughout Europe and Asia and painting, his

1 a beloved hobbyf occu p ied th e n m t thro# years of his l i f e * Those le is u r e ly pursuits did not lessen his desire for an a c t iv e p a r t In th e p o l i t i e s ! arena* tn 190? he a member o f a ^lefilliberal* p a rty and Twm that date u n t i l h is death in 1919# except for a short period in 1912# he mss a prom inent menafeer o f the Reichstag* P arin g the war y eere he wot© a most controversial book entitled Hltbelcuropa (1915)* It advocated m great state ($ermany# Austria#Holland# etc*) in the heartland o f a ir ape to stand a# a “neutral** power he* tw m n the two great giants# the tin!ted States and R ussia* The book was quickly converted into an allied propaganda tool and as a result deliberately misinterpreted* The l a s t months of h is l i f e saw him reaching the peak of political prominence* f le e te d to the chairmanship o f th e newly formed Oman Democratic Party at the Weimar e o n s t it u - tlonal convention in 1919* h e took an active part in the writing of th e new eons t i tut ion# a work terminated by h is midden death* This review of h is life# cursory as i t might be* none­ th e le s s should point out the problem tfaumann has presented to the historian. His career was not one singularly devoted to one idea* He held no single# unchanging philosophy of life# nor did one specific philosophy dominate hi® thinking. Hnfortunately* 'historians have tended to “chop* Baumannfs l i f e in to i t s v ario u s segm ents* avoiding the e x is te n c e o f the “w hole11 man* 3 Few examples would be needed to prove how varied is the emphasis historians have placed on Neumann*s standing In the history of Wilhelmlan Germany* Erich Eyck, a promt* nent figure in contemporary German scholarship, has spoken of Neumann as "A G reat German L ib e ra l *4 Another German historian, Friedrich G* Sell, describes Baumann as •th e most humanly attractive figure in the history of Gorman liberal* ism,Other sc h o la rs are not so im pressed w ith Baumann*

A, L* Drummond in his work, German ProtestantIsm Sine 3 Luther* describes him as a •radical apostle of the ’Social

G ospel * 1*1 His ideas in Mltteleurops* Drummond says, advo­ cated •enslavement and transportation of conquered popula­ tions .”3 it la too bad, Drummond continues, that Baumann became 11 an unbalanced preacher of conquest and hatred.^ A much more rational view is that of Professor William 0. Shanahan. In one journal article, Shanahan claimed that Baumann’s views on nationalism •were represent-

^Erich Eyck, "A Great German Liberal", The Contempo­ rary Review* CLV (Londont The Contemporary Limited, January* ■June i§5$7, 3 2 0 - 2 7 . ^•Neumann 1st mensehlieh die snslehendste Gestalt in der Geschlehte des deutschen Liberal lamu a,4, cited fross Friedrich 0. Sell, Die TragBdte des Deutachen LiberalIsmus. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlag-iCnsTalt7 T953') p"." "296"*

L. Drummond, German P ro te sta n tism S ince L uther (Londons ‘The Epworth P ress,i95i)f p. 2&6.

t e w . , p. 228. 5 ■t <’ u*” 5 Y ' t }\0 V?Ilholir 1 q r> *.o to l 1 ! . or.i&!a * Tn a lmter ©army, ho plcv...^o^ ^aurcarsn oc -.ho £re*t Carman n a tio n a lis t, *A '■firro r of W r lhel*»-lan Germany Shanahan, lik e many achol~ arm, has wade a mistake in exposing tut on® aid® of Neumann* a character and Interest®# %mtmim mmy have held some strong viewi concerning the Oertau state, and he was definitely an advocate of Oennin nationalise* But he wee more than .lust a nationalist* Shanahan1® interpretation could ha contrasted with an approach taken by the Oemen historian* Heinrich Huffier, who wrote that ffaucamn was a ?,rcproaentativ© person­ ality of dernocratio Idealism1* {frr epr&sonta 11 y a Perettal lchfrait dos demokra t toohen Idea 1 lemuaw} * ^ Ummtmn added farther confuelon In eon* of hi® own w ritings* ” 1 am a C h ristian , a Parw iniat, and an Tnp@r!al~ lot at the sane time, 11 he once wrote*^ One mother has caught

♦Hfllllmu 0 , Shanahan, •Friedrich llautaann: A German View o f Cower and h at Iona I i aw* , H at* one 1 i. era and Internationa s lim , ed# Edward Head# Earle, (Wew'YerWt*™; afSjT* Fro ss, 195 0 ), p. 352 * 6WiI Xian 0. Shanahan, •Friedrich ITaunann: A M irror of W libels* tan Oemanyf, The Review of P o l i t i e s * 13 (N otre Barnes ?h© Bniveralty of Hotrm Fme'Tf ees L"19515 * pp# 267-301* 7Heinrich Haffter, Pia Fantaohc 3albsfnmrwaltumt in 19. J'ahrhundert Geachlcht® d@“ F^©en%ind"YS11 hi tIbnen TStutTf^rFs mTFTYoeEImFVarlar, 195 oT7 p7 Y 5 o * ®Kaumann ms quoted in Friedrich C. Sell, "Intellectual Liberallam In Geraany about 1900”, The Joornal of Modern History* ?cv, (CMeagbj Fniveratty of Chicago Brass, Septan- EeFlWj), P. <331* something of this feeling of Neumann, He wrote in th e TTIs tor lech.® Zeltaclir 1ft t Imperial!sr. Socialism, and Christianity, the conserva­ tive idea of a state and the modern democratic industri­ al state, national power politics and Christian ethics, the powers of the Brue®lan-German tradition, the liberal- democratic evolution and social revolutionary tendencies, are all Ideas which existed In Hauoann9® thoughts about the picture of Germany1® future*™ In this cap© the author recognises the scholar9® problem and acknowledges a few of the many ideas Neumann held* Yet he nake® no sound or meaningful suggestions regarding the im­ p o rta n c e of what Neumann stood fo r and why Neumann b e lie v e d ms he d id . Only one major significant biographical study of tiaumaim has been w ritten*^ Theodor Reuse, a man with a distinguished career tn German politics and literature, was the author* After World War IX and the end of the Ha«i era, Heu«® became the first president of the new German Federal Republic* Hie biography, though in sa^ ways definitive,

^ "Im p erial is mu is, Soslallsmu® und C hris te n turn, Koneervatrja Staatetde® und moderner demokratlecher Indus­ t r i e e t a a t , national® ,rachtpolitik und ehrlstllehe S th ik , die KrSft® dor prsuesiech-deutsehen tradition, der lifceral- demokratieehen Evolution und die ®oslalrevolutlonKrea Tendenten ringon in £aumanna Gedanken-welt mltelnander urn d ie Gestaltung dee Bllde® der deutschen Z ukunft,* A® c ite d in Richard Sflrnberger, "Xmperlallemu®, Soalallsmu® und Christenturn bei Friedrich Neumann", HI®torlech® Zelt®ehrlft* Band 170, (Mfinehens Oldenbeurg Ver lag, ), p5 ?57"* ^O'fheodor Heus®, F rie d ric h Neumann Far ffsnn* Fas Work, Die Z elt, (StuttgarlT^ffaIneFwWH^rTloh verlagT” awe its, neuEearFeltet® Auflage, 191*9) * 6 suffer© from an over-far 11tar1ty with the subject* Heuss was a member o f Baumann’s p o l i t i c a l p a rty and a lif e - lo n g friend of the Baumann family* These connection® cannot be d isreg ard ed * Heuss b e lie v e d in a l l th e th in g s th a t Baumann did* Though the historical facts In the biography are accu­ ra te * in the minutest detail* House was too much involved in Baumann’s circle and the political problems of Wilhelmlan Germany to be fully objective* Historian© have evidently not found th e key to an under©tending of this major figure of Wllhelnian Germany* S ch o lars have ml© takeningly taken a very narrow view o f a man who was much more than lust a ’•nationalist” or just a “liberal”. Baumann stood for many things* This thesis will discuss Baumann’s early years* his career up to the moment he left the church* The research necessary fo r such a discussion has shown that historians have neglected Neumann’s early writings and activities. Since Baumann is widely recognised as an important fig u r e in th e W ilhelm Ian period, it is clear that so important a period of his life cannot he Ignored If he arid his times are to be understood. CHAPTER X

FBIEBEICH MJMAM1: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF T^IH EARLY YEARS

The story of Kaumann1® Ilf® began In the Kingdom o f Saxony in i860* After the Kapoleonlc debacle and tha Restoration* Saxony was a part of that most interesting of p o l i t i c a l organisation** tha German C o n fed eratio n . By com­ parative standards Saxony was only a middle slaed s t a t e a t b e s t . Geographically* aha was smaller than Prussia or B av aria but her relative position would improve with the casin g o f the Industrial revolution. Prior to I n d u s tr ia l revolution she had only one important city* helpsig, Most of her other towns and villages were not known beyond her border® . Tha l i t t l e village of StBrmthal belonged to th a t group. I t was an obscure village not yet touched by the radical changes that would come with national unity and a rapid industrialisation. The church as i t had been for many centuries past was the most important elem ent in the commu­ n i t y . It was a Protestant congregation. Many old Christian practices and institutions pre­ vailed* and* as for long centuries* the parish record-book rem ained the place where all local events were recorded. The parish pastor* in i860* entered the following notice, of

7 b i r t h in StSrmthal’s record-bo ok: f! Joseph Friedrich ^aumarun7, second child, first son of Friedrich Hugo Neumann, fas tor her®, and Agath© Karla, Ahlfeld of Leipaig. Bom in tha afternoon, ten minutes before three, on the twenty** f i f t h day of March, the day of the Annunciation of Mary#*^ i8 6 0 was an extremely Interesting year in which to be born, being exactly mid»way between the revolution of and the national unification o f Germany under F r u ssia would eoroe* The latter ©vent coincided with the fact that Germany in 18?! was on the threshold of the great Industrial changes that had convulsed England a few decades earlier* Was F rie d ric h Neumann a product of his age? Who knows really, but these were the events that would shape tha basic struc­ tu r e o f his future*

THE FAMILY BACKGROUND F rie d ric h Naumann (Friedrich was always used, his f i r s t name, Joseph, was all but dropped) was the second child for the Friedrich. Hugo Naumann fam ily* The f i r s t was a g i r l who had died shortly after birth* Many children followed; four died before the age of one year, eight grew to adult l i f e . 2

Start in Wenck, Friedrich Naunann. (Berlint Puch Vsr- lag der "Wilfe", 1920), p. 12. Theodor Heuas. Friedrich Namnann: Per ' arm, Paa Mark, die Zel t * (S tu fctg'srFT™EaTnar'^unSeriTch Verlag", SweTt®, neubearbeltete Auflage, 19l|.9>, p* 11* 9 C ontrary to common b e l t o f , Naumann did n o t stem from a long line of Gorman clergymen* Hie paternal grandfather and great-grandfather had been physicians in an area not far die tant from leipxig*^ Neumann's father entered the clergy because of a vivid religious experience he had undergone while attending the Fflr stensehnle in Griiama#^ Though Naumann 1 a mother was the daughter of the then fanou® F rie d ric h Ahlfeld, a prominent preacher at St* Nikolai's church in Leipstg, the Ahlfeld family was not clerically orientated by tradition*^ One branch of the family left Franc® after tha relocation o f the Edict of tautest In 1685* Hie famous paint­ e r , Han® von Marees, was a part of that branch of the fam* ily#® Naumann1® father established his StB rm thal household In 1858 at the church parish house* He was th e p e rfe c t stereotype o f s t r i c t orthodoxy.* He held strictly to * custom and order, to preservation o f th e temporal and s p i r i t u a l authority#*? Ho was, in fact, strongly inclined toward having his children educated in the same s p ir it .® On® of

3wenck, p* ?* 4 I b id . As to the tern F8ratanaehule* i t is m ost d i f f i ­ c u l t to iTranslate* e chool»imwer«rueual 1 y th e b o a t in Germany, much on the English Item, or Harrow p a ttern # A tten d ­ ance at a Firs tan aeh u le usually meant th a t a student then went on f o r further’"s’tu'dy at the University#

^H euss, p* 13* 6 I b ld * ?W#nck, p* 8* a ibid* 10 K&umann fs sisters described their father th u sly : There was much held s e c r e t from our parent® . Our father was .to be sure , happy with bis children, he had a sense of humor and liked to tease. But If he pun­ ished he could be very strict,9 Here was a man very d ed icated to his pastoral d u ties* He had no willingness or desire to take an active part In the “lig h te r * a s p e c ts o f lif e * The p a s to r was in te r e s te d only in theological and political question®. At the dinner table, for exam ple, wbe ru led lik e m patriarch,***® As he vividly discussed the daily events which revolved around hi® pastoral duties, hi® wife and the children were to sit qui­ e t l y by and listen,**** Neumann's -mother, though she was quite happy with her husband, had interests radically different from those he held,**^ Though she played the part expected of a pastor’s wife, her heart was probably never really in it. But then this was not her world, she was more interested In cultural things. She always found time either to study history, read

^Margaret® Naumann, “Ton. Friedrich Neumanns K indheit und Jugend 2 , Lichtenstein*, Die C h ris t l l c h e W elt, I4I* Jahrgang (20* Janusr 192?), p*~~75.‘“ fhis^arbTeTiTwas a part of a series of five article® written by Neumann1* s i s t e r , Margaret®, The articles were all published in 1927 In Die Chris til che Welt and then, were later put together for a fcook puBIi s EeiTTnT9S8, Margarets Naumann, F r ie d r ic h Kausaann’s Kindheit und Jug end. (Gotha: L, n o t*7T928}';' 'ppV'tsb;-—

1 Qibtd. Urbia. iSjM d., p. 71. 11 English literature (Shakespeare especially), or cultivate her favorite pastime, botany.^-3 All of these things came, of course, after her household duties and the care of the children.*^ The first eight years of Neumann’s youth were spent in the parish house in StBrmthal. They were assuredly the happiest years of his youth. He attended the village ele­ mentary school and spent much of his time In play with Hans, his favorite hrother.*5 The Naumann fa m ily was w idely re sp e c te d by the commu­

nity and Naumann ’ 8 father had very good relations with the local ruling nobleman.^ The house in which the family lived was pleasant, and the vegtable garden and chickens made i t seem very close to nature.**7 Naumann later looked back upon the years spent in that house as a most beloved and wonderful tim e. In 1 8 6 8 after having preached for many pleasant years at StBrmthal, Naumann’s father was transferred to the town of Lichtenstein. StBrmthal was an obscure village never to b© touched by the r a ilr o a d and its Isolation had preserved the

^^©nek, p. 11. ^Margaret© Naumann, p. 71 **-*Wenck, p . 17* ^Margaret© Naumann, ”Von Friedrich Neumanns Kindheit und Jugend 1. StBrmthal,” Die Ghrlstllche Welt, ij.1* Jahrgang (6. Januar 192?), pp. 30-31• x7 lb ia . 12 "old ways11. Conversely* Lichtenstein was In th e h e a rt of that section of Saxony that was rapidly becom ing a p a rt of th e ne v industrial complex. A t Lichtenstein the Neumann fam­ i l y co a id expect a r a th e r dism al e x is te n c e , fhter© were many reaso n s why t h is was the situation. P a sto r Neumann*s call to tha new parish did not're­ sult from a spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm by an excit­ ed congregation# He was welcomed by m very small minority#**® The local prince# First von SchBnburg-Wsldenburg# s till con­ trolled clerical positions by patronage and# in open opposi­ tion to the wishes of the community# he appointed fa®tor Naumann# The P rin c e wanted a man o f " stro n g orth od ox- pletistie leanings#**^ The situation proved unfortunate from the very beginning. The parishioners were openly hostile and sou gh t constantly to remove Naumann from his post,® Part of the Pas tor *s problem stemmed from the urban c la s s structure of his parish. The entire area wa® a hot­ bed” of social democratic agitation, August Bebel* th e f a ­ mous Marxist and Social Democrat, was first elected to the

B e le h sta g in 1 8 6 ? from the electoral district which made up th e Llehtenateln parish. Pastor Neumann with his Lutheran

•^M argaret© Naumann# OW# No, 2# p , ?0* (To conserve space the initials OW will henceforth be used for Christliehs Welt and once a com plete reference has been cited#just CW, the article number and the page will be listed,) 19 I b ld . 2 0 IM d . 13 Orthodoxy and political conservatism was far out of touch with the people about him. In fact, he was an "ideal I l l u s ­

t r a t i o n 11 of the old phrase which so adequately characterised the close relationship between the church and the political conservatism of the .monarchical state; "von S e h lo ss und

A lta r 11 as the relationship was k n o w n *21 Bap idly growing in ­ d u s t r ia l towns like Llohtensteln were frequently the scene o f the fierce battles between the church and socialism, ibs Inflexibility of th e church did not stand up well against the v ib ra n t new d o c trin e and th e church tended, most often, to lo se the stru g g le * The new p a r is h house was e q u a lly dism al* The house itself was lacking in chans, which, added to the new condi­ tions which the family had to face, 'made the s it u a t io n un­ pleasant at best*^ The household had been strict before and now that things were not going well at the church and with the Pastor i l l at times, the house took on an added se­ verity* In StSrm thal with a friendly congregation, young Friedrich heard many happy voices about the parish house* The family now in. a situation marked by strife, found their circle of acquaintances rather narrow* Such conditions had their effects on the young boy. This was e s p e c ia lly tru e a® the Lichtenstein household took on a new characteristic*

^M argarets Maumann, CW, Ho. 1, pp. 30-31* "Sehloss und Altar" might best be translated as "throne and altar". ^ M a rg a rets Kaumann, CM, io* 2 , p* 70. 14 The parents sought to "protect" their children from what they thought to be any evil outside influence* Neumann1# s i s t e r , Margaret#, w rote about the family situation in these words t Our parents wanted to keep us away from a l l superficial and trite things. They built an Invisible wall about us and we knew little about the thoughts and ways of o th e r p eo p le* 23 The fa m ily live# under the domination of a puritan spirit**^ The Naumann children were to go out in to the world "with an Ignorance of the world on the one hand, and a passionate hun­ ger for life on th e o th e r " *^5 Years l a t e r , as an a d u lt, Neumann r e g r e tte d th a t h is youth had been so sheltered and narrow*

THE SCHOOL TSARS Young Friedrich* s f i r s t important academic s tu d ie s began at the lUcolalsehule In Lelpsig. Neumann was fo u r te en years of age and he left now the narrow atmosphere o f the family home. In Leipalg he lived with his Grandfather Ahlfeld, Though A h lfe ld was also a clergyman, Naumann found h im s e lf under an entirely new and different Influence* Most Important was his grandfather1# many-sided interests and his "test" for life.^ While Neumann*# father was a paragon

23ihld*. p# 7 6 * ^Heuss, pp. 14-15. ^M argarets Naumann, CW, No* 2 , p.* 7 6 . ^%©nck, pp. 1 0 - 1 1 * i s o f Calvinism, his grandfather, though a very d ed icated man of the church, was more dedicated to culture* He was at on© and the same tim e both an ecclesiastic and a hum anist* Frequently he had a humorous tale to tell* Other tim es he sought in example, or pleasant discussion, to point up the beauty and marvels of the church and l i f e I t s e lf# * ^ I t was in such an atmosphere th a t Naumann became, In a general way, f a m ilia r w ith th e wealth of 'knowledge to be found in literature* Ahlfeld had not only collected the great works of the Herman masters b ut the master pieces o f English literature as well, The volumes o f Shakespeare and Milton which graced h is shelves were eventually to be found In his grandson#s own library.^® Though subtle the influ­ ence must have been, sine® Naumann was still but a young man a t th e tim% soma of hi® great literary ability may well have stemmed from th e tr a in in g and stimulation received fro® M s grandfather* A fte r two y ears w ith th e A h lfeld fa m ily , Naumann was s e n t to continue his education at one of the finest German preparatory schools of the tim e , St* Afra * s (a Firs tenscfaule) a t Meissen* He arrived in B e ls a e n , a town near Dresden, shortly after Easter, in 18?6, There the study of the clas­ sics and mathematics occupied much of his tim e# He d e a rly

^M argarets Naumann, "Yon Friedrich Naumann® Kindheit und Jugend 3* Leipzig (Hlkolaisehule 1874-76)," pie Chrlst- liche Welt* 41* Jahrgang (3* Februar 1927), p. lij. g 8 ibta. 16 loved mathematics and excelled in that su b je c t* His s tr u g ­ gle to master Greek and Latin was almost his undoing*^ "I w i l l be happy,*1 he once wrote, "when I no longer need to write Greek and L a t i n . "30 He likewise had some contact with historical studies. A certain Professor Plathe stood out in Neumann's memory. "Half blind he sat before the c la s s and appeared to the student® as the very embodiment o f h i s t o ­ r y . *31 Most Interesting was the fact that this class was Naumann1a first contact with the works of the historian Treitschke, an avid German nationalist. Fl&ih© read Trelt- s c h k t's German History to the class as soon as it cam.® off the presses.32 As a s tu d e n t, Naumann found many e x tr a c u r r ic u la r activities appealing* In the good German tradition ha was a very enthusiastic Wanderer .3 3 He spent many hours In that pursuit as a young man and was to continue the pastime throughout his life. He was fond of gymnastics but at best he was uncoordinated. He liked singing but he had little musical ability,^ Hi® favorite reading was the works of Schiller and on his birthday or at Christmas he usually re-

29 h. u s 8, p. 10, 3°Ibid. 31ibld. 32ibid. 33wsnok, p. Ilf.. TTie terns Wanderer c*n of course be translated as hiker but the word in German ha® a much wider connotation than this English translation* 3UHauss, pp. 19-20. 1 ? quested additions to his collection of Schiller1a works.35 Drawing and painting, a hobby he cultivated at Meissen, proved to be a life lon g d e lig h t, Whenever he hiked or trav­ eled and in his l if e t im e he was to see much o f Europe and Asia - he carried his sketch hook w ith him .36 His interest In art was su ch th a t he published in 1909 a collection of essays entitled Form und garb# and In 190? lie helped form, th e Werkbund* a conscious adaption of the English Arte and

C ra fts S o c i e t y ,37 The imprint of the Ahlfeld family was c le a r ly established In Neumann. In the summer of 18?7 while on a holiday from school, Baumann was hiking in the [email protected], a am.all mountain chain in upper Bavaria when he suffered an attack of Asthma* 3^ The disease plagued him hie entire life. On a number of ocoasslons it nearly brought hi© death, and much to h is disappointment, i t p rev en ted him from serving in the Army*39 He had been excited about the prospect of g o in g in to

^M argarets Naumann, CW, No* 3 , p* lli* . 3^ I b id . 'Form und Farbe. Oesammelte Aufsltg©. (B e rlin - Sehlneberg: BuoJiviri&g iWf}r,u'pp, 217. For the Werkbimd, see f o r exam ple Frits Stern, The foiltics of 'Siillural Despair* (Berkeley! Dniverelty o f*nSSSTf ornl® Frees* jmrr7>pTm=fL M ^argerate Naumann, "Von F*r.l«drloh Kaurr.anna Klndhalt and Jug: end M eissen (F S rsten seh u le 1876-1*879)**, Die Christliche Welt. i*l. Jahrgang (3* M*r« 1927), p* 219.

3 ^h#u@s, p. 2 0 * 18 the military service before entering the University. He managed to enlist at Leipzig in 1879# but he was quickly rejected a few days later when he suffered an asthma attack. 1*0

In l8 ?9 Naumann took his final examination a t S t. A fra ’ s and was ready to begin his university studies. Like so many students at that point in their education, he was confronted with the problem of deciding on his major field o f stu d y . He preferred mathematics, but due to family pres­ sures he matriculated as a student of theology. Later he explained his decision: My youth was devoted to the study of mathematics, and I was close to choosing it as my f i e l d . The desire and tradition of the fa m ily and the living images I had be­ fo re my ©yes, brought m© to theological studies .W Perhaps these "living images” before his eyes were pictures that had been painted while he was at the Ahlfeld household. It was common in the nineteenth century {as is still the custom In the twentieth) for students at German Univer­ sities to transfer from one school to another in pursuit of good lecturers. Naumann followed the same practice* He studied at Leipzig University from Easter of 1879 to Michael­ mas of l8 8 l. Then he spent two semesters at Erlangen Uni­

versity. From Michaelmas of 1882 to Easter of 1 8 8 3 he was

^Wenck, p. l8. ^Margaret© Neumann, "Von F rie d ric h Baumanns K indheit und Jug end I*.. M eissen (Fflrstensehule 1876-1879), * No. 6, L ie Chrlstllche W elt. I4-I. J&hrgang (17. ft Nr 2 192?), p. 276. 19 again a t L e lp slg where be took bis first theological exami­ n atio n . k2 L i t t l e is known o f Baumann1® university y e a rs . In later years be spoke sparingly of this period of Ms life * However, some information has come clown regarding his most important professors enabling the historian to infer what Influence they might have had on Baumann .43 In 10-79, th e L e lp s lg f a c u lty , as in his fatherfs time, was predominantly

orientated in a ’’confess local Lutheran direc t i o n . ”44 E ssen­ t i a l l y this meant a very dogmatic ’’old-line” Lutheranism. In control of this strict or narrow view was P r o fe sso r Lutbsrdt who bad held a tight reign since he came to the University In 1856.45 At L e lp slg Baumann read "New Testament from Prick® , church history from' C ents ""and o ld Testam ent from relitssch.*^ He also heard lectures from th e Philos ophlaehme P a k u lt lt where he came In contact with Wundt in psychology, Z llle r in. educational theory and Boscher in n a tio n a l econom­ ics .47

Prom inent though the Lelpslg faculty was, the greatest

Wwenck, p. 1 8 . 44 lh ld . 4 5lbid. 48ib id , 47ibid. . pp. 18»19« The expression fh11osoph1schen P a k u ltl t S a tes hack to medieval, times and by WT® modern po!nt in 'Its evolution it has a such broader meaning than j u s t th e idea of philosophy. In American usage It would be Arts and Sciences Faculty. 20 In flu e n ce on Baumann cam® from the men with whom h© studied a t E r l a n g e n He learned church dogma from the liberal the­ o lo g ia n , Frank, and another teacher, Zezsehwitz, taught a practical form of Christianity*^ Prank wtaught Baumann to bring personal faith into the middle of religions experience by supplanting the austerities of rational theology w ith a m y stic a l acknowledment o f God*. Zessehwlt* who was somewhat less Interested in teaching theology taught Baumann to be aware o f ”s o c ia l q u e s tio n s ” *50 Naumann mad® on© very Important acquaintance during these university year®* On August 6, l88l, th e Kyffhfinsertag or the day which eommerated the myth of the re tu rn o f Frederick Barbarous©, Adolf Sticker, court chaplain and th e leading Christian Socialist, cam© to Leipzig with a g re a t burst of nationalistic zeal* StB eker not only wanted to lead th© masses back to Christianity through the medium of Chris­ tian Socialism, but sought to g u id e this revival towards po­ litical conservatism* A monarchist as well, StSekar eame to Leipzig to help in the founding of the V ereln d eu tsch er S tu den te n * a student organization which was basically n a tio n -

^Heuss, p* 21* ^^William 0* Shanahan, "Friedrich Neumanns A German View of Power and Nationalism", Nationalism and Interna11am, ©d. Edward Mead© Earl® , (New Yor S: r dolumb'la~^Tni\r®rsTty~“ Press, 1950), pp* 352-33* 5 0 jM d . 21 alls tic and anti-semi t i c in nature.51 Neumann, active in the group, made his first contact w ith Si&cker. Mora Im portant for this mom an t at least was the f a c t th a t Kaumann was tem­ p o r a r ily swayed by anti-semifciem and the nationalistic urge* Naumann e v e n tu a lly educated himself out of anti-Semitism, b u t th e stro n g love of Fatherland and fCalser long retrained part of his consciousness. Baumann passed the examination in 1883 which was the first major step towards entry to the clergy. After serving an apprenticeship he could take the final examination. Much to the consternation o f his father, Xaumann had not focused on a particular p o in t o f view or system of theology* Yet u n su re of himself, he knew he wanted to devote his time to & p r a c t ic a l form o f Christianity, and decided to do charitable work.The d e c isio n brought him to Hamburg, th e Rauhes B ans . and the Inner Fissions work there. This opportunity would provide a sufficient opportunity for him to see at first hand (and really for the first time) how the Gospel co u ld be practiced and Might be ta u g h t.

RAP USB nm s Neumann re c e iv e d th e c a l l to come to Hamburg and th e Rauhes Haus from Johannes Wlehern, the son of the founder of

5lHans Kohn, The Hlrd o f Germany. (Hew Yorks Charles Scribner’s Sons, 19655, p. 'SBi™. fifo'Varein d o u ts char S to den ten could translate as German S tuden't s O rganise t i on. 52shanahan» p. 353* 22 that institution. In his work at the Inner hlssions53 Kaumann experienced his first contact with practical C h ris­ tian! ty outside the textbook. He was yet a student but he could readily see before 'his own eyes the problem s that faced th e church and more important, some of the Individual prob­ lems that confronted all clergym en . Just what was the fu n c tio n of the Rauhes Hsus and more significantly the Inner a Mission? In both cases the impor­ tant individual in their development was Johan H in r ic h Wiehem (I 8 0 8 -I 8 8 I), Wlchern, a pupil of two of the great early nine­ teenth century theologians, Sehlalcrenacher and Tholuek, had founded the Bauhee Haas In th e 1 830’s , Essentially it began simply as a Hamburg orphanage dedicated to the care and ed­ ucation of wayward children, Eventually Its popularity led It to a wider service w hich included nurseries, reformatories, Sunday-schools, savings-banks for the poor, and even

Y.H.C.A.» s . 5 U In the tumult of 181^8, when the clergy of the German Protestant churches .met In somewhat of an extraordi­ nary session, Wlchern played an important role, CIt was sup­ posedly a moment of national "regeneration” when Wlchern tn -

The Innere Mission could literally be translated as Inner Missions or perhaps Home Missions but the term really has a much broader connotation than that. The organization handled social questions and preached the Gospel, 5k Andren L* Drummond, Germ.an P ro te s ta n tis m Since L u th e r, (Londons The Kpworth P r e s s , ~ '» p T "25?* 33 augur a ted the movement a t L u th e r9s grave 1 n W ittenberg,)55 Wlchern became famous through hie association with social problems and thus he was able at that meeting to make a num­ ber of proposal® which were eventually accepted* First, he convinced the clergy that th ey should meet voluntarily every year to discuss the problems o f the church* This proposal grew In to the Rlrehentag* or church conference, which m&t f a i r l y regularly from l&k& to 1871,54 Secondly, he was suc­ cessful in convincing h ie fellow churchman of the need for a *Bauhes Haus* l ik e Institution throughout the country. This l a t t e r recommendation became the basis for the form ation of th e Inner# Fission* Tima fo cu s of th e m issio n ary and s o c ia l gospel would be turned inward* The church (on a strictly voluntary basis) through the Inner# Mission would struggle with the spiritual poverty o f the uneducated masses * Slow in its initial acceptance, by the time Neumann arrived at Hamburg to work with the fo u n d er9s son, the Bauhes Hans re p ­ re s e n te d but one small part of the .much larger network of like institutions dedicated to the car© and tr a in in g of th e less fortunate. As Baumann h im s e lf described the achieve­ ments of the Inner© Mission in a letter home to his parents, I>r. Wlchern9s method provided the only acceptable approach to problems that could be solved by practical Christlenity* 57

55Ibid.. p. 234. 56Ibid.. p. 216. 57|3aumttnn as quotsd in Heuss, p. 520.

n r '~ . «7 m I •'leKii * 2 k Tills "practical Christianity", m.® Baumann referred to I t , was rap id ly becom ing the driving fo r c e th a t would he the significant factor in Baumann's Ideas and ideals from th is moment In. h is career u n til he l e f t th e church in 1897• His experiences and training In Hamburg helped to fix Baumann*a theological views at last* The child of the narrow, strict upbringing was confronted w ith the stark ugliness of the modern w orld, and he found that pious platitudes were not sufficient to solve these problems* In Hamburg, Baumann held two posts acting as on# o f th e Qberhilfer and a® private secretary and a d v iso r to

Johannes M ich.ern.58 an Obeyhi I f or he was a t inly concerned w ith teaching. In this pursuit his tr a in in g at St. Afra9s was most useful* He taught religion, the German la n g u a g e, history, and ma t h e m a t i c * *59 xa private secretary to M ichern he became deeply enmeshed In th e a d m in is tra tiv e problem')# th a t made up such a social welfare organisation* Baumann had a pleasant relationship w ith Mtehern and l ik e Baumann1# professors a t Erlangen, Wichern held to no strict, system of theology*^ "Questions o f theology were seldom topics of conversation, * w rote Baumann to his father,

5% bld»» p. 3i|* As to the term Qberhilfer* th is Is another example of a term which when 111 ar ally r' t r ana la ted loses much of its wider meaning:* An Qberhilfer might be translated as assistant or chi©f-asais'iant out"J'i n a c t u a l l l t y I t meant a person who was pastor and teacher usually at the inatitution. 5^ibia. fe°lbld.. P. 3 5 . a s and Mth® spirit of practical Christianity did not f 0 0 ta r eon* fee*tonal arguments**1^. 4 slM iliar comment written horn# at a n o th e r time probably brought an equal amount of dismay to the orthodox fa th e rs th e simple problems of life, obligations, punishments, s in s , th e s a v io r , aid, protection, consolation* and hope are just as certain with a system as without***2

hamrnnmut t h e t t h s t v a s t o i u t e In 1 8 8 5 Kaunenn took and passed his second theological examination* flow prepared as a clergyman In hi® own right, he hoped to begin his work in church government, but, upon learning that the pastorate at his beloved 8 tfSrmthal was va­ cant, he sought that appointment*^ We traveled there to deliver a Probepred imt * trial sermon* The congregation was lose tlmn enthusiastic with the young candidate* He had not yet developed the g reat oratorical style which one day would be renowned in the Belch® tag and throughout the nut ton* This first sermon fell on unappreciative ears* Wot only th a t they rejected him because of his *pale appearance11*^ W hile extremely disappointed, he continued to seek a pariah of h is own* In 18% his patience was rewarded with a c u l l to Lang enh erg *

63$aumann as quoted in Heuss, p* 3S* as quoted In Heuss, p* 36* &3k’®nok, p* 2 ?* fefr lb ld * 26 Langehberg wan a small community of some one thousand souls situated in the heart of the rapidly ©hanging Indus t r i* al area of Saxony, Mot far .from, his father’s parish, at Lichtenstein* it bordered upon such booming industrial centers as Chemnlte and Swlckau« Communities which, for centuries had been rural and agrarian in mature* were now dingy* poverty- stricken factory districts *where there were only chimneys and chimneys; where the people walked with crooked backs through narrow* smoky streets**^5 Langenherg Itself was s t i l l somewhat of a farming community but many of her © iti- sens journeyed to nearby Llmhach* a c ity of about twelve thousand* where jobs in stocking* cardboard* glove* dye* and fabric finishing factories were readily available*^ rlhe task Neumann faced in. this parish was not to be an easy bur­ den, Friedrich 0, Sell in his recent volume Pie Treat)die des M M M M M ie in in11 m m m m m * Deutsohan. Libera11amua, ha© very clearly stated Neumann*a challenge at this point in his career? Early activity in the Hauhss .Hans end in the Inner Mission made him ^aumann7 P^t his confidence In mociaT work. As a pastor In a mining town in Saxony* he was able to ex­ perience the Ilf© of the proletariat* Me understood the desperate hop© which drove men to the new evangelism of Marx1st tesehlng7

^ E r i e itebrowski, German Leaders of fester day and To-day * (M ew York: 0 ♦ Appleton""* an? u o ^ a n y sT§STTTp *"$7 , ^Wenck* p, 28, ^Friedrich C, Sell* Die TraflSdie des Peats©hen L iberal ismua * (S tu t tg a rt $ Dsn ts c he fa r lags -Aria ta 1 t", 1953) * pp 21 Baumann was very aware of how rapidly industrial de­ velopment was transforming the area and became deeply eon- earned with the problem of religious erosion brought on by rapidly changing, social conditionsHe talked endlessly with the poor who were the principal members of his flock* learning at first hand their daily problems. It was not long before he became affectionately known as the "pastor of the poor people.But the door to the parish house always stood open and he did not limit hi® 11 concern for souls* to the poor clones be preached to both young and old* ric h and po o r.70 4s time passed the young pastor became Increasingly Intrigued with the Arhalterfrmg®. the worker quest!on.71 As a "conscientious parish clergyman** he hated the lack of understanding exhibited by many people toward the Industrial population in and around Langenberg.72 H# realised that though ignored by the church* the promises of 'socialism fill­ ed a void left by the loss of religion. A study of living conditions, the mental attitudes and the outlook of the work­ ing classes soon proved Insufficient for a total view of the

&%hanahan» see pp. 353-55* ^Oskar Klein-Hattigen* 6-eschlchte dess Peutachen Liberallsm us • (Bar 1 in-8 chSneh erg's™'1 'T Por t s ohr'i 11' '"Such ver lag a©r ^HiiFe11”0 .f-.H. , 1912), pp. 616-61?. 7®w©nck, p. 28* 72ii3 id . a s situation* Kaumannt* lively interest in th e social question further manifested itself w ith his examination of socialist and Marxist literature* He was concerned by the fact that the great majority of th e proletariat were being alienated from the Froteetent church by these new socialist theories. ftauntann, s studies of socialist literature was far from cursory* He carefully read Marx and E n g e ls 9 as well as Bebel, Llebtmeoht, and Laesall.e*73 He also d elv ed deeply into the literature of the Social Pemoeratle party, der SFX>» Marxism, Haumann felt, had begun to take form as an histor­ ic a l and eeeularlstlc tendency. In a speech before the Congress of the Inner# Mission in firnberg In. 1890, he went so far as to claim that this tendency was the “f i r s t great heresy of the Evangelical church*“7^ Haumann, nonetheless, held the belief that Marxism should be studied objectively as it was a, true embodiment of the yolksleben and thus there was historical legitimacy in th# movement*75 Moreover, Haumann f e l t th a t a thorough study of Marxism would prove it susceptible to attack by modern practical Christianity. He believed that Marxism neglected the most important social

T h t m m s , p* 1*9. ?taRaum*nn as quoted in Shanahan, pp. 35?~S8, 7$Ibid* As to the term Volkaleben* It might beet be translated as the life or the' ¥pl"rflu'mof the people* 29 t a s k , namely, the transformation o f th e m asses in to men*?® This was Christianity's c h a lle n g e ,

AT FRAKKFCBT AM MAW In 1890 Baumann l e f t his post at Langenherg to answer a c a l l to come to Frankfurt a. M, in order to serve the Inner# Mission again# In t h is c i t y Neumann met an entirely new set of circumstances* For many centuries Frankfurt had been a free city and though sh e had l o s t th a t s ta tu s by 1690 she was nevertheless a vibrant, exciting, cosmopolitan place* F ran kfu rt would offer Neumann the opportunity to m m t and t a lk w ith "intellectuals* in the church and in p o l i t i c s . In f a c t in many ways th e e a r ly year® in Frankfurt were the f i ­ nal "frosting pat on the cake*. Neumann lea rn ed to move e a s ily and g r a c e f u lly among the m ost im p o rtan t o f men. When Neumann went to Frankfurt he took with him, as his bride, Magdalena Zimmerman, the daughter of an e s ta b ­ lished clerical and m ilitary family of Saxony*?? The new household was barely settled when asthma ©truck once more* This attack developed into the m ost se rio u s Neumann had ever suffered, His cur© was very long in coming* At Christmas time 1890 he was so ill he could n ot work and he decided to travel south*?® Months in Italy brought no cure

^Friedrich c. Sell, "Intellectual Liberalism In Ger­ many about 1900,* The Journ&l of Modern History* Vol XV. (Chicago s IT nl v ers Tty o fd h ic a g o £~ress, ^ept'SSber 1914.3), p* 23(1 ??!!#uss, p. 203* 78 i b t a . . p . f.fe. 30 and he returned to Frankfurt where the illness grew worse. Hie doctors sent him to Switzerland. Here months passed and new doctors were unsuccessful in effecting a cure. Finally, upon the advice of an old woman, he took to drink­ ing the "waters" and hi® health was slowly restored. Hie sev en or eight month® almost cost him hi® job and his life, and the "strange 11 cure was to forever turn him against phye lo Ians .79 His work for the Inner® Mission, once it was underway, entailed preaching and working with the poor.®** Contact with welfare authorities, numerous lecture# and Bible hours sent him hurrying about the elty.&* This constant contact with the Spetal® Fra^e. or the Social Question a® the Ger­ man® have referred to problems of the poor, brought all of his previous activities into final focus. He soon dedicated himself to Christian Socialism* His disregard for any reli­ gious orthodoxy, and hi# "strong sympathy for the modern world" brought Mm to the realization that a new form of practical Christianity was needed to fulfill the need® of

the German p e o p l e . He had had much contact with Adolf St&eker and the Christian Socialist party and he was much

79Ib ld „. pp. 66-67. 8°w«nek, p p . 5 0 -5 1 . Sl l b l d . 92 W illla-n 0 . Shanahan, "Friedrich Neumanns A ■' ir r o r of Wllhelznlen Germany," The Review of P o litic s * Vol 1 3 , Ho. 3, (Motre Dame* Hi® TJniverei ty 'of 'Wotre Hame^Pres#, July, 1951), pp. 273-73. 31 Impressed* S*8okerf working in Berlin, had founded the p arty in the la te l8?0, s and Baumann saw Mu a a 11 one who can »peak of eternal salvation to the r^aerc* <>** Berlin, and vho is being hoard»ff®3 stScker* however, had bought to link hi® brand of Christian Socialism with the ultra-eonservatlva court party ond anti-stfaltlssr, ^he*« view® Baumann could not ace opt. Hi a activities in Frankfurt brought hie. into contact with two elements that changed hi® outlook, namely» "liberals* and Jw® , Though many year® parked before Itaurumr became a t*arhcr of a. "UhenOL* grmsp he reepec ted their M Bee- ondly, the r-eny Jaw® he met in Frankfurt dec troyad all hie preconceived notion® of those people, and he reel!cad that he could not support an entl-eeritier?. The development of Nautsann,8 social philosophy coin- elded with an aver growing awareness of the political scene, He believed that social reform war? a reec®r!ty, and Ms Frank^rt activities proved tc Mr that political agitation war the or I t viefcle so lot loti to Ms prcM«n.*®^ Tr 18 HI he had taken part in the founding of a *avenge!iffchen Arbeftervercire* -Car evangelical worker1® union) and hi® con­ tinual contact with this group had brought bannerr into .fre­ quent conflict with the ehnroh author!tie®, In 18% hi® par-

^ E r le h Eyck, *A Greafc Oerman L ib e r a l" , The C ootev- porarv Rev lev, CW, (London* The Contewporery uJralieB™ jenuery—JiTr^ 1939), r • 321, ®^Friedr!ch **cinecket The 9-ermen C> tec trophy* trans­ lated by Sidney B, Fay, (Boston* Tiacon'Frees, 1%3)» p* IB, 32 ty, the national Sogtal Vereln (the national Social Union), was formed and in lfl97 he left the church* 1*h© w e ll-r e sp e o ted German historian., F r ie d r ic h tfelneeke, perhaps better than any other, has d escrib ed the goal of Baumann* s p arty : Neumannvs national socialism, looked at from a purely rational and cultural point of v ie w , was a wonderful' attem pt to bring together in an exoceding ric h syn- thesis both the moui s p i r i t u a l and the most practical and reallatie elements in the German people, Chris­ tia n ity and Carman Ideallam , the c la s s ic a l id eal of humanity and modern social empiricism, democracy and em p ire, the modern feeling of th e need for art, for a people#s system o f national defense, for econom ic expansion, , * *”5 Urns Naumann sought to fuse socialism and imperialism with the “warmth of the social doctrine" end he chose a diffi­ cult task in the face of existing conditions in Wllhel* mian Germany,®^ Neumann*s education was broadened by the contacts he mad® with prominent individuals. His new friendships in ­ clu d ed such intellectual figures as M®insole© and I T o e lts e h , the historians Delbrfiek and Goats, and the economists H rentano, Sombart and Schulss«Gtvernlty,^7 m were s ig ­ nificant sources of his continuing education,*®® Then, too,

8 5 ib ia . . p. 1 9 . ®&Henry Cord Meyer, Mltteleuropa in German Thought and Action I8l5-19li5* (The TBague* w tinus"'IIjoff, PP. 87 Ibld.. p. 91. "ibid. 33 the m a jo r ity o f th e people who urged the form ation of his p a r t y were Protestant pastor®, teachers, a scattering of university professors, and other intellectuals*^ someone has written, "Friedrich emerged as a major personal­ ity on the 'Wllhelmian scen e*

ffit&Mahu , Tm w riter The most important factor which helped to bring Kaumann prominence, first in the church, and later in the political arena, was h i* prolific journalistic activity, Alfred dilate, in a recently p u b lish ed bibliographical study of Kaumann, sought merely to list all the book*, articles, and speeches by and about Neumann* H is works required eighty-®!:® page® and ■twenty-one hundred references to l i s t the Item s Neumann w r o te .9 1 Fortunately for the student of h is to ry , Neumann*s literary style did not follow the general pattern established by his German contemporaries. His work® are distinguished by complete c la r ity , word economy, and an impressive method of logical argument* So skillful was he, in fact, that the reader 1® often led to accept an idea before he r e a l i s e s the full significance of what i s being presented. His skill was based on sound scholarship and an awareness of prevailing intellectual currents. Hie style was remarkably

®9®yek, p # 322* ^M eyer, p* SO, '^ A lfre d KH a t s , F rie d ric h - Neumann - B it 11 ograph l e , (P&sseldorf: frost© Ferlag, 195?), ppTTTT, "fre e * , not s t i f f and turgid* with, a strong tendency to­ wards traditional in late nineteenth century German pros© styled2 “There gifts • • • made Baumann on© of the great modern writers on problems of social welfare and politics.*93 Baumann's first opportunity to writ© cam© when he was f i r s t a c t iv e In the Versin deufcacher Studenten. As a propa­ gandist for that group he received his first experience. In Hamburg a t the Rauhe.a Heua. under the guidance of Johannes Wiehern* he wrote articles for the SI leg en d s Blitter, an organ of the Inner© fission.94 During these years, the pe­ riod before his second theological examination, he wrote for the Allfgemeine ^Conservative Honataehrift as w ell. After 188? Naumann* w riting fo r the C hris t l l c h e W elt, found a vast audience opening to him* A young pastor, hart in Bad®, had founded th is p erio d ical In 1886. Around him he gathered © number of newly ordained clergymen and some the­ o lo g ic a l candidates, a l l of whom believed that *an industrial world required a specific Christian social teaching**95 Baumann* as an author of many articles and a collaborator with

^Shanahan, “Friedrich Baumann; A German View of Power and Nationalism** pp. 355-57* The total bibliography for t h is thesis shall list three different works by Shanahan and thus the titles henceforth referred to -must be cited in at least short form..

fjkAS* pp. 50-51. ^Shanahan, "Friedrich Baumanns A M irror of W llh e l- mlan Germany** pp. 274-75. 3S th e group, represented as th ey did a “liberal theological movement* dad lea ted to Fro tea tan t social reform *96 The weekly period le a l, which carried the subtitle, *f#r die gebildeten Qlieder der evangelischen Kirchen* (fo r th e educated members of the evangelical churches)# “offered Haumann an e f f e c t i v e forum to display his literary talent.*97 The wide following th a t Kaumann wo n in the following years placed him in a p o s it io n of leadership which challenged the standing of Adolf Stacker. Fro® 1(189 onward Neumann (though he still continued to w rite many articles) often produced one or more major works a year, this first year was marked by publication o f Arbel terkatechisrmis oder dor wsfare Boo la llama, s. Chris tap! e l. and Mas tun w lr mmen die glambenslose Sotialdawokratls? In the years that followed some of th e m«r#significant works wares 1891, fas s o s t a le Frogramm der evangelischan K irch #t J as** a. s i s Volksmann and Was fastest Christlich*Sosial ? Vol. Tj 1895, S o c ia l# B risfe an r s lc h s haute, and Zum s o g i a l «»

6 emokr at i.s chan landpr ogramm s 1896 1 Was he Is at Christlich* S o sia l, Vol. I I , and Binlge Qsdanksn ftbsr die Orfldung C h rist** 11 eh aosialer Vsr#in#»9fl

9bJ £ M ' 97I b ld . ^®For a complete bibliographies! listing see Alfred M ila ts . The bibliography of this thesis also c o n ta in s a bibliographical n ot# fo r the books by Neumann used by this author for this thesis. 36 During th• Prank.Airt period h© also wot© a number of artlelea for th© Eukunffc, a p erio d ica l published by H ixi* m illlan Harden* th© political polemicist m i satirist* In 1895 Neumann founded his own publishing house and began th© publication of Pi© Kllfe* This publication was- a weekly journal w ith the subtitle, "Ootfceah1.Ifc* S elbsthllfe* Staatahllfe* Brudarhllfe*" which serves to define th© posi­ tion he maintained.*^ Por th© historian, the pages of Die H ilfa o ffe r th e moat characteristic expression of Neumann*a p o litic a l judgment* and th e early years of th© publication c le a rly document his tra n s itio n from a concern fo r a C h ris­ tia n program , to an almost exclusive in te re s t in n atio n al and liberal p a r t i e s ,100

^"GetPe-help* self-help* state-help, brotberly-help"* would be a literal translation* ^®%hmnahan# '"Friedrich Neumanns A M irror o f W llh e l- mlan Germany” * p* 277* c m v r m u

THE CF'UhAh pmWhBWTT ChOECK Atm THE nitFSlEXAL IFHvOLu Tlub * riE GH&uumm o r th e y .o ia m worm;

Before any attem pt ©an be mad© to define the p o s i- tio n ftaumarm took on the is s u e s of h ie day, it Is neces­ sary to understand th© problems that beset th e world in which he lived# What were the strengths or weaknesses of the Carman P ro testan t church la te in the nineteenth cen tu ry? What effects were felt in the church as a r e s u lt of the ln - dustrial revolution? What change® had taken place In the so c ia l s tr u c tu r e of th e nation which effected the relation* ©hip between th© new society and the Christian church? In this chapter answers to th e s e and other similar question® w i l l be ©outfit# Mmmmm and other reformer® with a fervid crusading s e a l would never have appeared on the scene had there not been a major crisis facing the church* For time te&esaorlel the church in Germany hah been an impor­ ta n t facto r in meeting the needs of a man 1 & spiritual life on this earth# Suddenly rapid change© take place in the struc­ ture of society and the charoh is no longer able to fu lfill this function# H&umann and his counterparts sought to revive and reform th$ church in order that it might attain its form* 37 38 #r status* Th# major q u e stio n f o r them wae th# meaningful* n#s«s o f th# "witness* of th# church in an ever*increasingly m aterialistic society♦

THR CWOrPCH 1015*1870 There were many politic#! ratifications of Hapoloon1# "marc M n r #hout* th # hodgepodge o f German S ta te # w *thin th # defunct Holy Woman WHpire* Pm^mtopnonte fn fch® Coxian frot«* estant cHirch ver© affected by those cctaelysr; *e events ## well* Wapoleon, while he did rrrch, to break nc%m tho old politics! frontier® between iha nary Gerror States, aroused, at th# same tire, a new s e n se of German nut ion# Ham., TMa in turn brought an interest in fic tio n a l unity* A# Germane tu rn ed to face th# French menace, a new s p i r i t arc®#* Th# same people who hoped to bring national unity also looked forward to a national church* Th# greatest clergyman o f h is age* Friedrich Schle i e raa ch c r (1?68~X83I|,), preached in th® to 1 lowing fcarm# from hi# .pulpitt Wow l i t t l e worthy of respect is th# man who romm h ith e r and thither without th# anchor of national Ideal and love of fatherland) how dull is th# friend* a hip that rests r ©rely upon personal #1 hilarities Jr. dlapoaltlon and tendencies, and not upon th# feeling of a greater comoon u n ity for whoa© sake one can offer up h is l i f e # * Whatever stay ha^e been th# other result# of th# Hapo* I c o n ic era, It did provide th# necessary atmosphere fo r

^Koppel &• Pinson, Pletlrm as a Factor :ln the Bie# of Ocrro^g nationalism * (Hew forfcT~’~uoTunfJitTpew , l"93K) , 39 F r ie d r ic h W ilhelm I I I o f Hohenaollern to bring about the unity of the P ru ssia n Lutheran and Beformed ehurohee In 1817* The Lutheran and the Calvinist congregations were forced Into th e new "Evangelical* church* Unfortunately all of this was to prove very detrimental to the new church* The s t a t e d ic ­ ta te d to th e ehureh its new organisation and the result was

th e lo s s o f th e c h u rc h 1 s v i t a l i t y *^ The revival of feeling which had helped to d estro y th® power o f Napoleon was now submerged in the conservative reaction of the Restoration* The church, like the political structure of which it was a vital part, was in a g e n e ra l s t a t e o f d eclin e* The p erio d

from 1 3 l5 t o I 8 I48 in Prussia Germany (th e Y onalrs or B lederrae 1 a r s e I,t in Germany m I t was known) was a tim e o f g rad u al change, but also one o f general stagnation* In many ways vastly different, It was very similar to that In England from th e settlement of 1 6 8 :1-89 to about 1 7 6 0 . Yet, unlike th© development in England, there was no great spirit of reform, no "revolution In sentiment* In Germany such as that which developed in England toward the end o f the late eighteenth century. For Germany there was only fu r th e r crisis on the political scene) I.e. the revolu­ tio n o f l8 ^ 8 -^ 9 • The German P r o te s ta n t church placed in an even more unenviable postion* Though the church had been s h a llo w e d *n th e eighteenth century by the co ld lntelleetu* 2 A. L. Drummond, German P ro te s ta n tis m S ince L u th e r* (Londons Th© Bpworth Pre»a, ' 1951J"»"pp* 19$. k® a lism of the enlightenment, it was also buoyed np by the emo­ tional spirit of Piet1am* But 1819 the enthusiasm of the had d ie d . P ru ssia n and German monarch® had brought the union of the large Protestant b o d ie s , and th e se churches became ever .more subservient to the needs o f th e s t a t e . 3 Lutheran doctrines had always advocated a church organisation closely aligned with th e s t a t e , but the church In Germany after l8l5 became completely dominated by the precepts of the state. It was the alliance of orthodoxy and m onarchy. U> This situation was more evident after the years o f revolution. The decade of th® eighteen-fifties was the most reactionary political era of a l l . The middle and upper classes were frightened by the revolution and they ^rallied to Throne and Altar.*? The reactionaries won tighter con­ trol over education and the Lutheran clergy threw their sup­ port to this p o l t l e a l philosophy to which their church so strongly adhered.& MTeachers, civil servants, tradesmen, and em ployees discovered that * i t paid to be p i o u s . **7

3 i b id . . p . 5 . UsUseeas for example, Mai.ter Walter Frank,Prank, Hofpredlgsr Adolf S tpto eck eck er er und d ie ChristliehsoslaleC hrlstiichsoglals BewejBewegung 7""f te r T tn t Ter S5g"m v onTT e fmrn-r im m rn. T^Brrpr'iH or“ Kajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany 16U.8-18U0, (flaw York* Alfred I .“Knop'fe, mitTTTT p t t ?Fruirimond, p. 216. & Ibld. Txinia. l a S tr a n g e ly enough aa the political and religious groups In power moved to th e right, society {if one may u se p o l i t i c a l terminology), was progressing to the l e f t . In th© e ig h te e n * fifties th® first movement of the change from an aristocratic and agrarian society to an urban indue trial nation could be d etected * A t t h i s " d e c is iv e moment, German Protestantism had east its l o t w ith th® a u th o r ita r ia n and th e a g ra ria n traditions of European life , openly scorning th e u rb an - industrial and liberal world that was coming Into b e in g *11 & The church thereby risked the loss o f th© common m an's lo y ­ alty because with the church on th© side of "monarchical authority, Protestantism cou ld not take the aid# o f the people*"^ Fro® this point, anfcl-eler teal ism which was asso­ ciated generally with Homan Catholic nation®, could be dis­ covered in the Protestant areas of Germany.^0 When th® in­ dustrial revolution In Germany reached the f lo o d t ld e a f t e r 1 870, th e Protestant church failed to keep pace with the change®. It had chosen to support the one group in society th a t was ou t of tune with the changes th a t were taking, p la c e . The obvious result was that th© ch u rch , to o , became Incompat­ i b le w ith th e times* "German Protestantism lost an opportu­ nity to befriend the masse®. "3*1

%hanahan, German Protestants Face the Social Question* p# 3 0 1 . , h e r e a f ter'"~cl t'e5 asTGerman 'Tr o te g tarBTa. 9 I b id . lODrujnmond, p . 2 1 6 .

liShanahan, German Protaatanta. pp. 15U-S5. k2 rm xwms trial rrtoottxoh An adequate description of the church after 1070 would need he proceeded by a view of the changes th a t took place in society as © result o f the industrial revolution, Th© s to r y o f this revolution, has, of course, been to ld o fte n , b u t in the process of the t a i l i n g , the massiveness of the alteration o f society has frequently been clouded in s o c io ­ econom ic term s. An attem pt w ill be mad© to b r i e f l y view th© changes through a consideration of the most obvious high- p o ln ts . In an am asin gly short period of time all the elem en ts necessary for an industrial revolution had com© together In

G e r m a n y #3-2 & f Inane la. 1 fo u n d atio n was b u il t w ith th© Z o ll- vereln (the Customs Union), and th# formation of investment banks and corporations for the buying and selling of stocks and bonds. Th® first railroad line in Germany was built In l83S between rob erg and Firth. Rapid developments followed. These rail lines and th© canals that had been constructed at almost the same time made possible the transportation of th© goods that would one day be produced, Germany's population growth wsb beginning to become significant and would rapidly increase in th© decades after i 8 6 0 . This was a ls o th© tim e of th© first discernible rural-urban s h i f t which, with the

3 2 j m h . C lap ham, The Economic Development of France and Germany lSl5-191ii# (Cambridge At" the University fress'T W ririM iih lW , pp. 2 7 9 -Bo. population grow th, produced the nocoeaary labor fore© for the new factories. Finally, th© Germans were a b le to tak e acl vantage of the British technical "knowhow". Thee© id e a s , "borrowed" from an lduatrial complex a lre a d y long in e x i s t ­ e n c e , plus the new machines and Industrial processes con­ stantly being created, mad# production boom, Events of th© twenty-five cr so years before l8?0 mad® th© industrial revolution possible in Germany. The f i r s t

twenty-five years after l 8 ?0 saw th© f r u it io n of th ese ea r ­ l i e r occurrences. Existence of the political u n ity of th® national state probably contributed to th e rapid accelera­ tion. (It would of eouree be very difficult to estimate what effect this had on the course of the induetrial changes but It certainly must have had a major rol# in the acceleration that took place.) The active part played by th# governm ent wee significant as w e ll. Am a prominent German economic historian has maintained, " i t was a m arriage prompted by reason." He believed fu r th e r th a t , "the State thought Itself compelled to ally itself with a new fo rc e in o rd er to have a freer hand for what it believed to be Its main political aim s,"1 3 Likewise, th# appearance of th© heartland of Europe was rapidly b ein g a lte r e d In the last three decades of the

13w. F. Bruck, Social and goo nomic History of Germany from William II to H1 tYer" 158 8-I9SB'T$aw Torks ftueaeil & m ^eirinT:^9^)7TTl2^ 44 nineteenth century* A look at population .figures helped to explain this phenomenon* In 186,5 the estimated population o'* Germany (Germany a.fi it eame to be in si*# a f te r 1 8 ?1 ) was

3 9 , 5 4 8 * 0 0 0 • a figure of 9*4^ higher than that of th© pre­ vious decade* **-4 In 1875 the population stood at 42,518*000, or an Increase of ?»SP over the f ig u r e o f 1065* By 1085 I t roe® to 4 0 * 7 0 7 , 0 0 0 , m arking an oth er growth of 9*9$* in 1895 th e fig u re # reco rd ed war© 5 2 * 0 0 1 * 0 0 0 , an increase of 1 1 . 3*. u To complete the pic hi re* the population of Germany In 1914* on the eva of th© Great War, was 67*790,000, These Increases, in a country with about 2 4 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 people in 1 8 0 0 , were a - eh le v e d despite an animal average of some 7 0 ,0 0 0 emigrants le a v in g fo r th© new w o rld *30 Along with the growth of population there was a marked rural-urban s h i f t In population of people during th e n in e ­ te e n th centu ry* " a f t e r 1835 in d u stry began to show new l i f e , but ©ran as late as X30G, the German s t a t e s maintained t h e i r distinctly agricultural c h a r a c t e r .**3-7 In 1050 approximately 2*8$ o f th e German population lived In cities which contained

3*4 The population figures her® c it e d are to b@ found In Gustav Stolper, German Economy 1070*1940 Issues and Trends, (Hew Yorks '"'’I'e'ynai "JKSTfltcffi J3Z 15 i b i d * I^Louis L. Snyder, Basic History of Modern Germany* (Mew Yorks Van Kostrand, An Anvil "drlgInal " 1457) V 'p * 3 6 *

I?S* R* Tlrrell, German Act ar Ian F o i l t i c s A fte r Bismarck* s Fall, (Hew Y or ft Y" ' C olumb'la" Tf nl v er a l l y Press, 1951)* P* 1 1 . over 100,000 people. 18 rural population of Germany he- two cm 1850 and 1910 Inoroaaod by one or two m illion. In tlicit ouuo period .forty million additional people cam© to live in the citie© .^ Aa the table belrn* will indicate, the rural population was still over sixty p ercen t in 1871 , but the next foX'ty y e a rs b ro u g h t many changes t RURAL-CREAK SHIFT IH FOFJLATIQg20 T o tal R ural Orb an P o p u la tio n P ercen ta g e P ercen ta g e 18?1 41,059,000 6 3 .9 3 6 .1 1890 45,234,000 58.6 4 i.4 1890 49,428,000 57.5 42 .5 1900 58,367,000 45.6 5 4 .4 1910 64,926,000 40.0 6 0 .0 The changes In the population of larger cities be­ tween 1870 and 1900 further illustrates the shift of pop­ u la tio n * POPULATION CHANCES IS MAJOR CITI ES21 C ity 1870 1900

B e r lin 774*498 1 ,8 8 8 ,3 1 3 B resla u 20 7 ,9 9 7 4 2 0 ,5 1 7 C ologne 2 0 0 ,3 1 2 4 6 4 ,2 7 2 Eb e en 99*687 290,208 Frankfurt a.M. 126,095 3 1 4 ,0 2 6 Hamburg 3 0 8,446 721,744 L e ip z ig 1 7 7 ,8 1 8 5 1 9 ,7 2 6 ffunlch 440*888 6 5 9 ,3 9 2 Recalling that Kaumara* liv e d in

1%nyt3er, p, 56. ^Claphaa, p# jyg, 20 I b ld . . p . 2 7 8 . 21r ir.ton, Modern Germany. p. 221. it is interesting to note that the city’s population in« creased over 250 percent in three decades I The Increase of Germany * s commercial and b u s in e s s activities was equally sharp after 1870.* In 1875 there was

27#930 kilometers of railroad lines in operation* In 1885 there were 3 7 #6 $0 , and In 1895 the figure had reached 1*6 # 5 6 0 kilometers* An increase of 18,560 kilometers in twenty years was no small s u m *22 Most of these railroad lines were state controlled by 1895# as# since his very first days in office# Bismarck had sought to buy up all the lines .from their pri­ vate owners. German production of coal and lignite In lS?l was less than thirty-eight million tons; compared to 118 million tons for Great B ritain.23 By 1913 Germany produced 279 million tons with Great Britain producing 292 million tons.2k The Increase in output o f German pig iron and steel followed much the same course; IB ON AMD STEEL PROmCTTOKS® Output In metric tons

i 860 2 , 7 2 9 ,0 0 0 (pig iron) 1,51*8,000 (steel) 1890 k#6 Se#S00 ' 3 #1614. #000 1900 8 , 521,000 7* 372,000 1910 Ik# 79k #000 13 #11*9 #000

^ S t o l p e r , p . 71* 23k* J. Passant (Economic sections by W* 0 * Hender­ son), A Short History of Germany 1 8 15-191*5* {Sa*&'orIdge At th e H nTversTTy P re s s , T965T,""n"p* l6 5 . 2*Hb ld . 25 j b ld . k l It was no wonder that Germany's "national wealth stood at 200 billion mar Its In 1395" (by 1912 it was 300 b illion ) . 26 Germany1^ mere e n t i l e fleet expanded over *fifey- fo ld

In tonnage between 1870 and 191k* until it was three time* as large as that of France **27 Between 1873 and World War 1 the t o t a l of Germas^'* export trade had quadrupled# w hile manufactured goods produced in her f a c t o r ie s grew' se v e n fo ld *28 In this same period imports increased fcwo-and-a-half tim e* and the raw material for industry hj three«and«a*»half tiroea#29 More important perhaps was the value of this import-export trad e s GERMAH YAU3B OP IMPORT-EXPORT TR APE^O Exports Imports (In Marks) i860 70.000,000 5iv.750.000 1872 12L.6O0.OO0 173,250,000 lhf*0 3i4fi,850,000 lij.2,200,000 l^O 170.500,000 213.650.OCO 1900 237.650,000 302,150,000 1910 3?3»73?»On9 1^6,705,000 1913 S0it.825.000 538,515.000 Prom her low position In i860, Germany, in less than forty years, had come to rival the great industrial nations of the world as a manufacturing power.

^W illiaw Maehl, "The Triumph of Rationalism Jr. the German Socialist Party on the Eve of the First World War," The journal of Poderr History. 7X.IY, {Perch, 19525, 27. 2?Rslph pjeniey. Modern German History. (Ksw York: R. P. Dutton & Co. In c.,”175531 ,“ pT3tJ2“------2 %ruck, p. 111. 29Ibld. 30Pasaant, p. 112. U8

OB 12* TW T*fF CT-fTBOH' The very haste struetor# of society was in constant f l v . x during the three derates fro?' 18?D to l-00# In. the agrarian, autocratic srr tcfcy tbsr G irted before Industrial** Isation, t^we had a t least been eo---o security fo r even, th e lowest clee*#a, Obviously or# could have readily found in- dividual eaaaa of #?fcber om alfcy on the par* of tb# lo cal arletoorasy, nr condition* on small farms, -or in little towns wh«r*» U fa was not pleasant or feeanlnrfhl for the people eon— eernel* Hies a e s c opt ion#, how ever, no way ©onparad t o th e abominable conditions that ganorslly prevailed in th e gig mm.** tie new cities that developed as industrialisation took place# The low er c lasse s now fa ced a v y r ia d of problene* They w«i*# at the roerey of a •new 11 autocratic class, the f a c ­ to r y owners# Hi# worker had no mean® of providing, the baa la necessities of l i f e for h im s e lf or his far;ily* The rural l i f e had o ffe r e d a reasonable opportunity to provide food and a shelter of aorta* Tine industrial slwrs provided no such opportunity# The factory worker, his w ife and Me children co u ld w ork from dawn to sundown an d a t i l l face the p o s s i b i l ­ i t y of starvation# tinemployment could be brought on by th e whims o f econom ic fluctuations or th e factory owner h im self# L ife was indeed hard# insecure, unpleasant, arid a t b e s t, u n- reward tng• But did th e o ld system offer a better solution? Probably n o t, but hope and salvation k9 a g ra ria n s o c ie t y through the church* Th© church stood in th e center of the community $ it was the very heart of parish ac­ tivity* If nothing else, it .fulfilled the spiritual needs of a people who looked for the realisation of their dreama in the next world* In the new, unsteady atmosphere of th© in­ dustrial community, there was less chance of receiving ade­ quate pastoral care*31 For industry had so stimulated the growth of cities that a deep attachment to the traditional religious community— the parish—could no longer he maintained* The life of religion withered at th© roots, leaving an industrial proletariat ^ alone and unattended in a wasteland of man1© own m ak in g.32 Such was th© crisis that challenged th® German Protestant church after 1 8 7 0 * Th® population o f B e rlin in i 860 was over 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 , b u t its church®© could only hold 2 5 , 0 0 0 .3 3 B e rlin , as one author has claimed, was a "spiritual graveyard” .31* A pm®tor, W inckler of Hamburg, had bitterly complained in 1638 because o f the ex trem ely unusual situation with which he was con­ fronted. He was th© " tru e p a s to r o f 3 0 ,0 0 0 souls."35 In any large city of Germany in the latter part of th© nine­ teenth century, th is was the r u le rather than the exception,

31Shanahan, German Protestants, p. 1* 32ibid. 33prummond, pp. 220-21. 3-tehanahan, German Protestants* p . 351*.

3^pru ond, pp. 2 2 0 - 2 1 . So Th® parish of St* Georg© in Berlin had over 80,000 p a r is h ­ io n e r s ,3 6 St. Soph!#1® in th a t same city bad over 50,000, and "there were five or six other®, each with 2C-30,GOO,*37 In the eighteen-eighties reports Indicate that parishes which contained 100,000, or llt-0,000 souls were not •specially un­ common *38 Obviously a number of problems would result from such a situation* What loyalty to fcha church that had existed among th e a d u lts was rapidly disappearing. Lacking continual cultivation existing morals and belief® were inadvertently destroyed by th® realism of day-to-day living* More important perhaps was the "emmieaion of proper religious instruction.*^ C h ild re n grew tip uneducated In th© tradition of th® church and w ith no facilities a v a ila b le to the®, they war® re a s o n ­ ably certain of reaching maturity outside the fold. Many of th® old adherents were thus leaving the church and few new member® were replacing them, The following situation was r e ­ ported In Berlin in 1880; *In that year twenty-six percent of the children were unbaptlsed, fifty-eight percent o f th e marriages were c i v i l , and eighty percent o f th e fu n e r a ls were without religious r l k r n mmk® Though not ©hocking to the twen­ t i e t h cen tu ry man, these f ig u r e s indicated a situation that

3'^Shanahan, German Protestants* p. 35U* 37 TbId. 3~tbld. 3 9 i b i d . UOBrummomJ, p p. 220- 2 1 . >1 had riot existed in ®er*»Any during the prev ioua on© thouound ■y ears • Th# industrial work#** bewildered in hi# new sur­ roundings, alienated from th# Christian tradition, ano con* fronted by the loss of t{hi# social identity,tl sought to eom- panaat# for Hi# Si extreme loneliness” by seeking consolation In secular movements in essence he was indeed* pathetically cap,at* to accept new loyalties to associa- ticme which Hear upon hJa economic needs, to 5oln p o l i t i c a l moveiifeiifc# w hich a ffo r d some m easure o f s o c ia l solidarity, and to accept without prnhjc?1oa a mys tique of national unlty.W A solution was found which seemed to supply all of these needs, namely, eooialisml Onaware of it# subtle inadequacies, the proletariat were quickly convinced by the clever propaganda and they flocked to the new creed. By offering security In p la c e o f life*# uncertainties, socialism, tended to provide an "urban ©c**mi ntty where none had existed, a eoeft&unlty strongly re­ sembling the Christian parliih#*W By supporting the Social Pemoorati© Tarty (the only large significant Socialist organ** Isation), .the worker could hope for the possible realisation of hi# political and economic goals, S.*nee fche quasi- parliamentary structure of th© Second Heich allowed the work­ er little voice in the government, his support of a Socialist

k%hanahan, German Protestants « pp* 3k-*36 • p. 36, ^3xbta.. p. 350. 52 party, he hoped, might eventually lead to a reversal of that situation* ‘Through labor union agitation th© worker ecu Id strive for the amelioration of hi© economic situation* Job security, higher wages, shorter working hours, Improved housing, and other reforms were all In the crystal ball of the socialists. It was better than the second coving! The new doc hr ir e likewise proclaimed I t s e l f an arb iter of man1® spiritual affairs, The good lif e , t t argued, was not aone thing hoped for In the next world, but r©ther it was to be found and enjoyed her© in this world* In glace of th e pleasant platitudes which the C h r is tia n church o ffe re d th o se who suffered th m p lig h t of a miserable existence, Socialism prom ised ir.'-ediate m aterialistic rewards * By clarifying human lif e , "Socialism entered the proletarian co n sc i ousts##©, not m the winner of a sharp debate over Christian precept®, but as th e sly u surper of rights fo rm erly e x e r c is e d by Chr 1 s t tanl ty * In summation of the crisis th a t challenged the exist­ ence of th© Protestant church In Cerr. any, a number oy* fa c t o r s were in operation* The strong ehurch-e*;ate relationship in a state controlled by a uell-e*tab1 i ehed conservetively orien­ tated political m in o rity made spiritual reform from within relatively iinpoeaible. After all, if the conservative e l e ­ ment was to maintain it© position, it could not r e c o g n is e

P»Tbl<3.. pp. 3W-U9. 53 th© s p i r i t u a l shortcomings of the church* If it did, and if it sought an improvement or a reform o f the church, might th is n ot a ls o lead to a change in th© political structure? A democratic church might well lead to conflict with th® s tr o n g ly held concept of "throne and altar"* Secondly, th© middle-class, the class which outwardly adhered to its church beliefs, "looked to science and th® art® to gain a higher content for their lives*"45 They stayed with the church be­ cause they feared the onslaught that the proletariat and the revolution might bring* A revolution, they believed, would destroy the basis for their existence* A third group, th® liberal Protestants and th© intellectuals, simply "kept Uninterested as they were in the problems of the masses, they saw no reason for a reform of th© church, and thus, remained indifferent* Finally, th© lower classes were a lie n a te d from th® church by the nature of their existence and by the scop© of their goals* The combination of a l l these factors, the disinterest, the unwillingness to change, the lack of crusading seal, the open hostility; the nature of th© class structure, and th® complex problems posed by a rapid industrialisation of th© state confronted th® church with a problem to which there seemed to be no real solution*

^Holborn, pp. 493*91;• 46s©11, "Intellectual Liberalism," p* 230* 5 k THE SOCIAL QUESTION The tern th © "social question11, or die aoslale Frag®, it© it was known In. German, might be beat described as a "catch-all" p hrase us©a to ©over discussion which concerned the possible ways in which the church r ig h t a l l e v i a t e or m aster th is challenge of the modern world* This would In­ dicate the existence of a body of in d iv id u a ls who were d e d i­ cated to a reawakening w ith in the church* Because t h is In­ t e r e s t and dedication was essentially o f an Individual nature, th e answer to th# "social question" was many things to many people* To some i t meant a complete alteration o f church s tr u c tu r e and dogma to meet the new c h a lle n g e . To others th# "social question" was merely the problem o f what t o do w ith th® awkward social conditions created by th# industrial r e v ­ o lu tio n * S t i l l others saw i t as a need for a more c h a r ita b le Christianity* They had a sincere desire to win convert# back to th e church (me long as th e church s tr u c tu r e did n o t change)* Finally, th ere ware th o se who sim p ly sought social reform through legislation* They wanted to correct problems and situations which did n o t deal directly with the church b u t .more g e n e r a lly w ith th e labor force and the question o f the lower classes* Th© Bismarckian settlement tended to so lv e th# enigma of the labor force and th# "poverty-stricken" m asses. Through hie various attempts to stem th® tide of social upheaval, he fo rc e d through the Reichstag the different Insurance laws. By offering the- worker accident Insurance, old-age and o th e r pension type s e c u r it y , many historians have claimed he solved the dilemma which challenged the conservative monarchy, He " s to le " the platform of th© Social Dem ocrats and thus was s u b tly able to preserve th© nation from a shift to the left. Hreh programs of social legislation had little offset on th® much more precarious situation In which the church fo a m l I t s e l f . Only In the hearts of a few dedicated people was the spirit of reform strong. At best they war® few and far between, Th© m aterialistic urge which was a d e f in i t e

a s p e c t of 0®rmanyfs history after 1070 presented a c h a lle n g e to o g r e a t fo r the church to overcom e. There was little In the nineteenth century to compare with th© warm-hearted spirit of the pietism; of the eighteenth c e n tu r y , and the z e a l o f th e reformation th a t was e v id e n t In th e Oermany of the s ix t e e n t h c e n tu ry . Fart of this situation could possibly he explained by a brief look at Lutheran, doctrines. Christian charity was n a tu r a lly a m ajor p a r t o f the dogma o f the church, b u t the modern age called for more than voluntary charity could pro­ vide* As one au th or has said, th® Lutherans tended to re­ peat over and over the "old doctrine of th e inwardness of the Church and o f the duty of leaving all external matters of legislation and social welfare to the State."47 Many o f th e

k ? E rn s t Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Chris­ tian Churches, trans Olive Wyon,’ V b l. X I, (N ew Tork: "'"’Kit" WaePiTIarnSompany> 1931), p. 568. 56 reformer® and specifically th e C h ristian S o c ia lis ts {which included Neumann) sought to revere© tnat tendenoy and hoped to fa c e the church to recognise th# "general political, eco­ nomic, and’ so c ia l foundations of the present-day Society*"**® B©formers grew in number a f te r 18?0. There w ere a number of reason® for this* when W 1chern had ©labored Sn 1-340-49 for realisation of th# social tils, few were really aware of any problem confront Ire the church*^ When no one foilowoc in his foebetape, the cruaade >/a« taken, up by

00clalists Oi VA 1C s ta tu re of Ferdinand L*&t*alle anc August Feb el* By If"70 there were a *'#*' vino cen In the church who realised that the lots of the masses could easily destroy the church*^ This treat coln^idad with a strong ref orr. r*over.a?;t ^u vhlr the C atholic church In sou them C-er^ony, led

by I ! *e ab 1 u ?: I © hop- K a 11 o 1 or * t a ny r ro t 0 s tan t e wore f r !. £ ;ht -

W jtM g,

fc^lehwn reolly

Sozlal ro lttih . Hieknamed the ICa theders o r .1 alia ten * or the socialists of th® chair, this group was strongly politically orient®ted. tut nonetheless consistent with the group as the whole,53 They did little to effect reform and their neglect of practical measures doomed their program as one with little chance of success,54 As with so many reformers In nineteenth century Oemany, thee® men were Intellectuals who were com- plately unsuccessful in their attempts to make any contact with the working classes. The battle for the support of the masses had been won by the class conscious M a r x i s t s , 55 There wars further attempts to propagate the movement i n the eighteen-eightIas and eighteen-nineties. Action of this nature was centered In three general areas,56 First

52shanahanf german Fro tee tents, pp. 2-3. 53Bruck, p, 131* 5Ushanahan, Gotoan F ro te e te n ts , p, 413* gglbid*, p. 379* 56 K leh a el P, Fogarty, C h r istia n Democracy in W estern Europe 1820-1953* (Notre PamsT" 8'niversTiy'of*''Sotre TSmST“ f r i e s : WTTT p * 179, 58 th e r e was a

the d’Xefma of the church o n ly succeeded in encouraging a new fore# **o attack the won Id-he reformers. It has been shown how the churoh-state relationship, tba industrial revolution, th© socialists, t**c existing eierc structure and other fac­ to rs a l l contributed to the dew: is# of the chureh; now an addi­ t io n a l enemy made itself known, namely, the great Industrie An cH st,w Wealthy as a rncv.lt of their rrowf nr Industrial

ST iM d* See ale© Bruek, p* 130# far figures showing the strengHi of the various labor unions* ^®Fogarty# p* 179* 5%hanahan# German Protee fcante* pp, 4*5* k^Bruek, p* 131* 59 activities, this group joined In support of th e government against any elements w hich m ight endanger th e established order* If the reformer® were victorious In establishing their liberal Ideas in the church or among the lower classes, they w ould, I t was f e l t , pose a significant threat to th# existing social structure of so c iety * Leading the attack on reform among the industrial mag­ nates was Baron von Stumm«6 l As a prom inent advisor to the Imperial government In the eighteen-nineties, Stussn sought to suppress any Independent thought or action among the work­ in g class* On© historian has called Stumm, "an Advocate of Feudal Capitalism"*62 Stamm, though out of step with his times, was still able to play a significant role In p la g u in g reform attempts*63 Many Germans have referred to the period a® the "Stuaim era** The government1* new ally in the quest f o r preservation of the status quo was a powerful addition to their already overwhelming fo rc e . Any reform that would ©obi© could not be accomplished by a sm a ll Intellectual minority*

wrumxMtm mmnmi 0ne last factor should bm considered In this appraisal of the Protestant church in Germany late in the nineteenth century* It 1® an almost impossible task to m easure th©

6lAbraham Ascher, "Baron von Stumm, Advocate of Feudal Capitalism," Journal of Central European Affairs * XXIX {Oct oh e r , 196$T, p7~"2*71 • 6 2 I b id . -U jbld 60 effect of this last nebulous element* For In th© history of any people 'how important in their development is th© s p i r i t o f th© age? In this particular Instance, the element in question Is the materialism of WilhelmIan Germany* Th© quest for the' pleasures of the m aterialistic ben­ e f i t s o f l i f e was perhaps th e most subtle c h a lle n g e o f a l l those which confronted the church* It was an. age which com­ bined In its makeup, "national youthfulneae, technological proficiency, and extrem e public pride In th© face of newly- gained p o w e r The key figure on the s t a g e , Wilhelm. I I , o f Hohensollem, after all was in many ways a mar© d ile ta n te * He had com© to th© throne and proclaimed a "new course", but the direction was forever shrouded by a "mystical11 fog* He, like the nation as a whole, glorified the accomplishments of the German p e o p le . Y et no one seemed to r e a l i s e th© n a tu re of what had been created* Intellectual enthusiasm and reg en ­ eration contradicted irresponsibility and decline in political a f f a i r s *65 The new I n t e r e s t In th e freedom of the in d iv id u a l conflicted with an ever increasingly potent militarism, k high level of cultural productivity, greater than any since th© time of Goethe, ran parallel with a pathological nation­ alism* In every sphere of human activity, intense produc­ tivity was aided by a b e l i e f In a mission. For all of its

^Henry Cord Meyer, pp. 84-8$. ^Se© for example Friedrich &©lnecko*s comments on WilhelmIan Germany as cited In Stern, p* 165. 61 achievements, however, it was a shallow amoral generation# And what of the church? It earn# off second-best*

COKCmSIOH It might be said that the church failed to meet the crises of th© modern world. At least it would be said the German Protestant church failed in the nineteenth century to keep abreast of the rapid changes that were taking place .in society. The acceptance of this failure would not preclude a denial of the importance of the church as an essential fac­ tor in th© structure of the fabric of human events# But for this study, th© reader should n ot be overwhelmed by the ram­ ifications o f th is dilemma# It is only necessary to keep in mind th© general narrative of the church*® condition, and this only in order to better comprehend the views Neumann held regarding th© position and role of the church in th® society in which he lived* CHAP TEH I I I

wahkakkj some views on th e c m n a n

F r ie d r ic h Neumann h eld to no s p e c if ic dogma and wan not- restricted in his outlook by n ar row theological d e f in i­ tion®, nor stringent scriptural Interpretations* II® was a prolific writer and a c o n tin u a l stream of articles* books* and te x t s of speeches flowed from h is pen* Neumann h im self was n ever a b le to organise his thought® in a mmrk®&ly r a t i o n ­ al form and* tiros, an analysis o f his works is ex trem ely difficult* His numerous writing® necessitate a general syn­ opsis of the important views he held*

JESUS, m g MAH OF THE PEOPLE1

"Jesus C hrist was and is and rem ain s * H Neumann wrote* "th® greatest man of the p eo p le* *2 Th® humaneness of Jesus held a revered and important position in Neumann9* thought® . Christ was th© message to th e modern world. Naumarm found many ways to describe this man of the people; he was the Son

1#lJesus, the Man of the People"* i® a loose transla­ tion of the title of a book Neumann wrote on the subject in X891u Friedrich Neumann, Jesus els Volksmann* (G 8 tt In g en i GBttinger Arbei terblb 1 lothek* I,~pp. Tfe #' 2Tbid.* p. 1

62 63 o f God* the- Judge of th# world* one who aeerlfieed him self for .sAnners. All of these things wore* true of Jesus* he b elieved * h ut most important was the unforgettable fa c t th at Jesus "had led the battle for the people*"^ * a* mnan hoped th a t hie generation would produce a strong Christian leader with under*tend 1 ng ant; crip&thy for the *deeds and 11fe of St-eh a loader wen,;Id ■present Jean* to the Goman people at the "hero of are*" Further* i f he borrow the right (Ccwalt ) of the language cf a Lessing* or a B obSlier, and the power (haeht) of the b e lie f of a Luther* he would render non like "Maaarei: and Befool* Marx and r«p* win . . . pale and insignifleant before the greatest s in g le individual that had ever wandered the face of the e a rth . If Jesus could once again be understood by th m people* a great spirt tael revival would result (daxpi wird die grosse. Innerllehe ErneureunE deft Voikos ran). Should th is reelir-

»..v al come* social reform would* of necessity* follow.^ Throughout Mmxmmnn*® writings there was a detectable naive optimism* Prince Bilow* the German Chancellor* in Ms memoirs® described Nsniaann as a "political dreamer*"^ Though Bdlow made it a point to attack nearly everyone* his *udg-

3tbi«. ^Ibid. 5 it) id . ^Pritioe von feftlow, ;4emotra. twm»* by O .o ffp .y ttunlop and F* A. Voigt, Vol. TV of U wois. (London! Hutnam, 1932/» p . 16.2. 6i|, menfc of Neumann was not an overstatement. Neumann*s outlook was charactericed by a sweeping belief in the "good" thing® th a t tha fu tu r e would bring* He believed, for exam ple, th at C h r ist could once again be a "living" force in western cul­ ture*? Be fu r th e r qualified his position: That is our fir m , confident belief /Christ as a liv in g f o r e #7 # th a t keep® us strong in all our problem s and trouble®* 'The well of h is l i f e Is not yet empty and we can acquire strength for centuries if we learn to know Him w ell. In Him the German c h a r a c te r can be healthy again* H e^elone has the well-being of th# people in hi® hand* Unrealistic though he may have been, his sineerelty could not be questioned. Another factor needs consideration fo r i t i s paramount to an under a tend in g o f what Neumann sou ght to do. Everything ha w rote was essentially an attempt to convert his readers to the C h r istia n c a u se . Thus, w h ile Neumann hoped th a t he had presented a lo g ic a l argument, th# evange­ l i s t i c task was always In the back of his mind* Mmxmmm lived in a m aterialistic age and he re c o g n ise d th a t fact* At the same time fee optimistically believed that man*a soul has always longed for som ething more substantial than the m aterialistic goals of this world. "The people.

7Haumann, Jesua aIs Volksmann. p* 2 . $"Pas 1st unser fester, saversIchtlleher Gl&uhe, das h ilt une aufreeht in alien Kihen und Sorgan. Hoeht 1st der Brunnen seine® Lebena nlcht ansgesehBpft, noeht kSnnen wir Kraft fflr Jahrhnnderte gewinnen, wenn wir ihn ganz kennen lernen. An ihm karrn da® deutsehe tfesen noeh elm al wieder gesund warden* Sr allein hat die Gesundheit der VSlker In setnen Hlnden." Neumann, Jesua ale Volksmann. p# 2. 65 Neumann w o t # , " w ill soon, have th e ir f i l l of scepticism. "9 Th# n a tu r a l urge for those things that fe e d th© s o u l could n o t he permanently denied* Faith and love cannot remain sub­ merged for they will manifest themselves In a return to th# realization o f th# joy to be found in th e words of Jesus C h r i s t .10 The onslaught o f m odem sc ie n c e had done much to challenge th# validity o f th# scriptures. Im portant ten an t# of Christian belief, th# "miracles", had come under fire from advancement* mad# In th# areas of medicine and psychi­ a t r y , Wmm&nn lam ented that education, had don# much to- de­ stroy th# faith In m ir a c le s* "Man", Neumann w o t # , " is ©as* i l y In flu en ced by th o se who know more than h e ," 11 He a c ­ knowledged th a t f a c t that many scholar® cla im ed t h a t th e "miracle® would be d estro y ed by science*"1*® His answer to these arguments was a simple ones 1 beg you, take me fo r uneducated if you find that -J a till believe that Jean a can do .more than doctor 1 or doctor Y. For myself, 1 believe In th# reality of the Miracle® of Jesus although T have read much natural- science, perhaps more than many "educated people Neumann was extremely ©dement in his belief that Christianity could survive in the modern world despite the cynical attack® of a progressively better educated society.

9jbld., pp. 2-3. 10 I b id . 11Ibid., p. 3. 12 I b id . *3I b id . 66 Among o th er problem.® which Kaumann discus sad were some th a t had tro u b led men in C h r is t9® own time®. Cue such, was thm question of wealth* "Why," the fa®tor a sk ed , "had J eeu e spoken to strongly about th© wealthy?*1 ^4 Ha answered this q u e s tio n by stating that J e su s realized the spiritual life of th® wealthy would be devoured by 'money* Scripture pro­ v id e d , hm f e l t , proof for hie argument t

Matthew 19, 21s I f thou wilt he perfect, go and sell th a t thou, h a s t, and g iv e to th© p o o r, and thou © halt have tr e a s u re in heaven* Matthew 19, 23~£Ut Verily I cay unto you, Hiat a rich man shall hardly enter into the Kingdom, of heaven. It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a ric h man to "enter the kingdom of God. Luka 12, 33* Sell that ye have, and give alms*

Luke 12, 1 5 1 Take heed, and beware of covetousness; for a man1® life constateth not In the abundance of the things which he poseesaeth,1^ Neumann did not, however, seek to clarify or explain J e e u e 1® r i m s on wealth. After all, lie maintained, Jesus wee not an economist;, a politician, nor even a statistician*^ Christ was concerned with the reality of what he saw before hi.a eye® a® he walked through various communities. If It did

^Ibld.. P. S,

15Th* Scriptures as quoted In Baumann, .1 e m i a al« Volte- mann, p. 5* English translation from the King'Tame® veretorT o r T h e Holy foible*

* 6 I b id , , p* 6 , 6? net; disturb hi®, Neumann asked, why did Christ so often speak cf the rich and th© poor?1? Neumann cited the Scripture for solution® that Christ propotads Matthew 5, i|2s Give to Mai that asket'h the®, and from him that borrow of thee turn’ not them away* Luke 6, 29-30* Him that ta k e th away th y cloak forbid n o t to tak e thy coat also* G ive to every man that ©sketh the©} and of hi® that taketh away thy goods ask the® not again# Lake 6, 35: Lend, hoping for nothing again*1^ In essence, Naum©nn saw p o v erty as Jesus saw it, and hoped that the wealthy would share with the poor about them* Yet he was neither Marxian nor eacrsmunlstle in outlook* lie valued private property highly* Like Jesus who was "the tru e men" o f th e p e o p le , a man w ith a most eompesalonate h e a r t, Neumann f e l t that the problem of the r ic h and the poor co u ld be so lv ed from ad v ice found in th® scriptures,1*? Pressing Into other areas and adapting this argument, Neumann maintained th a t many people have too narrow a view of Jesus* Envisioned as a g e n t le person, "the friend of children, the lamb of God," Jesus could be interpreted as a weak, spineless individual*^0 Thia same Jesus, it should be

UlMd. l8IMI* 19Naumsnn always had an answer for every problem but somehow his solutions were n ev e r concrete or specific* His ideals were high sounding enough, but in practical terms they were rather inoperable* He was a very naive man in many re­ sp e c ts* ^°Maumimn, Jesus ais Yolksmann, p* ?* remembered, was not afraid to d r iv e the money-changers from tli# temple* Baumann*s argument was aimed directly at th# lower ©lasses* He knew they tended to think of Christianity* and of Jesus especially, as s l s s l f led* Jesus, he reasoned, knew how to speak o f beauty, hut *he is a ls o a mmn o f th e p e o p le ***21 The attem p t to make Christ presentable to th# rank and file of th# population is an mm r recurring theme in Baumann*s works* Jesus, Baumann wrote, may have spoken with Kieodemus, o r he may have frequently eaten at the table of a rleh Pharisee (because he loved everyone), but h is d a ily com­ panions were simple fishermen of m odest m ean s *22 Je su s did not live wunder colonnades o r n ex t to altars, but rather un­ d er thatehed-roofs and along village paths. *23 j @#us was th e son of a carpenter, and he was a sim p le man, a t home among those he loved, the common people. Unsophisticated in his manner of speech, he conversed freely with widows, beggars, and th# unfortunate* For Him, they were a l l not nF role lariat*1 hut rather s o u ls* For Him the life story o f every needy person was as Important and interesting as that of th e r ic h ­ est or most-powerful individual*^

2*IMd. 22ibia., p. 9, 23 I b id * Ib id * WS1© a l l # sind f $ r lhn n ic h t •P r o le ta r ia t1, sondern SeeXen* lhn 1 s t d ie kebensgasohleht jed es Aermsten mlndestene so wlehtig tmd in tore® ta u t wle dm Belch® ten vmd Mlehtlgsten** 69 Did th e poorer classes have any hope or help to look forward tot Bauman thought so, Hmnj .good Christians, in a selfish way, he said, had c o n so le d themselves by recalling th e words of Jesus, when he s a id , W|For ye have th e poor a l ­ ways w ith you (Hatth. 26, 1 1 }*’"25 Jesus, he argued, intend­ ed no such Interpretation! On the contrary, he recognised th e existence of those unfortunates in dire need, and his help and compassion reached oat to them* In f a c t , the more m isery Jesus saw, th® more he sought to h e lp . 26 Jesus loved th e poor, and people needed to remember h is m essage, "des­ p a ir n o t, t r u s t , hop©*w2T i f th e poor lost their faith, they lost everything, W hosoever robs the poor of hi® trust in Sod steals from him his strongest power* The t r u s t in human (m o rtal) parties, conditions, and teaching has I t s tim e, Xt hlosaoms and withers away* A tr u s t is only eternal when i t le a d s th© causa of th© p eo p le to a hope in the eter­ nal Father, the righteous God* • • • I f th e German working class had this trust, they would be invincible for then they would p o s s e s s th© most enduring q u a lity th e re Is in the w orld In summary a . stu d y of Jeans, The Han of the People* leads to the conclusion that Baumann probably wrote for both th© r i c h and th e poor* For the rich, hi® sassage was rather su b tle * He quietly reminded them that, as Christians, they should not forgat their duty to the poor* Should they for­ got, their souls would b© In grave danger. For the poor, Baumann* e message was blatantly propagandist!©* Passionately

2^ibia.. p. xo. 26 I b id . 27IMd.. p. 11. 2 8 ib id . 70 h« pleaded for th e recognition o f C h ris t m on# of their own kind. Christ extended hi# hand to the people because he wti one of them.

CHRIST IS THE HACHIWB-AGB29 Friedrich tfensMmn was not alone in recognizing the tremendous challenge to Christianity brought on by modern technological advances* As one anther statest This d isco rd an ce betw een th© teachings of Christianity and the ways of life has always appalled th© genuine preacher of 0od#s Word - especially th© modern te c h n ic a l world, the world of machinery t h a t a*<> is© * human work and renders the life of the masses joylets.30 At l e a s t Neumann had a solution. In h is own mine! to th e prob­ lem# **' He took special notice of It in an essay entitled "Per Christ 1® t#Ibaiter der Maschln©#*31

Today, Henmans* w ro te, n o t only has life been rapidly changing for the upper classes, but view of life from the lowest strata to the utmost pinnacle of s o c ie ty " has been drastically altered#32 "old classes are decayed, old parties

^ "Christ In the Naohlne-sgs*# or "Per Christ tra Zelt- alter der M aschine, was '"or f g inaTly an article published In Pie Christllohs Welt in 1893 (7# Jahrganig, Hr. 10). Later it was prIn€©S wlth' a series of essays in 10%.# Friedrich Neu­ mann, Was he is# t C hr la 11t oh-B os le i ? Gesan&selt© Aofs&tsa Vol. I'^TLelplIg* I',n Silclieri^s'cKe Verlagsbnehhsadlung, 18%), p. 100. 30ponbroiiekif p. 7lu 31s e© footnote No# 29. 3%@uMim, Wagt heIsat. I, p# 3 0 . Because Wes he last Chrla tllch -Sog tax was a two volume work, the Koroan numeraTs Y T 5 r Tf™w f i l l ;& cited along with th© footnote reference so as to avoid confusion (V ol I was published in 18% and Vol IX was published in 1896 )# 71 are broken, old le a d e r s no- longer understand t h e t i m e ® . " 3 3

What was the eau.se o f this chaos? One could not naively believe that a single fa c to r eould create such upheaval, nevertheless* "one chief reason JLs t h e m a c h i n e . " 3 U l a u m a n n defined the machine as the entire- picture o f the "progress of modern technology. Sv#n telegraph and telephone* the re* laying of electricity and compressed air are in this sense

•m achines. ,f *35

What was the relationship of this new machine to the

Christian heritage? Was i t t r u e th a t technology war a god* less instrument of th e d e v i l * a return of the golden calf?

Ho* that was not true I "God*" Haumann said* "desires tech* nical progress, he desires the machine. "36 *phe machine*

0 ©d*will©d* could not be unchristian. God told the people that a new machine-age w o u l d acme a n d i t would be useless to try to impede i t s p r o g r e s s . "It comes* it comes* the new e r a * i t comas frost OoC+*37 Haumann f» appeal was m elodra­ matic at times1

T h e n I t /ffo d , s f i f %7 w i l l be acknowledged by him M m x J * " 1 believe in God th e Father* the almighty creator* The

33ibitf. 3Ulbld.

35Ik M * 36ibld.. p. 35. 3 7 ib id . 72 m aster o f th© f i e l d and the machine, the giver of In ­ v e n tio n s and p ro g ress .'N3B Th e concept of "a missionary C hrist, * was th© co re o f Mao - mann's endeavor to explain a p la u s ib le relationship betw een Christ and modern technology*39 God gave man th e m achine in order to facilitate the spreading o f Christianity throughout the entire world community* Haumann p re se n te d a lo g ic a l argument. F n f or tuna t e l y , What he suggested to be fact® to support his ease tended to be emotional speculations*M) nonetheless, he broadened th© concept. Recognition o f G od's gift and God's plan would then lead mankind to th© most important step, ridding the world of its p o v erty {kvmxt) Haummim made it seem simple* God gave us the machine* He gave an Iron ©lave to th# millions, he gave the opportunity for countless prod­ ucts, he said* Here, my children, I give to von th# instrument which can light the darkness of want, fake th# machine and light the world w ith i t , tak e I t and

3 ^ib id . "Denn w ird si© von ihm beteermens * Xch glauhe an Gott den ^ater, den allmlchtigen SchSpfer, den Herrn des Ackers und der Haschlne, den Gefeer der &rflndungen und F o r t- schrltte.** 39ibid.. p. 37* For the term f,a missionary Christ” Baumann used the word, MiesIonsehrlst. The English transla­ tion, then, Is at best arferltaryT^lf-1 was Baumann's habit to ’’make-up” word® when he wrote. Any reader of his works must thus get a feel for th© author's style. Th# reader is cau­ tioned and made aware of this situation because It might be unwise to judge what th© meaning of Baumann's writings before a sufficient amount of his works have been read. ^Hany of Haumann1 s ideas were evidently not original with him* This Idea of a "missionary Christ” Is really'an extension of the Victorian concept of th© "White man's burdent" ^Ifald.. pp. 37-38. 73 feu li d a new ©ral God gave the cloth factories in order that no one he in need o f c lo th in g , and th© tra n s p o rt ships in order th a t no one need to go hungry, 0 how w onderful is God! • • * 1 would that there was one Sunday in th© y ea r when a l l p rea c h e rs would le c tu r e about 11 the grace of God In the machine*” That would be the b e s t opportunity to preach about the duties which the Christians have in the age o f the m achine, nam ely, gratitude, t r u s t , r,is®ions, and elimination of poverty*U 2 Haumann hoped ministers would preach less about the deeds o f God in the past and preach more about th© wondrous things that God was accomplishing in th© present. O p tim istic as the- man was, ©iron he r e a lis e d th a t th e simple solution he h a d - d e v ise d could n o t y e t be implemented, " I t Is th e b i t t e r t r u t h ,” h© w ro te, ” th a t the misery o f th© maehlne«age cries out to heaven*if God1® g i f t , th© ma- c h in e , was a gift of grace, how could i t cause evil? Mankind has not learned how to u se th© machine. The children of God were overwhelmed by the "gigantic instrument*” "That i s a major part of that which is known as th© social question ^ so sia l© Fr&g®7*w^

CHURCH KISSIONS Confident In his belief that th© church could ful­ f i l l an important function in s o c ie ty , Kaumann had many ideas and suggestions which dealt with the work o f th© m is sio n s, ff© believed in the idea of a "practical Christianity,” la r g e ­ ly due to his long association w ith th e Inner© M issio n * Hi®

ZO rbld. 7k main goal was to "win th# entire papulae© to tha old, sim p le, evangelical tri ith.”k5 A major target was the youth o f the nation* An a r t i ­ cle in Die Chrlatllche Welt which he entitled, "Was e o lle n u n se re «rtfnglingsv©r©in©#m o r "What Should our Youth Groups Do?" he !■ ©moaned th e f a c t th a t th e se r e c e n tly d eveloped organizations war© already on th© brink of failure.^ Why was i t th a t these organisations were never popular with the group for which they had been intended? Why did they lack v i t a l i t y (lebenskraffe)?k7 After a long hard week in th© f a c to ry , young people wanted to r e la x and enjoy themselves on a Sunday. They did not want to spend what little free time they had in pious exercises (frommen tfebungen) Church yor*th group®, as they were organized, lacked appeal. If a youth happened to stray into a meeting, he quickly d i s ­ covered th e rumor he had heard was true. "Piety cou ld be b o rin g , The Catholic® were very practical and successful in their attempt® to Interest the young people in the church.

ItSpriedrieh Neumann, "Was eollen unsere Jfingl.lngs*» v e r e ln e ” , Ho. 5 , Die Christllohe Welt, (23, Januar 1887), pm Ufrrhid.. p , k7, k7jb id . k 8 I b ld . Usually children who did intend to go on to the HnlversTFy went to work on a parttime basis at the age o f thirteen. Thus, Neumann was speaking to young people from th® age thirteen through the early twenties, ^^Naumann, J©sue ale Yolksmarm. p. ?* Neumann noted that in the Leipzig area., for example, many Protestant youths "took p a r t in the activities of* th© C atho- l i e organ le a t lon e *50 -fhia mss a preoarIona situation* Prot­ estant youngsters could easily succumb to Homan C a th o lic propaganda* What mad© t h © Homan C a th o lic programs s o popular? One look at their list of activities answered that question! B a lls , theatre productlone, and ®vmn dancing were allowed. Choosing between a somber prayer m eetin g or a dance was n o t a d i f f i c u l t task* What should the Protestants do to combat this prob­ lem? Neumann advocated a completely new orientation for the Protestant assoc la 11 one* rthm achievements o f th© C a th o lic s sh ou ld not be overlooked. Secondly, th© Protestant a c t i v i ­ t i e s needed to take on a new "freshness,*^ ft® church would have to be a place where young people could come and enjoy themselves, "However** he w arned, "do not let i t be forgotten that the club is a Christian eliib*f#S2 University students presented an equally im portant challenge. Sine# "the .future of the people blossomed out o f th© Universities** concern should be shown for th© spir-

3>2ib ld »- Haumann ag ain d is p la y s h ere a good in s ig h t in to an e x is tin g problem* Yet, he offered no real concrete solution* Perhaps a harsh judgment is feeing made, but his suggestions a re so o ften clouded by vague, nebulous general­ i t i e s . Itual welfare of th# n ex t g e n e r a tio n o f lea d er# *53 Neumann envisaged two issues, One, he saw a need for more ministe­ r i a l work (S e e ls o r g e ) among th e s tu d e n ts ; tod two, he felt that there was just not enough opportunity for "suitable p reach in g o f the divine Word*"5k Occasionally theology p ro­ fessors held leetures for s tu d e n ts o f all th© colleges and succeeded in drawing a great number o f s tu d e n ts to th© le c ­ ture hall, hut such an attem p t was "Ilk® a drop o f w ater on a hot stone*"55 To counteract the tendency toward an emphasis on w o rld lin e s s among u n iv e r s ity s tu d e n ts , Neumann su g g ested that the church assign special student ministers Cf todenten­

ure d ire r) to work with university student©* These student ministers could concentrate on feeSrg cognisant of student ac­ t i v i t i e s * Intellectual discuss ions, which, would be naturally orientated along C h r is tia n precepts, could take for their exam ples thing# which might be meaningful to current intel­ lectual trend#*5^ The student should fee challenged to think, Candida.tee for th# poeltlen of student minister, Haumann proposed, should be selected from, among the rank® of young pastor® engaged in Inner© Hiesion work,57 These In d l-

53Frtedrioh Neumann, *Naa ib u t di® Kirch© f i r d ie Studenten?*, Ho* 25, Pi© Chrlstl.l.ohe We.lt* (13* Juni 186?), p * 2Zj.l * SUlbld. XMd,

S 6 ib id , 5 7 I U d „ p , ZkS. vld u als would have a better opportunity to penetrate univer­ sity circles and gather quickly a body of interested students about them* A close, friendly relationship o f th is type would en ab le the pastors to ecr* * nieate freely with stu d en ts, In turni the m in isters would have the chance to convince these young people that an active part in church missionary work would lead them to an understanding and advancement of their own spiritual life* "The important thing was not what these students did for people, but the importance lay In the s p ir it in which i t was accomplished, *58 "The s p ir it" and a general revival of Christian morals and attitudes was the easenc# of ffaumenn*s goal to bring Christianity to young student® ? Only adequate spiritual careern. will allow university congregations to b loss-cm, communities which in. tu rn can bring the .best strength to a l l eongraatlons in c i t y and country,59 What should the church do to help overcome th e prob­ lem o f th e boneless and destitute? This question was o f g r e a t eoneera to Neumann, Many travelers, he wrote, visit s tra n g e p l a c e s ,60 Th® lakes in. northern I t a l y , the Riviera, th© Alps, and Bohemia have always been popular. Once there,

58 j m s * S^Fria&rtoh Baumann, "Klrefcllehe Fdraorge fflr S fcu- dent®n*, , No, .33# Die Christllche Welt, (7 , Augus t 1837), p . 3 1 - . k°Priec*r!eh Wauraann, "Pflreorge fflr die Helmatlosen”, Ho. 20, Die Chrlatllche Welt. (8. Mai 186?), p. 192. 76 there are usually some sort of evangelical services available so that the visitor® can worship according to their own But what of the people who were strangers in their own country? It had to be recognised that a significant num­ ber of poor and destitute people were wandering about the street® of Germany* Msummmz. lam ented th at the state pro­ vided insufficient economic support, and the church war not doing its part either.62 'These people needed work and strength given through w0odfs word, ”63 Baumann was likewise critical of the church*s admin­ istrative policies* H© cited th© conditions In the city of

Berlin as an e x a m p le * 6k "From an ecclesiastical point of view* Berlin la the moat neglected city In the whole world*"65 The c i t y w ith i t s tremendous population offered no chance for Its multitude® to hear the word of God* At bar® minimum ISO churches should leave their door® open to those who might want to worship, there are barely fifty that do; unfortunately many of th® latter group stand empty. Out of every thousand people barely ten fine their way to church* .Preaching Is a song that fades away.66 Neumann noted that figures for the year 1886 indicated that at least 3# 188 children were unbaptlaed and some 1,U77 mar-

61 Ibid. 62Ibid., p . 193.

fe3 lb ld . ^Friedrich Baumann, "Die 'erlin er Stadfcrnisslon", k# Die Chrlatllche Welt* (22. Januar 1888), p. 28. fe% b ld . fe6I b ld . 79 riagee were never so lm n ls td In th© church#^*? He also p o in t­ ed ©tut that approxlmafcely 50#000 people were moving into th® city of Berlin every year* out of them bring with them from the country a simple bat dependent belief in God* Who Is building church©® for the©* eo they do not lose th e ir h e r ! tags o f b e lie f? No one! Sine® 1372 only th® Memorial Church has been completed| two other churches are under eon®truetion; • • * All of evangelical Germany must listen to the cry of its ohurchlea© capital city until it decide® to do something about it and help*®® Neumann1 s long, association with Inner® Mission made him a fervid advocate of it® work* Eec&use i t played the most important role in the missionary work of the church# h is active pen frequently found opportunities to discuss the na­ ture and fu n ction of th© organisation* in m scrims o f ar­ ticle© w itter for lie Ohrlstllehe Welt in 1888# be aired h ie views on the subject *^9 In discussing the history of the Innere Mission* f!sumarrn tried to point out to his readers the hlghpolnte in the evolution of the organisation* The original concept of the Inner© Mission* Neumann believed# was the idea of a hea-

67Ibid. 68TMd., p. 29. ^^Frledrlch Neumann, "Me Zukunft der 1 tin©rn Mission", Part t. "Inner® Mission und Organise©ion”# No* !|3# Die ChrIs tils h e Welt * (22* Januar 1888}* 1 : Baumann* "Die Zukunft der innern is®ion"* fart IX# * Inner® Mission und Soslelismua"# No# 1*5# Die CThr l.s tl lobe Molt * Cl|* November 1888}* ’ dirIcS Neumann# "Die Zukunf t dsr Innern M ission”# f a r t III# "Inner® Mission und Volks timllchkei t der K ire he"# Ho* 1*7# Pi® C hris.tllche W elt, {18* November 1888) * then ?«l*sIon Inelde a world already converted to Christian-* lty*70 Large numbers of lay Christians would work s id e by aid© with th© eburch* s clergym en to help bring the people back to C h r i s t *73- The rapid growth of the organisation brought it greater s i g n I f le&nee* The In n er a K ission became clo sely a llie d to church reform and the reform movement in Germany during the nineteenth century#72 The basic components of the reform movement were "Werke der Ba n a h ^ : &igkeIt nnd frets Verkundlgunft das Evangel luma»* "works of eharlty and free p reach in g o f th e G o sp el*"73 Kaumann hoped th a t th is l a t t e r stage in the development o f the Inner# Mission was at hand* As f o r th# fu tu re p ro sp e c ts of th# m ission, Hau.sna.nn advocated collectively-held property by the p eo p le/# * Money and profit from this property could support hospitals, poor houses and similar institutions* One© acquired, he said in his second point, private property in the hands of the Inner# Missions could be used to extend justice to all* In th is manner th# State could provide work for e v e r y o n e *75

7% «um am , CM, Ho. I4.3 , 1G80, pp* UG3*0i*« 71fiiM* 72ibid.. p. uoi*.

73x m h .

?JiFri«drich Stunsnn, CW, ?'o. Ui5» P. h2Z, He was very vague on this question of doing away with some private pros­ per ty * "Pie tnncro hlsslon behlndcrt das Kaplt&l am Wach- stum* S i# thu t e s , indean si© F rivetm .lt te l iu K o lle k tiv e l* gen turn v er-w an d elt • ** 75I £ M . 8 1 Thirdly* protection of individual righ t* would help stim u late brotherly love and respect. Like it or not 41 the future of ^ke Inner® Mission is the future of Socialism, All promoters the Inner* yileaIon a re promoters o f th e new e ra o f ao* oiallam,w76 in a last point* Kaumann observed that Christian love would unit® everyone, HThrough love will the church become a national church* It w ill become a national charsets*** istle, * • • The socialistic state and the national church* that is the future of the Inner® M ission, ** 77 Confusing as they m lgh t be* these thoughts were laumannfs early views on what he was later to call C h ristian Socialism, Haumann had a t th a t tim e re c e n tly come to Langen* berg* not long absent from his post in Hamburg at the Rauhes Bans, These views were evolved during the early stage of his stay in Langenberg when he was busily studying socialist literature, It was not until about 18911* and after* that he had really formed a definite view of a Christian Socialist program* Only then did he f e e l c o n fid e n t enough to break with th® church in order to form a political party. An overall picture of Raumann's observations regarding the missionary work of the clmrch would Indicate one c e n tr a l them®, Practical Christianity! His experiences and 'his ed** ueational background had taught him that the church had to

7feIb l d . 77Priedrich Neumann* CW, Ho, 47* p, 439* 8 2 change its old-fashioned m y s , 'Hie church tmst learn to com­ m unicate with the people again , or a l l was lost*. *J ecu s, oh show 11 a a l l your lo v e , so that our Christianity may be hon­ orable -and strong{n78

SOCIALISE LF ?KRS TO RICH FKOFt.E79 Part of th© solution to the "So© ial Q u estion ,91 Hsumann believed, could be found If th© wealthy ©lasses recognised the aid they should give the Christian cause. One Swiss a u th o r, 0* M$hlemann, said this of Haumann*s v iew s s Kaumann emphasised above all that people in our age of worldliness must learn a new that Jesus was alive and r e a l , Hanmarm speaks very penetratlngly ab o u t th e d u tie s o f th e w ealthy In h is works Socialist Letters to gifift P eo p le, 60 Hanmann Indicated early in his Socialist Letters that he was eadeemed that "representatives o f education and property** in the nation were not aware of the Importance of S o cialism to th e future of the nation,®*- It was Ms purpose to educate them»

7®Shriedrieh Kaumann, Was B e i s s t , I , p , 98, 79

®°C, &£hlemann, Chrietllchen Socialiemue K r i t I s che Betraehtun^en nebst a ocTale £iec WcrT’BW leHmEenT T Sem ? "’"’rnr fSrTSg 1CT3! ®*Haumann, S o c ia lis t L e t t e r s , pp, 6-7* 6^-fhis was why he wrote Socialist L etters to Rich People, he hoped h is arguments m ight' ""'’Sea '" © hang ©'' of h e a r t • Naumann acknowledged the existence of a cleavage be* tween the socialist doctrine® and the general outlook of the

upper-class »®3 He placed moat of the blame fo r this situa­ tio n on the latter group * H«_/£he wealthy psraoig haa no comprehension of the enthusiasm of one who seeks to reform the world, he has no sympathy with the exalting, joy there is In the destruction of old systems, he see® in the exaggera­ tions of the newer Ideas not understandable exuberance In high ideals but rather everything appears absurd, e v i l , envious, and disgusting to hlm«°5 fisiimann b e lie v e d in th e e x is te n c e of an aesthatleal ban (iethetische Bann) which had grown over the last two centu­ rie s.^ It prevented the rich from making any contact with th© poorer classes* If there were no communication betw een the classes, no reconciliation could ever take place*®? The rich did not realise that workers were people too* You j/Fh.e r ic h 7 underestimate the capability of the worker, he is a man like you, with a mind like your®, with plans and ideas about th© state and society like you * The worker*a ideas were power which the upper classes did not consider to b© worthy of their attention* That was a

83ibta., p. 9. ^Ibld.. p. 13. Q^ibia. "Er verateht die Sag-elatem .mg d er W elter- n eu erer nTcJrE von s ic h e e lb s t ana, er hat kein NitgefShl tiiv d ie ju b eln d e L ust am. Freehen a l t e r O efflge, er ®Ieht in den Uebertreibungen d er N euerer nicht erklSr lichen Uebersehwang riehtlger Grundideen, sondern Alias kommt lhm krank, wshn- witzig, b8se, neidieeh, ekelhaft vor*,f 36Ibid.. p. 21. 37lbid. "ibid., p. 23. Qk .mis ta k e *^9 Neumann was confident th a t th© w orld of th© fu tu r e would be a socialist world* H© did admit to th© fact, how­ ever, that that world would be a long time In coming. The capitalistic system would not disappear overnight* 90 The complicated nature of trade, industry, and the world market precluded a grad u al change* Neumann informed the rich that they die! n o t have to fear an lame d ie te destruction of t h e i r way of life* Yet, they would have to accept th© notion that th# change would earns, and the problem o f the next genera­ tio n s was th© s t r u g g le fo r th# elimination of the concen­ tration of c a p ita l in th# hands of a minortty*91 The decline of capitalism, th# destruction of the class system, the arrival of socialism , were the events and keys to understanding the fu tu re* Christianity was th# ele­ ment, th© basic element, which should and could not be l#.ft o u t o f th e p ic tu r e * M a te rialism preaches o f th© s t r u g g le for existence even to th# moment o f mutual annihlliatlon, C hris­ t i a n i t y , how ever, proclaims loudly and c le a rly th® reconciliation o f humanity*92

59ibid. 90Ibid.. pp. 3U-35. 91ibid.. p. 37. 92 lb id.. pp. 37*58. "Der Katerlellentue predlgt den Kampf urns"1 "Case in b is sur gegenseitlgen Verniohtung, das C h ris te n t hum aher verkBngigt der Mensehheit laut und vemehm- l l c h d ie VersBhnung*1* chapter iv

TWO VXBWS OF GHBI3TIAN SOCIALISM

Adolf StBeker, th e ultra-conservative Chaplain at the court of William I of IfohenEoilern, founded Germany's first Important Christian-Socialist party in l8?8*l Until ^iedrleh Baumann formed 'his National Social Far©In in 18%, Stfleker was the most prominent le a d e r o f th e Christian-Socialist movement In Germany* In considering St& eker and Baumann, th# historian is offered an Interesting stu d y In contrasts* S tS ck er hoped that he could bring th® m asses back to the Conservative Party* 'Essentially, h# work­ ed for a political solution that would preserve the concept of "throne and a lta r" * Conversely, Neumann strived .for a s o lu t io n that would destroy the efficacy of th® Social Dem­ o c r a t ic party* He and Sticker shared one common goal - want­ ing to b rin g th e m asses back to C h r is tia n ity * Neumann d i f ­ fered from StScker In believing that the o n ly feasible polit­ ical orientation would have to be based on socialist doc­ trin e * He sou gh t to make the German people, Christian, loyal to the Vatorland {for a number of years h© was to be an

Ipor a general account of such parties, see for ex­ ample Karl Buehhelm, Geschlehte der € hr1 s 11ic hen Fartelan in Peutsohland* (sSnehenT^SBsel -"r?erlar, 1953T, PP*

8 5 86

vt Xtra-na11ono1is fc}t yet socialistic with a democratic spirit*

That iff to nap, his idea of a socialist state m s one in which the people had equal opportunity and individual lib­ erty*

-e* i r * **#■> •**•«* ft '*,* 1* ^ ■<*-■*• -fr* a r* ..•*%*"* -e* *. t ^ i i \ l l ■•* ^ - '-' 1 '■ .11 ,:V--t w 1 XO' . :. \ J ’v ,1 -hlXl HCl ' ■

Stacker was born, in H&lbcrstadfc, Trussi a in 1885*

T i ll the moment of his death i n 1909# be led a fascinating life* Feodor Weo.se described him an ffone of the most con­ tradictory figures In German domestic politics*w^ Born the son of a simple blacksmith, he had a strong urge to overcome th is low ly sta tu s and to r is e to a p o sitio n o f high Impor­ tance* Perhaps his most telling characteristic* in f a c t ,

wmB h i t s desire to be accepted Info aristocratic .so ciety *3 Stocker1 a early years were similar to fho.ee of Wau-

mann* He studied theology at Halle and Berlin wat m time whan both unIvorsItlee were strongholds o f kutherim ortho­ doxy and o f p ietism ,*1^ After receiving hie divinity degree* he served as a p riv a te tu to r in the home o f th® Intensely con-

^Theodor Heusa as cited in Pinson* Modern P* 167* 3f*sux tip neeatng* Reheareel fo r t>eatruetIon A Study o f P o l i t i c a l A n11-aem it!am Tin"inrTSrTiaX Scrma'nv* 'ISew if'orlt* Harper* 19

5 X bid. 7 lb ld . 9 Ibid.. pp. 138-39. Ib id 11 I b id . 88 w ith the aristocratic elite presented I t s e l f *12 Tha B e rlin co u rt circle offered S tic k e r almost 'un­ lim ite d advantages. In church affairs, fo r ©sample, he was appointed to head the Berlin Gtty Missions In 18?7* Likewise, he received im portant economic support from the crown* 13 Because his fa m ily wa® relatively poor, this finan­ cial aid donated for Sticker*s well-being was greatly appre­ ciated* Without such aid, he would never have been able to participate actively in political affairs* Lastly, Sticker1® close association with the royal family allowed him to mingle f r e e ly in conservative party circles* The C o n serv a tiv es p ro ­ vided him with a safe seat in the Raichstag from 1881-1093 and 1098-1908*1^ Prom 1879-1898 he was a member das p reua- slaehen Abgeordnetenhause.s (the Prussian Chamber of Depu­ t i e s ) *^5 In l8?8 with th e help of Adolph Wagner and other le a d in g "Socialists of the Chairs,* Sticker formed his ChrIs t l i e h - a o s la la n A rbel te r p a r tei .* the Christlan-Soeial Workers* Party,18 jn Its platform the party proposed four general goals 1

^W alter Frank, Hefpredlaer Adolf Steeeker und die C hristlichsoslaler B©wel^ngT (BerTIn? fer¥i^' voiS Kalmar Kob- fcing, l4 £ B), p p * v36-3f* ' m i & biography is generally accepted as the biography of Stocker* Interestingly enough, Dr* Frank became a major historian In th© $a*i period* l^ lb Id * l^Bowen, pp* 136-39* I S lb Id * 18 I b id * , p* 139 89 1* The Christian Social Workers8 Party is based on b e l i e f in Christianity and in lov© o f king and country* 2 . I t repudiates the currant Social Democracy ^ « r t j r 7 because it is impracticable, unchristian, and un­ p a tr io tic * 3* It strives for a peaceful organisation of workers, In order to pave th® way for necessary, practical reform s In th e community with other factors of the l i f e considered* 1 * It adheres to a goal ©f decreasing th e gap between rich and poor, and o f giving greater econom ic security,17 Specific details of the platform centered .around a discussion o f government a id , organisation of the workers, and moderate demands for improvement of th® lot o f the worker* On th® s u r fa c e the party appeared to be a reasonable fora of s o c i a l - ism , tempered by Christian tenets* Actually this was not th e ease. The party provided Sticker with an opportunity to air his radical and extremely reactionary views. Sticker was the f i r s t Oerman to seek an o u tr ig h t po­ l i t i c a l solution "for strengthening the Protestant religion by Intervening for the betterment o f the material is s u e s of the workers1 lives.ttl8 h@ was convinced that there had to be social reform in order to combat the program of the S o c ia l Democratic Party*19 Sticker would have to be classified as

3-^Felix Salomon, 01® Deutsehen Part.eiprogragaae, Vol II Ton der &eichagrlndung hlfsur^gegenwarF ll 37i t l 9 XS IT"vole., T^erTTns ?® rlag "von* B,' ® p * l$Sharsahan, "Friedrich Neumann a A German ?iew of Power and nationalism", p. 3 $ h * 1 9 p ln so n , Modern O em any* p . 167. 90 a reformer, and he was sincere In his desire to lure the workers away from pure socialism . It should he noted that he was working to bring the working elms sea into, the conserv­ ative fold* He fo resa w an e v e n tu a l revival of the strength o f the conservative cause as th# workers were educated to h is fie w a * S tS ek er was confronted w ith a delicate situation. Hie theory of Christian Socialism sou gh t 11 to c o n s tru c t w ith * in th e frame work of th e existing social order a system o f material and Ideal assistance that will satisfy the w o r k e r Secondly, though the program o f the party "had to be r a d ic a l

enough to lu re th e workers away fro m Social Democracy * « . it also had to be innocuous enough not to antagonise the powers o f th# state, government, and b u s in e s s ,* 2 1 When the court chaplain agitated for social reform , the throne and the Protestant church tended to be linked to his a c t iv it y * Could such a coalition, betw een th© p r o l e t a r i a t and a r i s t o c ­ racy be achieved? The Christian Social W orkers 1 Party failed to elect, at any time, a single deputy to the B e ic h a tag* and none of i t s members were ever seated in an elective assembly of lo c a l governm ent*22 Sticker In Ms early campaigns worked almost e x c lu s iv e ly in th© c i t y of Berlin* Cue to the large working

2 ^Bowen, p* 1 4 2 * p # 2 6 , 2%ow@n, pp. 146-47* 91 c la s s population of the city, the Social Democrat* always p o lle d a significant percentage of th© trot© there* The v o te StAcker*® party r e c e iv e d in its first national test In lB8l was negligible.23 St&cker had to find som ething more e f f e c ­ t i v e . He chose to support an anti-Semitic doctrine in the hope o f attracting -more o f the electorate to vote for h is p a r ty . In an election pamphlet o f 1881 StB eker d e c la re d s "I have emphasised that the social revolution has to be overeome by healthy social reform , b u i l t on a Christian foundation . • , . I do not want culture that is not German and Christian* That1* why I am fighting against Jewish supremacy**^ Out­ cry* had bean heard against the Jews since the first major economic crisis for the new nation in 1873* Sticker In h is search for political popularity sought to take advantage of the anti-Jewieh feeling evident in the n a tio n . He advocated that th e Jewsbe limited in th e ir a c t i v i t y In public affair® in order to prevent them .from 11 dom inating German l i f e **25 'The party began to appeal to a different e l* .as of p e o p le . Same middle-elas* elements were attracted by St5oker*s inflamatory remarks, and he Immediately turned his attention to that g r o u p . 26 He removed th e word “Worker* from

^ V ’Tummond * p * 22U « 2Upin*ont Modern Germany* p* 167. 25Drummond# pp* 221+-23 * 26Bowen, pp* 11*6-14-7* th® party title ,**7 One® this step was taken, "respectable e l t l s e n s ” cowId in good conscience jo in th© organisation*^ wfhereafter petty tradesmen, sainor state functionaries. Junior officers, students, i?SnJ7 ©raftsmen" flocked to th® party*&9 Though unable to ©cor© a victory for any of it# candidates, the Christian Socialist candidates nonetheless considerably increased their votes in elections of the eighteen-eighties,30 a movement had been forged froci th® "social grievances of the Klttelatand ^middle claaj7, hatred of th© Social Democratic Party, and fear of Vsirlsh capi­ t a l , *"31 Hi® court preacher eou ld not control his e f f e c t i v e new weapon. Ant i-J" ewlsb agitation o fte n became violent and an element more radical than Stftcker cam© to dom inate the situation,3^ a new party Die Partel der A n tIsem iten , th® P a rty o f th e Anti-Sera:it©# was founded in 1887*33 &OT the f i r s t tim e a party based e n t ir e ly on a d oe tr i n e of race hatred took part in th® Belch®tap: election®,3b Hie Christian

Socialists went into almost a total ©clips® a f te r 1 8 8 7 , The lo s s o f a n t i -sem it i e s u p p o rt, w m th® major factor fo r th,®

2 Tibia. 2£rbid. 29 JMd. 30lbld. 3lMasalng, p. 2 2 . pp. 22ij«>2 i>« 33solomon, p. 51* 93 party1® dec lin o * 35

The h is to r ia n find® in A d o lf S tac k er * 0 memoI r e s a most valuable source of information for the study of hi® character*36 W ritten I n th® e a rly elghteen-ntnetles , s h o r t­ l y after his resignation from him court post, these utter­ ances portray so well that three factors dominated Stbeker*s personality. One, he enthusiastically b e lie v e d in hi® cau se, Two, he was a man filled with hate and cynicism. Three, h is dislike of the Jews was so impassioned as to warp his per­ s o n a lity . S tS ck er maintained an idealogical position to the fa r right of the political spectrum. Considering his background, i t Is interesting to consider why the son of a fa m ily of working class origin, became 1 0 enamoured a supporter o f an ultra-conservative cause, *!n r e a l i t y ," S tic k e r w ro te, mthe Kaiser hap taken no reactionary position; he lives and works f o r th e id eas of patriotic revival,*37 Sticker believed th a t the 'Fatherland should never he ruled by Social. Demo­ crats, Germany should be kept in th e g re a t t r a d it io n and s p i r i t of Christianity so th a t *a mighty Christian Empire of th e Carman nation /certainly advocating a revival of th©

35beven, pp« I 4 7 -I4S, 3&Adolf SbSeker, Drelsehn Jahre ffofpr© diner and Foil- tjk er. (Berlins Verleg We? BSc!ihiin3Xung 1 d er 8 ©rTiner Sfaat- mlsiTon, 1895), pp. 53* 37 ib ld , * p* 17. 9h

Holy Homan Htapirg7 ©an coca© in to b e i n g . *38 His view of the German nation might best he summed up in h is co n clu d in g sta te m e n t o f the introduction to his m mo ires . In the best Hitlerian tradition, he w rote* H it G ott M r K aiser und Belch! das war uneere 1/8 sung und s o i l ec tolelb en in a l l e Eukunffc* Gott segno Dsutaehland* W ith God f o r fe p e r o r and Empire* th a t was our s o lu tio n and it should remain so in all the future. Hay God bless Germany.39 Enthusiastic a® Stacker was about th© monarchy and the nation, it is n o t surprising th a t h® became emotionally in ­ volved in the Conservative Party as well* He ad m itted th a t the conservative tradition sought to 11 hold fast to the ideals ©f th e p a st* and that surely the fu tu r e would bring victory to th e eausc*M) "The Conservative Party . . • ©an g© i t s way fearlessly#11^! He went on, **w© will fight for this position and in th© person o f the Emperor we see our le a d e r Recognising th® need for social reform , he was de­ voutly loyal to th e cause of Christian Socialism# Those who believe in t h is party, he wrote, serve as an addition to the Conservative party# Christian Socialists would function as refo rm ers end would rid the nation of Its social i l l s #^3 ¥© Christian Socialists who stand under the old flag remain with the old tradition; what we strive for is the meeting of like-minded people from a l l c la s s e s

38Xbtd.« p. 15. 39Hi£*» P* itO jM d ., v l . U lj M a . ten?Id., p. 15. k3lbt

^Ibtd.. pp. Tll-Vili. Wrbid., p . 2 2 . k^Prunmond» p. 225. % all his loyalty to the monarchical cause, ha was rewarded in IS 96 by the r e c e ip t of the following telegram written and mad® p u b lic by William Ilf S tS ck er has f in is h e d as 1 p re d ic te d some year® ago! Political pastors an absurdity* He who Is Chris* tian is also s o c i a l ; lGhrIstian*Soclal1 is nonsense which produce# personal exaltation and Intolerance* P a s to rs ought to attend to the souls of the f a it h f u l and c u l t i v a t e charity, but l e t polities alone for it does n o t concern thenu*M Hi® last year® were spent in relative oblivion, Hellmut von Oerlaoh, a contemporary polltican of Sticker described him as a man of strong character, whom on© had e it h e r to love or hate, Ko one could face him w ith in * difference*^ One historian has ©aid t h is o f Adolf StScker s In hie combination of mass agitation, concern with social and economic reform , and antisemitism, Sticker was one of the most important forerunners of the latar national Socialist movement o f Adolf H i t l e r At least there cannot be any question of the fact that S tB ck er9® mm%oir e s read like a Hasl d i a t r i b e ,

HAEJMANK AMD HIS CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM Neumann, unlike Adolf S tB ck er, approached Christian Socialism from the other extreme of the political spectrum. He was Indeed impressed with many of the d o c tr in e s of the Social Democrat®, However, Neumann hoped to temper the rad*

^ W illia m I I a® c ite d In Drummond, p , 225, W * a s s 1 ng , p • 22, ^Pinson, Modern Gem any, p, 16 7, 97 leal Marxist view with the teachings of Christianity. Hi® s t a t e organism would be more c o g n isa n t of the need© and rights of the individual* When Neumann founded his party in 1996 there was no need to define the position he took on issues of the day. His views of Christian S o c ia lism had been well documented with the publication of hi® two-volume work, Was helast ChrIs 11 i c h - S o z la lf * (What la. Christian Socialism?) Because the history o f h is p a rty from 1096-1903 i s a complicated story in itself, only a general analysis of Neumannfs views on Christian Socialism can be attem pted*

fOWABDS A DEFINITION "The question *What is Chr1stlan-Soclalism1 is on® of far reaching significance*” Neumann w ro te, "because within i t I le a a g r e a te r p a rt o f th e hope® and problem s which our people have. It is surely th e question that is th e key to the f u t u r e * "50 Society should be made aware of th e f a c t that Christianity co u ld and should he an a id in th e c o n s id ­ e r a tio n of man1® social affair®# Everywhere, and especially among churchmen, an inclination for evangelical socialism has been awakened*^!

There are those, Neumann said, who see Christian Socialism as an extension of the Inner® Mission Ideal*

£%aumann, Was teelsst* I, p* 1* 5 l IM d . 9 8 O thers have sought to find a new solution that would be able to combat the position held by the Social Democrats* For him, the latter view was the more important of the two* "For us, Christian Socialism is not something already shaped in

its final form, It is something that is e v o l v i n g , *52 The fu tu r e is cloudy, but it offers procreative power* Chris­ tian Socialism Is not something that man holds within his grasp, on the contrary, it controls the destiny of man "It pushes us, it lifts us, it bandies us about * * » it comes over us as power and g r a c e , *53 I t ha® In i t s e l f a m y s tic a l r e lig io u s quality that wells up within the fabric o f th e life of the people* It moves forward with a self- propelled force and alters the spirit of m a x i, 54 "We must f e e l th a t God work® w ith in u m as he worked in the prophet® of the old testa m en t, *55 Germany 1® plagued with many political parties which can no longer work togeth­ er* They provide no solutions for the problem s o f th e na­ tio n * The new c r e a tiv e fo rc e found in Christian Socialism can combine together monarchical and socialistic tendencies and thus realise a new ideal#56 "The e ra o f Christian Socialism w ill come hard on the

52m d . , p. a. 53ibid. SU lM d. ^h tb ld . Baumann was very adept at mouthing hi^h-aound- ing ideal's "wblle avoiding specifics* 5 6 jb l£ . 9 9 new era of Social Democracy **5? A fta r all, Social Democracy had inherited the tradition, of liberal ism and so the tradi­ tio n must be passed to Christian S o cia lism * The S o c ia l Demo­ crats have chosen to adhere to a middle-class view of the world, that view should be replaced by a revived living

Christianity from the spirit of the early C h r i s t i a n s **a f a i t h which grows as Ivy on old museums and towers is one completely incomprehensible to u s * *59 Hsumann was confident that the power o f the Social Dem ocrats would continue to increase* The party would even­ tually reach th e s ta g e when it had enough power within the state to alter the n a tu re o f th e government* Those who adhere to Ohristian Socialism should not a ttem p t to h in d e r th e grow th o f th e movementThough many changes might be affected by them, "the people and monarchy, faith and the church have a longer Ilf® than parties could have* *^3. The Soeial Democrats made the mistake of Ignoring the lessons of history*^ They have saturated the minds of people with their economic theories and as a result these Ideas have come to be an unalterable dogma. nThere i s no permanent system**^ C h r istia n Socialists can look forward t© a tim e when the rigid system of Social Democracy ©racks

S?IMd.. p. 3. 58 *M

fe3 IM c’. 100 and falls apart and the people will demand a life with new meanIng fuIness* 11 The secret of Jesns*s eternal youth is that for ©very new age he is a fresh d isc o v e ry * J esu s did not die, and though he was somewhat forgotten by the past few generations, “the fSaviour* greets the German people in its hour o f awak­ e n in g * * ^ What should Christ mean to Christian Socialists? He is the single most important source of aid* R e lig io n sh ould be m a l iv e in the twentieth century as it was for J e su s in his time* Christ was consistently against world- lines® and never took an interest in material t h i n g s This should be a g u id in g principle for the Christian Socialist id e a l. ffaumann did not really offer a rational or practical definition o f Christian Socialism* A lthough he was dedicated to the Idea o f a practical Christianity, he seemed Incapable of proposing a definite plan that su g g e ste d p r a c t ic a l term s* He saw a future world where ©11 things would be good, because Christianity and Socialism would be fu sed into a meaningful way of life* Perhaps he should not be judged harshly for naive optimism, but it is difficult to comprehend what made him believe that mankind would suddenly be able to solve the problems which have confronted society since the dawn of

6UIb ld . . p p. 6 0 7 . 65I b l d . fe6 Tbld. . pp. 9-10. 101 time* One obvious e one Xu s 5. on can be djpavn —. h is f a i t h was

3 tvon& l COKCttfSIOH

This t has is has b sen a n t I re ly dad te a t ©6 to a stu d y o f a p o rtio n o f F rie d ric h liaumann*® career which historians have rather generally Ignored* these same historians, however, consider him to b# an Im portant fig u r e on the Wilhelmlan scene* As a result, one might conclude that a faulty Judg­ ment has been made of the man* The general rule® that guide historical scholarship would seem to admonish such, histori­ ans to reevaluate their studies of th e man In lig h t o f th e known facts of his career* What 'might such a reevaluation do? First, it would offer the opportunity f o r a b e t t e r understanding of the Oerman Protestant church late in the nineteenth century* Secondly, wore l i g h t would be thrown on th e n a tu re o f the evangelleal refor® 'movement* T h ird ly , a clearer picture of Mausaim and the men with whom he worked might provide a .more detailed, view o f O sm an social history in the late B lamarckian and e a rly Wilhelmlan period* lastly, fu r th e r research into the character and life of Friedrich ffaumarm is ob v io u sly n ec essary i f the h is to ry of the Second Beieh,which offer® an important key to the understanding of twentieth century Germany, is to be understood*

102 RIBLIOGRAF'fSr

prim ary sm m oim Billow, Prince von, 5EE2^£1* Vol. Xv of i| v o l s . traits* by Geoffrey Dualop" S t f ' K A* Voigt* London: Putnsm, 1932* Ppm 710m A valuable source for political commentary* Hatlonal*Soslalqr Wcgwelsor auf das Jahr 1898* Lelpsigs Von W eSetariat des na 11 onal-e oiTl'al an Vorsins, XS9S* PP* XU* A pamphlet from Neumann9a political party from the election of 1-598* A nice summation of the party plat­ forms is offered* Neumann* F rie d ric h * Aus&ewfalte S e h r if te n * Hannah Vogt ed« F*rankfurt a m M alh t'" S 'r vlT ,r^® E ^ pp* t |,8 5 * ’ A poor s e le c tio n o f some o f Neumann1 a writings. It is, nonethelessf very important as Neumann9a works are so hard to acquire in this country* » Central Europe* trane* by Christabell w* Meredith* few Yorif* STfred A. Knopf, 1917. pp. 351. A translation of M1 tteieuropa* it is the great con­ troversial work of 1 aumarm*s' S!ater period. It advocates a g r e a t middle-european nation in the heart of Europe to stand as a neutral power between R ussia: mnd th e U n ited S ta te s . * Demoferatle uad Kalsertum* Berlln«SehSneheraf TEohverl SgnBr^lO TeV TW ^PP • 231. First published in 1900, it is Neumann 9 s statem en t on how he believed that there could exist side by side. Democracy and Kaiser* It also contains an analysis of what Neumann f a i t were the strengths and weaknesses of German political sy stem . I t was w ritte n during the period when Neumann had his own political party, * Slniae Gedanken flber d ie Grflnduwg C h r istIIe h ~§ooialer Verelne* W arn t Ver 1 ag "von A. S le f c e r f 1'""T896* p p T I?7",,r An argument for the need o f a Christian Socialist p arty * I t was written as an answer of a critical state­ ment o f C h ris tia n Socialism with the same title by a Pro f es s or H11 ty * 1 03 iob * G elat und Glaube. Seritn-SehSneberg t Bueh VerlajE? "Her *HlT!^rW I7“ . 263. This book Is really Hauiimnnfs statement on what was Oarman Liberalism# W ritten w hile he was a member of a leffc-Liberal party# i t provides one o f the few state** ments of German Liberalism by a German author# # Jesus als Volksmann. GSttingens GSttlnger Arbei- te rb it::'lioth®Ic#"r lB<$V* pp» 16# Kaumann’s attempt to convince the workers that Jesus was indeed a man of the people#

------Soaiale _ Brief© an _ reiche _ ——.■ Leute# —g— G8ttingen* Van** "^©nboeck'""'^"'Smprecht# TS95~ PP. po. This work: was Kaumarm'e attempt to talk with the w ealthy elasses and convince them of their need to be c o g n isa n t of th e poor people# B o s ta le Program der Evangel jachen Kirch©# mt '^EnSrTiD efeneraebe Iherltaj^^ 1891. pp. 171. laumann wrote this as a model program that he hoped th e church might accept* It advocated the various changes the church needed to undergo in the modern world# . Mas beltst Christllch - Serialt Vol. 1# Leipaig: A* P©icher¥^sebe ’Veria.gsbuchhandung# I 89 I4* pp* 100* Though a collection of e ssa y s# this volume offers a good definition of Neumann's views on Christian S o c ia l­ ism . * Was heiast Chris11 iob - Soslal? Vol#II. L elpslg: A* P ale her t; *sche W©r lag jftuchlmndiung # 1896# pp* 122. Like volume one this work is dedicated to a study of C hristian S o c ia l 1st Ideas but this second volume is m et more concerned with political problems# Salomon# Felix* Die fleuteehen ?a r te ipro&ramm m* V ol. II: Yon der Eeicheg'runSang ¥ I s z u r SegenWart 1071-1912. jToiST T«?is*nOTairTo ^rrer^^^rtm r pp. 1 7 8 . An Important source o f documents in the history o f German political parties# Stanographlscher Berleht &ber den Allaemelnen Konservatlven Fartel'tarT’* T w T t n i ~ T O haEn TssTaTF; I39jr~ppTl&r" ^'™"T^The~Tninu te s of the Conservative party convention In 1693. 1 0 5 3t B aker. A dolf, Ppel&ebn Jahre KofpredlRsr und Pol i t lk e r . Ber 1 i n s V erT ag d e r"Bu c hh a n d fc n g d e r "F erTTner §~ia

~ ~ — T m ~ v T i r . — ------An election pamphlet for the Conservative party.

Vademecun sur Reichst&Rs-Wahl **»» ——— 1898. Berlins W ilhelm K i l l e r . * *

FDR IODICALS Asaher, Abraham, *3aron von Stum®, Advocate of Feudal Capi­ ta lism * • Journal of Central European Affairs, XXII. n o . 3 ( o o T 6 ^ ^ m ^ r r ~ 2 r r M r . ------An e x c e lle n t article on S tm m 9 I t offers a good pic­ tu re of a German capitalist, . *Imperialists w ith in German Social Democracy P rio r to 1 9 1 k*« Journal of Central European Affairs, XX, So. k {Januaryl I9BTT;“ pp7 3W 522. ------Mr, Ascher p ro v id es an interesting discussion o f th e problems of the Social Democrats, they were Germans to o . D orp alen , A ndreas. * Emperor Frederick III and the German liberal Movement*9 Hie tear loan Historloal Review, LX¥, Ho. 1 (October, 19SoI /'"pp. T-5l * The- destruction o f a myth — Frederick was not a L ib e r a l, "The German Conservatives and the Parliementarisa- on o f Im p erial Germany*. Journal of Central A f f a i r s , X I, Ho. 2 (July, if£11,"“pp. l®5f-JL$f The author provides a view of the German P arliam ent and what part the Conservatives played In it, *Wilhelmian Germany - A House Divided Against s e l f * , J o u rn al o f Central European A ffairs, XV, No, 3 (October,*Tf55T7 pp• A summation of the problems that confronted the German state in this period. 'Eyck, Erich. "A G reat German Liberal**, The Contemporary Re­ view , CLV (January-June, 1939), pp A white-washed approach to the position that Bau­ mann h e ld . 1 0 6 Hayes, G# J. H. "German Goclall&m Reconsidered”, ?£h© American Hi®torleal Review. XXIII, No. 1 {October, 191777 pp. "52-131 . An outstanding historian took not® of the changes that were taking place in the philosophy of the German Democratic party and the nature of German Socialism. Henderson, W. 0. "Germany and Mltteleuropa*. German Life and Letters, II (1937-33), p p . 161-73. ^ WSEmaSo and others and tkolr view of Mitteleuropa. Hirsch, Felix. "Friedrich Naumann", Forum 106, Ho. 2 (August, 19lg8), pp. 97-102. Hirsch was an old friend of Neumann's and this very short article is one of the very best brief portraits of Baumann. Maehl, William H* "Recent Literature on the German Social­ ists11. The Journal of Modem History. XXXIII, No. 3 ( S . p temper ,” T<>STT7 A nice bibliographical essay dealing with the sub­ ject indicated in the title. Mark®, H arry J . "'The Source® o f Reformism in th e S o c ia l D em ocratic P a rty of Germany, 1090-19X14.*, The Jo u rn g l of Modern Hisfcory, XI, No. 3 (September, 193W7 PP*335- ?5£~. The author discus®®® Bernstein and other revision­ ist® within the party* Naumann, Pricerich. "Allerlei Predigten", Die Christlicho Welt, Ho, 39 ( 2I4.. Sep temfcer 1 8 Bd) t pp. r'362-6i| * '" "" A discussion for the need for a new style of preach­ ing. Sermons should have more appeal. . f,Eln Aufruf dec Zentralausschusses fflr die inner© Pis®ion11, Die Chrlstllche Welt. No. 3 (31. Juli 1807), pp. 308-309, A plea made to the central committee of the Innere Fission to be more cognizant of problems within tHeTrr' scop® of control* • wAus der Innern Mission*. Die Ghristliche Welt* SfoT U2 (9. Oktober 1837), P . l|-09. Neumann, reporting ^or the Inner® Mission, discusses how h e lp fu l women can be to th e cau se.

. "An® der Innern Mission", Pi© Chrlstllche Welt . Wom 2 (8. Januar 1888), pp, 15-16". ~ A discussion of workers1 organizations and need fo r s p i r i t u a l c a rs among s o ld i e r s . nAt*b darn Bethungshfiu 0 e*, Bis Chr.tstliche Wglt, lie* XI (11. Miras. 1888), pp* 102'^XSl|.« Wimmann advocated a stronger 'consideration of the poor boasea* ___ - ffBer liner Haherinnen’1, M i Christllche Welt, Wo, "51jT\10* Junl 1888), p. 22U. Hrnvmmm point® out the deplorable conditions under Which Berlin seamstresses hare to work. * *T>ie Berliner Stadtmieeion^, Die Chris tllche ¥ 5 Y t> Ko* k (22* Januar 1 8 8 8 ), p p, 58 The author gives ’"da opinions on the function of th e in is® ions work in Berlin, » HGhrlatllche und humane Kinderpf lege" * Pie Chris t- TTche W elt. pp* 270-72. ‘ ChTielren, Noumann w ro te, should fee b e t te r cared fo r and given a Christian education* » •Eindrflcfce vo n Kasseler K.ongress fflr inn ere Mis- rSYo~rt* Die Christ 11 che W elt, Mo, t o ( 3 0 , September i ^ 3 > ; p f : t t j -t f :— 1— • Wmxtmmm talked about the impression® he received at a Congress of the Inner® Miaaion held at Kassel, „ * F re lw lllig e K ran k en o flrre im fCrloge*1, Die O h rls t- [che Jelt, Bo. 12 (13. Firs 18 ?), pp, 113-jflw ~ ™* Tfaamann b e lie v e d th a t th e re should be v o lu n ta ry care of the sick in time of war and that both sides 'of the battle line should accept this situation. , wFSrsorge fflr die Heircatlosen% Fie Christllche HeTt, Mo, 20 (8, Mai 108?), pp. 192-93" ' ~~ More concern should be shown by the church for the problem of the homeless, "Klrchliche Deelnflussung der Lokalpresse*, Die tllche Welt, Wo. 3*1# (19. August 1888), pp. 325• should realize that much can be done for the cause by recognition of the importance of newspaper®. * “Klrchliche Firsorge f i r Stndenten*, Pie Christ- TTjhg Welt. Wo. 33 (?. August 188?), pp. 3X1^87'“ “ *~~M»imann believed that the church should be very aware of the problems of students and should show more concern for their welfare, • rtOpferfreudige Frauen*, Die Christllche tielt, Wo. 1T(1?, Juli 198?}, pp. 290-92. The church has great need, the author felt, for wom­ en who should be willing to dedicate themselves to it. 108 * "Sams taps-Ad vent is t@nSf * Die Chris tllche Welts Ho. H T (l* J u li 1 8 8 8 ) f p . 254-. ' ‘ Neumann the position .held by the Seventh Pay Advent­ ist® . . "Von den Arbelterkolonian*, Die Christllehe. Welt. 'So# 1l3 <16* Ofctofcer 188?)# p . 420. What can the church do to ameliorate the ecru.-1 tons for the workers? "Warum ich in die Irche gabot”, Die Christllehe l e f t , lie* 15 (3 . A p ril 1 8 7 ) , p p . I k l ^ J T ~ ' Arguments for good ehisreh attendance are presented. • "Was aollen unsere J€nglinrsverei.fi.#?,% pie C h rist- Tfohe Welt. Ho* 5 <23* Jan u ar 1687)* pp. 4-6^8* IfaumaHn advocated ref aw o f youth organ 1 Eat ion as he believed that they were such an Im portant part of the church m issions* "Was tbut die Kirebe f&r die Studsntenf% Pie ' * Welt. Ho* 25 <12. Junt 1887)* pp* 2UT3J2. gumann agaTn discussee the relationship between the church and students m he thought It be- extrem ely important for the church to cultivate the interests of young people. . "Die Zukunft dor Innern ?Fisslonw Part 1 nInnere Mission und OrganisetIon"* Die Christllche Welt* Ho. 43 (21, Ok tob er 1 88 8 ) , pp , 403~§5 * ...... Neumann described th e organ!retion of th e Inner® Hi® a Ion and talked of 0 0 m© change* that should^Semacle. "Die Zukunffc der Innern Mission" Part II "Inner® M ission and Socialisms®*1, D ie C hris tllche Welt, Ho, 45 (4* November 1888), pp. 4 2Y~2?3*...... Neumann wot® of what he thought was the r e la t io n ­ ship between the Innere H iss 3 on end SocialIan* It was

, "Die Zukunft dar Innern HIas.ion" Part III "Inner® "T?fsaion und ?oikstfim llchke 11 der K5rcb®% Pie C hrist- 1 lch® W elt, Wo. 47 (18. November 1888), ppTTF3^®3T" ‘Tha^ofiur eh and especially the Inner# H is a ion should b e e t le a part of th e s p ir it o f the peopIe*'n,IIT¥auSann be­ lieved that the Church should note the direction society was going# Baumann* M argarets# "Von F r ie d r ic h Neumann# K ln d h eit und

SBCPMDAHY WCHKS a . Books Anderson f Anti-English Feeling f-m on oToT! Th© fineries univers i ty #, ±7 J7 • PP# JK* Though ...... ook deals______mainly „ .... . problem, des­ cribed in the t i t4*-"I l eA , ther®_ WO. 4is <81 much valuable m aterial d e a li n m I 7 4" 110

Ashley, W# J . The Progress o £ 6@rmaii worklftg Classes 1 b

the is t Qu orter...... » oT OtMiMflafr a « * »'Century#" * M M M iM lM W M M M iM London i aitl O * # * 7Vt| # PP* p # TolT A Wfcf « Though the work Is dated* it 1© still cms of the classics on the topic in question, B arraeleughf 0* The Or 1#,Ins of Modern flw roanj. Oxfords Basil Blmekwifl*nt"ufW f* p>TT^T7 Though just a very general survey, Mr, Barr so lough Is at his best. Bend is, Reinhard# Hex Weber i An Intellects si Portrait, Garden City, Hew Yorks DcnibTSBSy anS^S^peny' # TK e,* 1960, pp. P 0# A very sound biography of Weber* It is just about the only book available on him in English, Bergs trass s er f Arnold and George M, Shis ter, Germany A Short History, lew Yorks W, W, Wort on and Oo.TTfKHT "" v e r m . The worst volume ever w ritten about Germany. Bergetr&eser, I# Coachichte J a r Polltischer Parteien in r ®n ts.chland, '^echsTe^TuTIFgo, v e rifn ’i wTr^nensheTmer# T93«T7"' pp*1'" 2 2 6 , r>e only hook available on party histories# It is the accepted. Even at that# much is lacking, of Bowen# rfalph H. ,German >i. »Im ii fcwnni i ii '—Theories w . # wii i<— » i ** <■* * **»* * .« - m * w +—■* the Corporafcive ti I'M '"W '**ii j 1 State wM #W*viy wBMwWiMi»

With Spool <*l TT-rr-i;fflinijiii«»{^*M|iiii>ii' Reference to iiarm ,—n* the # i«frMu.w,* r m Period • f t - 1' m ’.ua ; i i w ^ \ >i. g.'^ imiiid/O-1919* jw a.n w# K«w T 5rks~^~" IW-Hill # 1 9 I|.7 * PP * dl 1.5 « Just about the only hook available on this particu­ lar topic* It is very well done* Some excellent mat#- rial on Adol.f StBcker. Brack. W, P* Social and Economic History of Germany from ¥111 lam fffe o HTCTer» Wew Yorks HusseXl & icusselT Inc.# pp. 2%* A r a th e r provaoa fcive approach to econom ic history. It is interesting ®nd well-written* Buchhetm, Karl* Geschlchte dor Christljehen Partelan in t)#ti ta c h i and, W u n f c h T ” IfSs eX~7erTftg * 19xTT ' pp « 1*77 * ~“~“,-T~ K rvey o f C h ris tia n orientated parti©©. I t tends to he very general but it la a good place to sta rt# B u tle r. Bohan T>f0, The Boots of natio n al Socialism. Hew Yorks S* P. BuTFoulTUo.” ^^ Though the book is interesting, i t is a terrible overstatement of the ausstion. 1X1 CXapham* % K* The Economic Povctopr.cmt of franco and Oar- many. FourtH wB*EiTion• SSBBrloge* At 'bhi'Ts’n 1 ve r s if y frit© , 1936. pp. 1,21. Clapham, of oou .rss, is on# of the "greats" In ec o ­ nomic Mstory# This book proves no exception* C o llie r # Prise* Germany and the Germane fror< an American Point of View, "law YSrkT~Cftafl®~Scr1Tna?»S' lonsT" T9X57 “ppTPS. YaluaMe for a contemporary point of view* Fright- folly journalistic* however* Cralft* Gordon A* Froa Bismarck to Adenauers Aspects of Ger- raan StatescraTTT K X flSoS.T’ «fui’.V6*m Wop!ajSTrw.T" *7*? ^ # PJP# 4* # A general survey of Germany diplomacy* Nonetheless# very w e ll clone* C ro t her s, George T>* The German El act ions of 190?* Hew York! Columbia diversify Wes*; V m 7 ~ r W T T ^ Mot only a. good view o f the election of 190? hut e x c e lle n t fo r a picturn of the parties righ* before the said election* Dawson. William H* The German Sfepire and the ttn lty Movement 1^,7-19111. g ."~ wsrvgHK1**ifV‘M rn~ii«nto'';7'Tm'97 Paws on is dated to ha sura hut these volumes are extremely valuable• Diets* Frederick C. The Industrial Revolution* New Yorks Henry H olt and CoT7 pp7 H j : A clanste little volume on the trend# o f th e in ­ d u s t r ia l revolution in Barope a# a whole* Pill, Marshall 3 r* 0 errs any A Modern H istory* Ann Arbors The University 7? Senigan Tresa *^*%l# pp. Ijf?* H othing t e r r ib ly exciting her®* juts t a rev iew o f th in g s s a id many tim es b efore* Dorobrowskl. E ric* German Leaders o f Yeatorday and To-day. Mew Yorks D. IppIHoiTIHr7o77 T*JS57wr33*u 1 A collection of portraits of German leaders. The b r i e f comments on Neumann at*© reasonably good* Pru?Rmond, Andrew h . German. Protestantism s I nee Luther* London? The Sfcwor€!TTr^^ "'" pp1*" 23§., It is one of the few survey# on the subject# A groat Jen 1 of Information but mlso very biased at times. 1 1 2 Eyck. Erich. Bismarck and th e German Empire* London: A llan unwin Lti:7T?sc~p?T3^T: ------— Eyck Is unquestionably on# of the beat German his­ torian® hut it could be more critical perhaps* Flenlev. Ralph# Modern German History. New Yorks E* P. Hatton I: co.TTSSS.TErEdS1: ------^ A survey volume, it is well don# but offers no new m a te r ia l. F o e r s te r , Erich* 11 Die St el lung der Evangelisohen Kirch#*** Geistige and Sittllch© Wlrkun#en des Krleges in Peuteeh* I^iaIplchicht?"Je5^ W it k r le g e s . Generafheraus"g ©E'en 'fro?.' D r~^'iS'sr"T. IKolwelT* Stuttgarti Deutsche Yerlags-Anstalt, 192?. pp. 3B3* Though t h is s e r i e s was a stu d y of Germany in th e war years, the above section by F o er ste r has asm© ex­ cellent background material on the church. Fogarty, Michael f* Christian Democracy in Western juarope lS20-1953e Notre^jPame, ?ndTanal unTversi ty o f 'Sotre Dame 'P ress, 1957* pp* I* 61* Some Interesting views on Christian democracy and Christian Socialism. Frank, Walter. Hofpredlger A dolf S to eek er and d ie C h rl.st- Ilchsoziale"Pewegunp7~ PerTfns' ¥©rlag von teirnar UoEb i.ng,T^2l'r." pp . ’"li 5 0 . Hie standard biography of Adolf S to e c k e r . Gooch, George P. G eroanv « Hew Yorks Charles S c r ib n e r 1® Sons, 1927. pp.J6S. Though this volume Is now a bit old, Gooch’s insight into history makes it still valuable. Guttman, Bernhard* Sehattenrlse elner Generation 1668-1919. S t u t t g a r t : K, P . rKoefiSerf :""l"§>o."’T pp. '3^5* A provocative view of the Wilhelmian period from on© who lived through It all* H artung, Frits* Deutsche Geachlchte 1671-191.9. Stuttgart: Km F. Koehler r^eriag,Tl5p5T~pp #"TiK5• Professor Hartung Is one of Germany 1 a finest his­ torians today. An excellent survey of th e p e rio d . K e ffte r , H e in ric h . D ie d en tache B elt & tv e r v a l turn: In 1 9 . Jahrhundert 0es cfcYcht e" 'cler~ideen and "'fnsWSu tTonen. S tu 'ttg a ri i ¥ 'W* ffoeSlor '/erlag, 195?*'nnpp A rather Involved speculative discussion of Govern­ mental institutions in Germany In the 19th century. 11 3 H alf r i t s , Hans# W illiam I I a le Kaiser und K&nlg* 2& rich; S c ie n t ia , 195’fi"* pp #"391! * Cont&Ins a ra th er good chapter on the character of the Kaiser* H euss» Theodor* Friedrich Kaumann t Per Mann* Pas Work * P ie Beit* S tuttgart's'’" Hainei^ , 191J9# pp* 591* The standard biography of Rauma*m# However, it appears that the author was a hit too close to his sub­ j e c t . Holborn* Ha jo* A History of Modem Germany Vol. I I of 2 vols« Kei Yorks TlfFiTTT fnopf^T^lT* pp* 531. One of the very best surveys available* The l a s t two chapter® on intellectuals trends and the church are e x c e lle n t* Hughes* H* S tu a rt* Consciousness and S o c ie t y * lew York? ¥intag® Books* 19ol* pp* If33• A very interesting chapter on Europe in the 1090*0# Klein-Hattingen* Osskar* Qeachlchte des deufcachen Liberal- Ism us« ¥©1* I I o f 2'"Tvoir«*1"""_^TerTIn-SnliBneFerg t K e6 ~ verTag d®r ttH llf® % 1912* pp* 6 8 8 . This volume Is rather dated but It is a sound study of Liberals (the party). Kohn, Han®. Hie Hind o f Gem any* Hew Yorks Charles S c r ib ­ ner *s Sons, IWfl* ppTTfC An intellectual history of Germany, it offers a nice view of the general trends of German i n t e l l e c t u a l h is to r y . » ed# Gem an History Some New German ¥ lews* Lon- Son i A1 lelTTTfnwIn A well selected group of essays dealing with various aspects of modem Geraany* Krle&er* Leonard. 'The German I PEA of Freed® History of a P o l i t i c a l Headman: ToaTom Teacon'Tfaaa. ^ t^ ------pp# 5toV~ An interestins study, but one ha® to accept th e th e ­ s i s th a t such a political tradition existed# Lougee, Robert W# Paul de Lagerde 1827-1691 A Study of Badical Cone®rvaFisra in G eroany* CaSBrilfge,Was®: larvarS tfHivereTf y''"Tres«7rTf^SSE#’ pp. 357# An excellent biography of Lagarde though I t m ight tend to over emphasis® the importance o f th e man. Ilk faoainK, Paul W. Rehearsal for Destruction. A Study of Political. ' *” g _ . .. I .U ml W |.W « » I «m ««i II ay «— »■ ■■■»«■ WI— «*» ' la J i •wgo.n.MiujtuiM «■» wwaMRM* "WWW s flarpe¥V"T9!i^7rr p p * Sil* One of the better studies of this question* 'The author, does how ever, get too involved emotionally in his subject* Meinecket Friedrich, The german Cat as trophe* trane* by Sidney P. Fay* Bo'SfoSi BeaconT'ressV"' 1963# pp* 121* A tremendous study of the problems which lead to the Mas! regime* Kever. Henry Cord. Mitteleuropa in Gamin Thought and Action I6l5~19to, iheTHguStnCr > A recent volume th a t i s a lre a d y a c la s s ic on th e subject* Some excellent material on Neumann and especial* ly his volume* Hltteleuropa* Thiemann, C* Christlioher cocial.ism.ua ICritlache ., tungan neb slP"Iocfatas? ae h e n ' ^ 8 1 eiu S ren 1* Hsms ?@rlag vonte Ig e r mi&"0 i'e*7*1$ W * ppT' Some interesting comments on Neumann's version of C hristian Socialism by m Swiss of C h r istia n S o c ia list leaning* N ichole, «?■# Aldan* Germany After Bismarck The Caprivt Era 1890-19%.* OamSrT3g@7 WassT """WarvSFd tfniversl by Press * iffl?* pp* l*OU» A very disappointing volume* Though recent* I t presents no really new m a te r ia l* Cgg* Frederic Austin. Soeial Frogress in Contemporary Fur­ ore* Hew Yorks ifie ftac^'H lan rTSo * * 1§27* pp* 38li. An interesting view of "social progress" as th e author calls It. Borne comments on Christian S o cia lism * Passant, I. 1* Economic sections by W* 0* Henderson* A Short History o f Germany I6l5«»19b5« Cambridgei &¥ the UnTvers ¥ ty T r e s s , 'i9>65* pp• 2lT6* A concise survey w hich o ffers much valuable general interpretation of German h isto ry . Pinson* Koppel S. Modern Permany* Hew York t The K a cF llla n C o ., 195k. ppTTItT Pinson is one of the finest historians today, h i« book i s excellent but perhaps It is an overstatement of the merits of the Gorman liberals. 115 . Pietism as ja Factor In the Else of Gemin Nation** ^^fork r Columbia HnTverel ty Press,"' 1935”* pp. 527. P in so n ’s e a r 11e a t work, be, nonetheless, does a good job ©f proving hi® thesis* Helnhardt, Kurt F* Germany* 2000 Years* 2 v o le * New Yorks Frederick UngarTuETlsh 1 ng Oo*, 1%i . A pleasantly Integrated survey o f historical and cultural trends. Roeenberg* Arthur* The Birth of th e German Hepubli© 1 $71-1913* trani. by Ian T^DTT^row .^a^TSrf ;“ & S I l ^ Hussell Xne«, 1962* pp* 2 € * H s a lly a social history of the period, it ia a c la s s ic study of the problems that beset Germany in the period* B© Ruggiero, Guido* The Hislory of European Liberalism* trans* by H* G ."UoiTingwood. IpsToHT" Seaeon'Tress , 1961. pp* 1|?6* The classic study of European Liberalism.* The portTon dealing with Germany is very sound* Sehleslnger, Rudolf* Central European Democracy and I t s Background* Londons "Soutleclgo1'1 R legan"Tanl'"Tfd.* T5537 pp7 m . A rather general volume, th© chapter® covering the period 1862 to 1905 are u se fu l* Sell, Friedrich C* Die TragSdle dee deutachen Liberallamua* S tu 11 gar 1 1 DeuTsche^ferTags «Ana talTTT^? 3* pFTTTtHT* The moat recent work o f v alu e on German Liberalism, it make© for moat interesting reading* Hat her pro* v a c a tlv e discussion o f Neumann* Shanat&n* W illiam 0* " F rie d ric h Neumanns A German View of Power and Nationalism*" National lam and Internation­ a lism . ®d» Edward Mead E arle* Ifew 'YorE; JoTumF TsT University Pres®, 1950. Shanahan i s one o f th© Neumann*® scholars of today* Hi® comments are valid but he does take a lim ite d view of Neumann1® activities*

mm ■■iiw um m jMMnamm . mGerman wwMW8i*iu«« WMt lEtmwProtestants yiw *, -<■ ■w w wnwiw ig iiiiiii ir>j< n»m i>ow Face . m w mthe W i^iy »—w Social jiwai Question* >■* # ^ Hofer®# 4 Dame i ITniver s i ty of Notre t lamePres a, 195U * pp. I 4.3I4 • Shanahan I® an excellent research scholar* ' He has approached this study with an unbiased eye and it is a ■most valuable study. 116 Snyder, Louis L. Basie History of Modern Gem any. Mew York? Van Mostrand An^Inv^l 'Or ig in a l7 ”T557t"*** Tpp. 191 • A terrible book* Stern* F r its * The Polities of C u ltu ra l i>espair* Berkeley? University'S? Salf'fornI «Tpr'eWr/TPfcTTppT 3 6 7 . A fasetnating study of some Intellectual- tren d s of the latter half o f the nineteenth century in Gamany* S to lp er* Gustav* German Economy 1670-19 60. Mow York: Heynftl and ff i tc Ihc'o c k j,""1 19 pp * *» . Less well-known than Claphem or Bruek, it merits a rating 5n their elasa* Taylor. A. J. P. 'The C ourts o f German History. Mew Yorki Capricorn hooka, 1962. pp. 231* Provocative, more provocative, most provoc&tivel Theodor, Gertrud. Friedrich Haumanri Oder der Prophet des Profits Bln bi^i^pM sehYrr'Tq^rag suF'^eag^lsliie de® TrSE&ST dmtSscfoen A ridiculous biography by an East German Communist. It offers nothing more than a few good laughs. T l r r e l l , S. H. German Agrarian P o k ltlc a After Bismarck*® F a l l * Mew f o r i i™ 'SoI\2£K'ia {TnTvsralt y TPr es's . PP# 351*.* Valuable for two reasons# One, a needed study of German agrarians problems, and two, it offers a good chapter on early W ilh elm sin Germany* Troelfcsch, Ernst* The Social Teaching of the Chri s tia n Churches « Vo iTTI^ofHSTvols . "txana .t r y o liv e 'Wyoh* W eiffo rE i The MacMillan Co*, 1931* pp. 661-1019. Though the volume tends to be the personal opinions of the author rather than comments based on research, th e work 1© valuable for a glim pse o f one important view on the social aspects o f th e church* Valentin, Veit. Ensure detacohe Geechiohte* f'fSnehens Dreamersche •/©rlagsansbalt, TW§t pp. 368. It is a nice survey o f German history, though the author tends to whitewash th e recent events o f German h ia to r y * Veblen, Thorstein* Imperial Gamany and the Industrial R e v o lu tio n . Kev fb 'rk T ' W. 'V.HaSBie'ST^ S : pp"';"'32ij. ¥fi®r©~~will never b© another book like it* Heading is believing. 117 Wenek* M artin# F r ie d r ic h Kmnaann# B e r lin s Bach Varlam dar H ilfa " , 19'56"," ’ ' p p Z " ' l W , V r itte n right after Kaumann d ie d , it offers a few important facts but little valid interpretation, Ziegler, Theobald* Bie Gelatlgen und Soglalen Strfaaiungen In neuaahnten J*aHrlimHdeFtT B erTi l l r 'l&Wor gT'& Sn3S! #n,r l'9 I l • pp, /o iu though old# it is a very significant volume dealing w ith intellectual and social currents.

b* Blb11ographieal Mater1ale B ullock, Alan and A# J * ?# T a y lo r, #d* A Sgleet list, of Books on. European H istory lS l5 «*191b# "'WFords ’’’ at the WTarendon P ress, l^ So 7 ~ p p T r> • A vary general but valuable source of Bibliography# Dahlmann-Vla i t s * Q^ellcnkunde der dent a chon GcscM chtc* HerausFOF.el ey^'i^TTaur^eere LelpsTg?- Werlag von *•># * oehler, 1912# pp* 129^7 Thia list ie a standard work though it is now rather dated* Gedhardt, Bruno, ed* Handbuch der dyttachen Oeechichte* Vol* III Von dar ‘P r an.%5sT*§chen 'M b w q T u fT on ^Y yr j^gTEre t W eltkrieg# k volTT^SWttgaFt ^wTr^Si^Ti^’T~:n '■'pp^ A tremendous amerce o f information for th© student* Containing mostly bibliography, it Also offer® a narra­ tiv e o f German history* K eyer, H enry Cord* Five laa^#® o f G sm aiy H a lf j | Century of American Views on' S' e S S T T ti »toryT WsshlngldE F T 'S 1!! lervTce Center i^r^lSacEei^^Fnistory, I960* pp* 56* A bibliographical essay on the topic mentioned in the t i t l e , It is moat worthwhile. M fla ts, Alfred* Friedrich - llaumjuan - B1b 1 i ogr aphi» * D aeeeldorf* '^1So¥f«HferXag7"T?5T« ^pp*T' ryfT* vrri' The most important source of Information on F ried ­ r ic h Baumann* It not only contains a list of all books, a r t ic le s , and speeches w ritton by Baumann, It o ffe r s a year by year study of a l l book® written, on Baumann#