I B.A. HISTORY – II SEMESTER CC3 HISTORY OF INDIA FROM CE 1206 TO 1707C.E. UNIT – I The Delhi Sultanate: Slave, Khilji, Tughluq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties – Administration Social and Economic life – Art and Architect, Deccan Kingdoms – Pandyas of Madurai – Muslim Invasions of South India. Slave dynasty The dynasty founded by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak was called as slave dynasty. Because Qutb-ud-din Aibak and slave founded and ruled by most of slave kings and their king. The rulers of slave dynasty Qutb-ud-din Aibak - 1206 – 1210 AD Aran Shah - 1210 – 1211 AD Iltutmish - 1211 – 1236 AD Razziya Begum - 1236 – 1240 AD Muizz-ud-din Bahran Shah - 1240 – 1242 AD Alauddin Masud Shah - 1242 – 1246 AD Ghiyas-ud-din Balbal - 1256 – 1287 AD Kaiqubad - 1287 – 1290 AD Qutb-ud-din Aibak – 1206 – 1210. He became the Sultan of Delhi on 24th June 1206. His accession was approved and was freed from slavery in 1208 by Giasuddin. Aibak was a slave under Mohammad Ghori. Aibak strengthened his position by marriage diplomacy. He was able to overpower the difficulties that he faced in founding the empire matrimonial alliances. He founded the Mameluk of slave dynasty. Mameluk means a slave born of free parents. Achievements of Aibak 1. He rendered a very useful service to Mohammed Ghori in the battle of Tarain that changed the course of Indian History. 2. He entered into marriage alliances with the most important Turkish nobles Qubacha, Yildiz and Iltutmish. 3. Aibak subdued several Rajput rulers. 4. He restored order out of chaos in Bengal. He appointed Alimardan Khan, Governor of Bengal and brought peace in Bengal. He died in 1210 AD. He build two mosques one at Delhi, Quwat-ul-islam and the other at Ajmer known as Dhai Din Ka Jhompara. His munificence earned for him the title of “Lakhbaksha” giver of lakhs. His greatest achievement was foundation of First Muslim State with its base in India. Iltutmish – 1211 – 1236 AD Iltutmish belonged to the tribe of Ilbari in Turkestan. He was a “Slave of a slave”. He worked as a slave under Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He was both handsome and energetic. By dint of his ability he rose from position to position. He became the son-in-law of Aibak and was appointed as the Governor of Badaun. He ascended the throne of Delhi in 1211 AD. His achievements, 1. He brought Delhi and Doab region under his complete control by suppressing the supporters of Aram Shah and Muslim Amirs. 2. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon Tajuddin Yildiz in battle of Tarain in 1215. 3. Iltutmish saved the infant Sultanate from Mongol invasions of Chenghiz Khan. 4. In 1228, Iltutmish attacked Qabachah from two directions and captured Lahore, Multan and Uch. 5. In 1229, he recovered Bengal and Bihar. 6. He defeated Udai Singh of Jalor, Subdued Malayavarmadeva of Gwalior, Mandor Ajmer and Jodhpur. 7. Iltutmish entered Malwa and pillaged Bhilsa and Ujjain. 8. Iltutmish reoccupied Doab region. Administration of Iltutmish. Iltutmish invited Fakir-ul-mulk, a minister of the Caliph of Baghdad in order to streamline in administration. He divided his kingdom into provinces known as Iqtas incharge of Iqtadars. He established a corps of forty slaves in order to prevent the domination of Jurkish nobles. He installed a bell of justice in order to listen to the grievances of the citizens. He built the Qutubminar in honour of the Muslim Saint Khwaja Qutub-ud-din Bakhtyar Kaki. He patronized men of letters. Minhaj-us-siraj, the author of Tabqati-Nasiri, and Malik Tajuddin. He was tolerant towards the Shiasect of Islam and intolerant towards Hindus. Razziya (AD 1236 – 1240) Razziya, the first Queen of Delhi Sultanate ruled Delhi from 1236 – 1240. Her rule was not liked by all sections of the people of the country. The several governors revolted against Razia. Razia‟s becoming sultana was against the traditions of Islam. Many Turkish chiefs considered it a great humiliation to work under a woman. Qualities of Razia She gave up her Purdah and started appearing in the court in male attire. She started horse riding, hunting and commanding the army etc. She took a keen interest in all the administrative activities of the state. She herself appointed several Iqtadars commanders and other officers. She conducted the affairs of the State in open “durbar”. Ghiyasuddin Balbal 1256 – 1287 The greatest Sultan of the slave dynasty was Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. He was born of an Ilbari Turkish family. Iltutmish appointed Balban as his deputy for his keen Intelligence, talents and loyalty. He was enlisted in the corps of forty slaves Sultana Raziya appointed Balban as Amir-i-shikar (chief huntsman). In 1245 he inflicted a crushing defeat jupon the Mangols and recovered Uch. For that he achieved the title Ulughkhan. Balban the Defacto Ruler Balban administered the Sultanate for forty years first as deputy of Sultan Nasiruddin and then himself as Sultan. During the reign of Nasiruddin, Balban acted as the defacto ruler. The ascendancy of Balban roused the jealousy of a section of nobles led to removal of Balban from office. Turkish Nobles supported Balban and reinstate Balban in the office 1254 AD. Balban took possible steps to consolidate the authority of the Sultan. In 1257, Bengal was brought under the control of Delhi Sultanate. Balban subjugated Hindu Chiefs of the Doab and Mewat tribes. He conquered Ranthambhor and launched an expedition against chandella chief of Kalinjar. In 1266 Nasiruddin died, Balbal became the Dejure ruler. Balban as Dejure Ruler of the Sultanate Exaltation of the prestige of monarchy 1. Balban had faith in divine right theory of Kingship. He glorified the position of the Sultan. The Persian customs of the court were introduced in Delhi. He enforced strict discipline in the court. He gave up drinking court dress was fixed. The Persian Nauroz festival was introduced. 2. Destruction of “The Forty” Balban lowered the prestige of “The Forty” and enhanced the dignity of the crown. He elevated junior turks of higher positions. Brutal punishments were given to the members of the forty even for simple crimes. Malik Baqbaq, the Governor of Badaun was publicly whipped because he had ordered one of his servants to be beaten to death. Effective espionage system Balban had organized a very efficient system. It served as a strong pillar for the preservation of his despotism of Balban. Reforms in the Army. He changed the practice of granting lands to the soldiers for their service. The lands were reallotted to the able bodied soldiers. He increased the number of officers and soldiers of his army. He appointed Imad-ul-mulk as his army minister to enforce discipline in the army. Suppression of revolts: Balban suppressed rebellions in the Doab, crushed the revolts of the Hindus of Rohelkhand and mercilessly quelled the revolt of Tughril khan of Bengal. Providing effective defence against Mangol invasions. The Mangols were defeated by the sons of Balban in 1279. But in 1286 Muhammad khan lost his life in another encounter with the Mugals. 1. He constructed strong forts. 2. He repaired the old forts and kept well equipped forces. Thus Balban, the Slave, general, statesman and Sultan is the one of the most striking figures among many notable men in the long line of the Kings of Delhi. Kaiqubad 1287 – 1290 He was the grandson of Balban. When he ascended the throne of Delhi, He was only 17 years old. He was the last ruler of slave dynasty. The Khiji dynasty Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji, the founder 1290 – 1296 of the Kilji dynasty was originally known as Malik Firuz. He himself sat on the throne of Delhi by murdering Kaiqubad as well as his son and assumed the title of Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah. His rule lasted for about 6 years (1292 – 1296). Alauddin Khilji ( AD 1296 – 1316) Introduction Alauddin was the first Muslim imperialist and the first great Muslim administrator of India. Alauddin was the nephew and Son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din Khilji. He was given the Governor ship of Kara in 1292. He was an ambitious ruler and wished to become a world conqueror like Alexander the Great. Hence He murdered Jalal-ud-din in 1296 and ascended the throne of Delhi on 3rd October 1296. Alauddin as Governor Alauddin raided Malwa and looted the city of Bhilsa in 1292 and received another Governor ship of Oudh for victory. He was attracted by the enormous treasures of Southern kingdoms. He marched against the Yadva kingdome of Devagiri in 1294 and defeated the King Ramachandra Deva. He got the province of Ellichpur and large treasure. Conquests of Alauddin Khilji: Conquests of North India 1. Gujarat (1299). Chief cities of Gujarat namely, Anhilwara and Somnath were plundered and sacked. An enormous booty was collected. Malik Kafur played an important role in extending the Kingdom of Ala-ud-Din. 2. Ranthambhor (1299 – 1301). The Sultan had to wage a fierce battle to capture the fort of Ranthambhor. 3. Chittor (1303). The Rajput offered stiff resistance but were finally defeated. Patmini with other Rajput women performed „Johar‟ (Self Immolation). 4. Malwa (1305). Ala-ud-Din conquered all the territories of Malwa, including Ujjain, Dhar, Chanderi and Mandu. He also conquered Siwana, Jalor, Bundi, Mandor, Tonk and Jodhpur. Thus the whole of Rajasthan came under his domination. Southern campaigns Four powerful rulers dominated the South and there was a rivalry among themselves provided an encouraging climate to Ala-ud-Din. They were Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of Warrangal, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra and Pandyas of Madurai. Devagiri 1304 AD Ramachandra Dev stopped to pay tributes for three years and he was arranging the marriage of his daughter Devaldevi.