Niccolò Machiavelli La Figura Esemplare Di Cesare Borgia T30

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Niccolò Machiavelli La Figura Esemplare Di Cesare Borgia T30 PARTE QUINTA L’età delle corti: la seconda fase della civiltà umanistico-rinascimentale (1492-1545) CAPITOLO IV Il Principe 1 T30 ON LINE Niccolò Machiavelli La figura esemplare di Cesare Borgia [Il Principe, VII] Il capitolo VII si apre in forma puntualmente antitetica rispetto al precedente: coloro i quali conquiste- ranno uno Stato con l’aiuto della fortuna e delle armi altrui lo manterranno con grandissime difficoltà. Lo Stato così realizzato è paragonato a un albero cresciuto troppo in fretta, privo delle «barbe», delle ra- dici, e vulnerabile alla prima tempesta. Diversamente dalle “cose della natura”, però, nelle cose dello Sta- to è possibile forzare i tempi della crescita naturale e combattere anche le più estreme difficoltà. A rap- presentare adeguatamente questo caso limite Machiavelli sceglie la figura per lui esemplare del duca Va- lentino, Cesare Borgia, figlio naturale del papa Alessandro VI. Il Valentino è indicato come modello a chi voglia conquistare e mantenere un principato. E tuttavia l’epilogo della sua avventura politica non fa ec- cezione alla regola generale: fondandosi sulla fortuna e sulle armi altrui, anch’egli «ruina». Eppure Ce- sare Borgia aveva dato ampie prove di estrema decisione e risolutezza: con la dissimulazione e con l’in- ganno era riuscito a convocare i capi Orsini a Senigallia e a eliminarli. Inoltre non aveva esitato a far uc- cidere il proprio luogotenente Ramiro de Lorqua, esponendone il corpo «in dua pezzi in su la piazza». Il Valentino aveva cercato anche di essere previdente rispetto al futuro: per fare eleggere come successore al padre un papa non ostile, tentò di tirare dalla propria parte l’aristocrazia romana e di controllare il col- legio dei cardinali; tentò inoltre di conquistare la Toscana per realizzare, prima della morte del padre, un vasto Stato centroitaliano. Nondimeno il suo tentativo fallì. La «estraordinaria ed estrema malignità di fortuna» fu una delle cau- se del fallimento. Essa consistette nella morte del papa Alessandro VI e nella contemporanea grave ma- lattia del Valentino, due fatti verificatisi poco prima che questi consolidasse il proprio dominio anche in Toscana. Il resoconto delle imprese del duca si conclude proponendole quale modello di imitazione «a tut- ti coloro che per fortuna e con l’armi d’altri sono ascesi allo imperio». Tuttavia anche il Valentino non fu esente da un fatale errore: non aver ostacolato l’elezione di Giulio II Della Rovere, nemico dei Borgia, «cagione dell’ultima ruina sua». da N. Machiavelli, Tutte le DE PRINCIPATIBUS NOVIS QUI ALIENIS ARMIS ET FORTUNA ACQUIRUNTUR1 opere, a cura di M. Martelli, Sansoni, Firenze, 1971. Coloro e’ quali solamente per fortuna diventano, di privati, principi,2 con poca fatica diventano, ma con assai si mantengono; e non hanno alcuna difficultà fra via, perché vi volano;3 ma tutte le difficultà nascono quando e’ sono posti.4 E questi tali sono quando è concesso ad alcuno uno stato o per dana- 5 ri o per grazia di chi lo concede: come intervenne a molti in Grecia, nelle città di Ionia e di Ellespon- to, dove furono fatti principi da Dario,5 acciò le tenessino per sua securtà e gloria;6 come erano fatti ancora quegli imperadori che, di privati, per corruzione de’ soldati, pervenivano allo imperio.7 Que- sti stanno semplicemente in sulla voluntà e fortuna di chi lo ha concesso loro, che sono dua cose vo- lubilissime e instabili; e non sanno e non possono tenere quel grado.8 Non sanno, perché, se non è uo- 10 mo di grande ingegno e virtù, non è ragionevole che, sendo sempre vissuto in privata fortuna,9 sappi comandare; non possono, perché non hanno forze che li possino essere amiche e fedeli. Di poi, gli sta- ti che vengano subito, come tutte le altre cose della natura che nascono e crescono presto, non posso- no avere le barbe e corrispondenzie loro;10 in modo che el primo tempo avverso le spegne;11 se già quelli tali, come è detto, che sì de repente12 sono diventati principi, non sono di tanta virtù che quel- 15 lo che la fortuna ha messo loro in grembo, e’ sappino subito prepararsi a conservarlo, e quelli fonda- menti che gli altri hanno fatti avanti che13 diventino principi, li faccino poi. Io voglio all’uno e all’altro di questi modi detti, circa il diventare principe per virtù o per fortuna, ad- durre dua esempli stati ne’ dì della memoria nostra:14 e questi sono Francesco Sforza e Cesare Borgia.15 1 DE…ACQUIRUNTUR: I principati nuovi che si acquista- 6 acciò...gloria: affinché le amministrassero per la sicu- le loro ramificazioni (barbe e corrispondenzie). La figu- no con armi altrui e con la fortuna. rezza e come segno della gloria di Dario. ra dello Stato-pianta evidenziata dalle barbe e corri- 2 diventano...principi: da cittadini privati divengono prin- 7 quegli...imperio: allo stesso modo agirono quegli impe- spondenzie rivela la machiavelliana concezione natu- cipi. ratori romani che pervennero al trono imperiale median- ralistica della realtà politica. 3 non...volano: non incontrano nessuna difficoltà duran- te la corruzione dell’esercito. Machiavelli allude agli im- 11 el...spegne: la prima tempesta le elimina. te l’impresa di conquista (fra via) perché vi giungono al peratori che vennero proclamati tali dalle legioni, dopo 12 sì de repente: così improvvisamente. volo. avere corrotto a tal fine i soldati. 13 avanti che: prima di. 4 sono posti: hanno raggiunto il dominio, essendovisi in- 8 quel grado: quella posizione di comando. 14 ne’ dì...nostra: nei giorni che noi possiamo ricordare, sediati. 9 privata fortuna: condizione (fortuna) di privato citta- molto recenti. 5 Dario: l’imperatore persiano Dario I nel 522 a.C. riorga- dino. 15 Francesco Sforza e Cesare Borgia: lo Sforza (1401- nizzò l’impero in satrapie, affidando ai satrapi, che go- 10 Di poi...loro: Inoltre, gli Stati che crescono in fretta (ven- 1466) nel suo tragitto da capitano di ventura a signo- vernavano in suo nome, l’amministrazione delle città gano subito), come tutto ciò che in natura nasce e cre- re di Milano costituisce per Machiavelli, come il Valen- greche dell’Asia Minore. sce troppo rapidamente, non possono avere le radici e tino, un modello esemplare di “principe nuovo”. Luperini, Cataldi, Marchiani, Marchese LETTERATURA STORIA IMMAGINARIO [G. B. PALUMBO EDITORE] PARTE QUINTA L’età delle corti: la seconda fase della civiltà umanistico-rinascimentale (1492-1545) CAPITOLO IV Il Principe 2 T30 ON LINE Niccolò Machiavelli ~ La figura esemplare di Cesare Borgia Francesco, per li debiti mezzi16 e con una grande sua virtù, di privato diventò duca di Milano; e quel- 20 lo che con mille affanni aveva acquistato, con poca fatica mantenne. Dall’altra parte Cesare Borgia, chiamato dal vulgo duca Valentino, acquistò lo stato con la fortuna del padre, e con quella lo perdé; nonostante che per lui si usassi ogni opera17 e facessi tutte quelle cose che per uno prudente e virtuo- so uomo si doveva fare per mettere le barbe sue18 in quelli stati che l’arme e fortuna di altri gli aveva concessi. Perché, come di sopra si disse, chi non fa e’ fondamenti prima, li potrebbe con una gran virtù 25 farli poi, ancora che si faccino con disagio dello architettore e periculo dello edifizio.19 Se, adunque, si considerrà tutti e’ progressi del duca,20 si vedrà lui aversi fatti gran fondamenti alla futura potenzia; li quali non iudico superfluo discorrere,21 perché io non saprei quali precetti mi dare22 migliori a uno principe nuovo, che lo esemplo delle azioni sua: e se gli ordini suoi non li profittorono,23 non fu sua colpa, perché nacque da una estraordinaria ed estrema malignità di fortuna.24 30 Aveva Alessandro VI, nel volere fare grande el duca suo figliuolo, assai difficultà presenti e future. Prima, e’ non vedeva via di poterlo fare signore di alcuno stato che non fussi stato di Chiesa; e volgen- dosi a torre25 quello della Chiesa, sapeva che el duca di Milano e Viniziani26 non gnene consentireb- bano;27 perché Faenza e Rimino erano di già sotto la protezione de’ Viniziani. Vedeva, oltre di questo, l’arme di Italia,28 e quelle in spezie di chi si fussi possuto servire,29 essere in le mani di coloro che do- 35 vevano temere la grandezza del papa: e però30 non se ne poteva fidare, sendo tutte negli Orsini e Co- lonnesi e loro complici.31 Era, adunque, necessario che si turbassino quegli ordini,32 e disordinare li stati di coloro, per potersi insignorire securamente di parte di quelli.33 Il che li fu facile, perché trovò e’ Viniziani che, mossi da altre cagioni, si erono vòlti a fare ripassare e’ Franzesi in Italia;34 il che non solamente non contradisse, ma lo fe’ più facile con la resoluzione del matrimonio antiquo del re Lui- 40 gi.35 Passò, adunque, il re in Italia con lo aiuto de’ Viniziani e consenso di Alessandro; né prima fu in Milano, che il papa ebbe da lui gente per la impresa di Romagna;36 la quale gli fu consentita per la reputazione37 del re. Acquistata, adunque, el duca la Romagna, e sbattuti e’ Colonnesi,38 volendo mantenere quella e procedere più avanti, lo impedivano dua cose: l’una, l’arme sua che non gli pare- vano fedeli, l’altra, la volontà di Francia: cioè che l’arme Orsine, delle quali s’era valuto,39 gli mancas- 45 sino sotto,40 e non solamente l’impedissino lo acquistare, ma gli togliessino lo acquistato, e che il re an- cora non li facessi el simile.41 Degli Orsini ne ebbe uno riscontro42 quando, dopo la espugnazione di Faenza, assaltò Bologna, ché li vidde andare freddi in quello assalto:43 e circa il re, conobbe l’animo suo quando, preso il ducato di Urbino, assaltò la Toscana; dalla quale impresa el re lo fece desistere.44 On- de che il duca deliberò non dependere più dalle arme e fortuna di altri.
Recommended publications
  • Machiavelli: the Prince
    The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prince, by Nicolo Machiavelli This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Prince Author: Nicolo Machiavelli Translator: W. K. Marriott Release Date: February 11, 2006 [EBook #1232] Last Updated: November 5, 2012 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRINCE *** Produced by John Bickers, David Widger and Others THE PRINCE by Nicolo Machiavelli Translated by W. K. Marriott Nicolo Machiavelli, born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. From 1494 to 1512 held an official post at Florence which included diplomatic missions to various European courts. Imprisoned in Florence, 1512; later exiled and returned to San Casciano. Died at Florence on 22nd June 1527. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION YOUTH Aet. 1-25—1469-94 OFFICE Aet. 25-43—1494-1512 LITERATURE AND DEATH Aet. 43-58—1512-27 THE MAN AND HIS WORKS DEDICATION THE PRINCE CHAPTER I HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE CHAPTER II CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER III CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER IV WHY THE KINGDOM OF DARIUS, CONQUERED BY ALEXANDER CHAPTER V CONCERNING THE WAY TO GOVERN CITIES OR PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER VI CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE ACQUIRED CHAPTER VII CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE ACQUIRED CHAPTER VIII CONCERNING
    [Show full text]
  • THE SCARLET CONTESSA Jeanne Kalogridis
    THE SCARLET CONTESSA Jeanne Kalogridis ­­About the Author A • A Conversation with Jeanne Kalogridis Reading Group Gold Behind the Novel Selection • “Caterina: A Woman Ahead of Her Time” An Original Essay by the Author • Historical Perspective Keep on Reading • Recommended Reading • Reading Group Questions For more reading group suggestions, visit www.readinggroupgold.com. ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN Scarlett Contessa RGG_3.indd 1 3/29/11 12:07 PM A Conversation with Jeanne Kalogridis Could you tell us a little bit about your background, and when you decided that you wanted to lead a literary life? I was a shy, scrawny, unpopular kid with frizzy hair and thick glasses; since I had no social life, I read. I adored dark fantasy and science fiction, and I was writing my own stories as soon as I could hold a pencil. My mom and sisters were always dragging me to the mall on weekends, so while they shopped, I hung in the local bookstore. I think the defining “Caterina moment for me came when I picked up a copy of Ray presented a Bradbury’s The Illustrated Man in a Waldenbooks. special challenge His writing was so beautiful, so lyrical. I decided then that I wanted to write like that. because so little has been written Who are some of your favorite authors? about her.” Angela Carter, Margaret Atwood, and Dan Simmons (especially The Terror and Drood, both historical novels). You have already authored three historical novels about Renaissance Italy, The Borgia Bride, I, Mona Lisa, and, in part, The Devil’s Queen.
    [Show full text]
  • Niccolò Machiavelli on Power*
    RMM Vol. 0, Perspectives in Moral Science, ed. by M. Baurmann & B. Lahno, 2009, 335–354 http://www.rmm-journal.de/ Manfred J. Holler Niccolò Machiavelli on Power* Abstract: This paper uses the concept of power to analyze Machiavelli’s The Prince and the Dis- courses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius. This helps to distil the elements that form the Machiavelli program that has its short-term aim in the formation of a national state of Italy. A unification of Italy under the umbrella of a princely family (such as identified with Cesare Borgia) was meant to be the first stage in an evolutionary process which, in the end, could lead to a more or less stable republican system. For the latter, the Roman Republic as described in the Discourses is Machiavelli’s model. The use of power, but al- so the minimization of cruelties, and the participation of the people, either in the form of militia to successfully fight foreign armies or to support the princely government, are major ingredients to this process. 1. Introduction The Prince has no power. This is the immediate consequence of applying We- ber’s seminal concept of power to Machiavelli’s The Prince as we will see below. Of course, this conclusion seems highly paradoxical since Niccolò Machiavelli has been praised and condemned as prophet of unconstrained power. It seems that there is more to power in Machiavelli’s writings as common understanding and superficial interpretation suggest. In this paper I scrutinize The Prince and the Discourses with the concept of power hoping to get a deeper insight in Ma- chiavelli’s political and philosophical ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Condottieri, Machiavelli, and the Rise of the Florentine Militia Michael N
    Student Publications Student Scholarship Fall 2014 With One's Own Arms: Condottieri, Machiavelli, and the Rise of the Florentine Militia Michael N. Boncardo Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, Military and Veterans Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Boncardo, Michael N., "With One's Own Arms: Condottieri, Machiavelli, and the Rise of the Florentine Militia" (2014). Student Publications. 256. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/256 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 256 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. With One's Own Arms: Condottieri, Machiavelli, and the Rise of the Florentine Militia Abstract This paper examines the use of mercenary warfare on the Italian peninsula during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It later focuses on the unique political and economic environment in Florence that led to Niccolo Machiavelli orchestrating the creation of the Florentine militia. Keywords Florence, Condotierri, Machiavelli, Militia, Renaissance Disciplines European History | History | Medieval History | Medieval Studies | Military and Veterans Studies | Military History Comments This paper was written for Prof. Felicia Else's course, FYS 197: Florence: Art, Money, and Power in the Renaissance City, Fall 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life of Cesare Borgia
    The Life of Cesare Borgia Rafael Sabatini The Life of Cesare Borgia Table of Contents The Life of Cesare Borgia.........................................................................................................................................1 Rafael Sabatini...............................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 BOOK I. THE HOUSE OF THE BULL.....................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER I. THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF BORGIA............................................................................8 CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF SIXTUS IV AND INNOCENT VIII.....................................................12 CHAPTER III. ALEXANDER VI...............................................................................................................21 CHAPTER IV. BORGIA ALLIANCES......................................................................................................29 BOOK II. THE BULL PASCANT...........................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER I. THE FRENCH INVASION..................................................................................................36 CHAPTER II. THE POPE AND THE SUPERNATURAL........................................................................44
    [Show full text]
  • The Example of Cesare Borgia in Machiavelli's Prince
    The Example of Cesare Borgia in Machiavelli’s Prince Siu-chun Sidney Chu Abstract The essay aims at examining the role of Cesare Borgia in Machiavelli’s principles based on the Prince. Relying on the fortune that brought him to power, Cesare erred in his choice that led to his ultimate ruin. As the ancients often wrote about politics with covert meanings, Rousseau’s assertion that Machiavelli used the same techniques seems to be valid after the careful examination of the Prince. Keywords:The Prince, Machiavelli, Cesare Borgia –149– ◆康寧學報 第四期◆ 馬基維利君王論中 CESARE BORGIA 一例之評析 朱 紹 俊 摘 要 本文旨在探討馬基維利君王論中 CESARE BORGIA 一例所隱藏之意涵。 CESARE 興於機運卻衰於謬策。馬基維利似藉 CESARE 化為弦外之音,實為「反 諷」之佳構。 關鍵詞:君王論、馬基維利、Cesare Borgia –150– The Example of Cesare Borgia in Machiavelli’s Prince I、Introduction This paper purports to examine the role of Cesare Borgia in Machiavelli’s principles based on The Prince. Rousseau in The Social Contract asserts that Machiavelli’s The Prince is the book of republicans, with a footnote on his claim that The Prince is a deceptive book (SC.bk3,6:88). In reading the Prince, we should thus take seriously Rousseau’s assertion that Machiavelli had a self-interest in writing in a devious or deceptive manner with hidden intentions. In chapter seven of the Book, Machiavelli discusses “New Principalities That are Acquired by Others’ Arms and Fortune”. He presents Cesare Borgia as an exemplary instance of which “I do not know what better teaching I could give to a new prince than the example of his actions” (P.7:26-27).
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Lucrezia Borgia and the Image of the Moral Exemplar in the Late Quattrocento and Early Cinquecento
    University of Mary Washington Eagle Scholar Student Research Submissions Spring 5-5-2018 Representations of Lucrezia Borgia and the Image of the Moral Exemplar in the Late Quattrocento and Early Cinquecento Nina Wutrich Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.umw.edu/student_research Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Wutrich, Nina, "Representations of Lucrezia Borgia and the Image of the Moral Exemplar in the Late Quattrocento and Early Cinquecento" (2018). Student Research Submissions. 237. https://scholar.umw.edu/student_research/237 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Eagle Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research Submissions by an authorized administrator of Eagle Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nina Wutrich Representations of Lucrezia Borgia and the Image of the Moral Exemplar in the Late Quattrocento and Early Cinquecento ARTH 492: Individual Study in Art History Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of Honors in Art History 5 May 2018 Marjorie Och Professor of Art History Faculty Advisor Jon McMillan Chair, Department of Art and Art History Wutrich 1 During the late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century lifetime of Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI Borgia, Lucrezia profited from a carefully crafted image wherein comparisons were drawn between herself and saints, holy women, and moral exemplars from classical antiquity. This appropriation of imagery evolved as Lucrezia herself matured; the representations shift from those where Lucrezia completely disguises herself as a morally exemplary woman such as Saint Catherine of Alexandria, to those where she presents herself, in her role as Duchess of Ferrara, as a morally exemplary holy woman in her own right.
    [Show full text]
  • Caterina Sforza: the Shifting Representation of a Woman Ruler in Early Modern Italy Di Joyce De Vries
    © LO SGUARDO - RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA - ISSN: 2036-6558 N. 13, 2013 (III) - GLI STRUMENTI DEL POTERE. DAL PRINCIPE All’ARCHEOLOGO Articoli/7 Caterina Sforza: the shifting representation of a woman ruler in early Modern Italy di Joyce De Vries Articolo sottoposto a peer review. Ricevuto il 12/09/13. Accettato il 01/10/13 Caterina Sforza’s fame as ruler of the small territories of Imola and Forlì in the late fifteenth-century has persisted over the centuries. Yet her fame has shifted and changed with the Niccolò Machiavelli’s comments on her life greatly affected her reputation. Her powerful Medici descendants further tempered her legend without diminishing her fame. The various levels of archival traces for Sforza’s life and legend present a remarkable example of how accretions of information and interpretation become history. *** Caterina Sforza’s fame as ruler of the small territories of Imola and Forlì in the late fifteenth-century has persisted over the centuries, with good reason. Despite her gender, Sforza successfully ruled these small but vital territories in northern Italy for a dozen years, marking her as an unusual, if not exceptional character. The fascinating connections between her public and private life, which included several marriages to prominent Italian men, many children, and several assassinations and conspiracies, added to her fame among her contemporaries and those that followed. Most notoriously, Sforza’s reputation was bolstered by Niccolò Machiavelli, who reported that she bared her genitalia during a stand-off over the rule of Forlì. Yet Sforza’s fame has shifted and changed with the times.
    [Show full text]
  • Ezra Pound in Rimini
    Linguistics and Literature Studies 1(1): 43-45, 2013 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2013.010107 Ezra Pound in Rimini Leonardo Paganelli State University of Genoa, Italy – Via Balbi 4, Genova 16126, Italy *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract In 1922 Ezra Pound went to Rimini, Italy, in he was already famous as a poet and a philologist; he had order to study the story of Malatestas. He carried out precise read Dante and appreciated the Divine Comedy very much. research about Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta and his The stories of Malatesta Da Verucchio (1212-1312), attempt to create an independent Seignory all over Central nicknamed «the Old Mastiff»; 4 Paolo Malatesta’s Italy in the XV century A.D., forerunning Cesare Borgia’s unfortunate love for Francesca Da Rimini (his brother projects. At last, Pound wrote his four Malatesta Cantos Gianciotto’s bride); 5 the glory of Sigismondo Pandolfo (VIII-XI). In 1944, when Rimini was bombed, he expressed (1417-1468), the man who dared to build in Rimini a pagan his deepest sympathy for that martyr town. Some of these Temple in honour of his family and of his lover Isotta Degli data have been analysed by a recent critical edition of Atti too – all those things impressed deeply on Pound’s Pound’s Draft of XXX Cantos, published by Prof. imagination. In Rimini, he found the real scenery of Bacigalupo. Malatesta’s literary saga. That’s why he decided to wrote the four Malatesta Cantos (VIII-XI in this volume), published Keywords Ezra Pound, Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, by Thomas Stearns Eliot in 1923.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Machiavelli Rhetorically: the Prince As Covert Criticism of the Renaissance Prince
    Reading Machiavelli Rhetorically: The Prince as Covert Criticism of the Renaissance Prince James O. Ward Flattery is ugly, but censure is dangerous; that manner is best which lies between the two, namely innuendo. --Demetrius of Phaleron Criticare i principi è pericoloso, lodarli è bugia. --Italian proverb Since its first appearance there have been readers who have read Machiavelli’s Prince not as advice for the Renaissance prince, nor as an objective presentation of political affairs in the Italy of Machiavelli’s day, but rather as precisely the opposite, as a veiled but nevertheless trenchant critique of the Renaissance prince, presented in a form that seems to offer him advice. Perhaps the best-known of these interpretations of Machiavelli’s treatise as a crypto-republican work, in which advice is actually given to the people on the ways of tyrants and the means of resisting them under the guise of seeming to instruct the prince, is that of Rousseau. In his Du contrat social, he comments: “[Machiavelli], pretending to give lessons to kings, gave great lessons to the people. The Prince of Machiavelli is the book of republicans.” In the 1782 edition Rousseau himself inserted the following note: The choice alone of his execrable hero [Cesare Borgia] makes clear his secret intention; and the contrasting of the maxims of The Prince with those of his Discourses on Titus Livy and his History of Florence, makes clear that this deep political thinker has up until now had only superficial or corrupt readers. The court of Rome severely prohibited his book; I well believe it; it is that court which it depicts most clearly.
    [Show full text]
  • Giulio Cesare Borgia: Founder, Promoter, and Nurturer of the MRPM Conferences
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging 21 (2003) 161–162 In memory of Giulio Cesare Borgia Giulio Cesare Borgia: founder, promoter, and nurturer of the MRPM Conferences Robert James Sidford Brown Giulio Cesare Borgia, usually going by his middle name reservoir rocks, subsidence in the Bologna area, and statistical “Cesare,” was born in Bologna 7 July 1944 and was a modeling of petroleum reservoirs. physicist who spend much of his career at the University of He pursued several lines of study recurrently over many Bologna teaching and doing research in geophysics, petro- years. One was fluid flow in reservoirs and reservoir rocks, leum engineering and properties of reservoir rocks and other with much effort to describe effects of reservoir heterogeneity, porous media. He will be greatly missed by the MRPM for instance, with permeability varying several orders of mag- (Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media) community, as the nitude over short distances. The work included statistical treat- founder of both the MR-Porous-Media laboratory at the ments and also included applications such as the immiscible- University of Bologna, which has made important scientific fluid displacement of oil, including by waterflooding. He has contributions to NMR for fluids in porous media, and also always stressed the combined use of laboratory measurements the founder and steady promoter of our series of interna- (“core analysis”) and field data to put reservoir management on tional meetings on MRPM, of which these proceedings are a sound physical basis, with thirty publications in this area. for MRPM6. Cesare died unexpectedly from a sudden ill- Another area of research was in the evaluation of mar- ness 18 September 2002, only a few days after MRPM6, ginal petroleum resources at times when this was motivated while attending a meeting in Southern Italy to organize the by the high price of oil.
    [Show full text]
  • War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516) Or War of the Holy League Or 16Th Century Game of Throne
    War of the League of Cambrai (1508{1516) or War of the Holy League or 16th Century Game of Throne Daniel Ueltschi Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick Quantissima III, 23 August 2019 An intense conflict with fascinating characters, diplomacy and war, guided by chance/fate D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 1 / 17 Situation around 1500 Venice has 180,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city in Europe after Paris and probably the richest in the world. The Republic of Venice has 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) with 2.1 million inhabitants (England has 3 million, the whole of Italy 11, France 13, Portugal 1.7, Spain 6, and Germany/Holy Roman Empire 10) D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 2 / 17 Pope Julius II Born Giuliano della Rovere, he was elected in 1503, succeeding Pius III (who was Pope only a few months) and Alexander VI (Borgia) created the Swiss Guards commissioned Michelangelo to paint Sistine chapel his main goal was to \free Italy from the Barbarians" nicknamed the Warrior Pope or the Fearsome Pope, he modelled himself after Julius Cæsar Machiavelli described Julius II as the ideal prince. Erasmus strongly despised him D. Ueltschi (Univ. Warwick) History of Venice 23 August 2019 3 / 17 The situation France (King Louis XII) occupies North Italy Ferdinand of Aragon is crowned King of Two Sicilies (Naples, South Italy, Sicily) Pope Alexander VI had conquered Romagna. It is not clear whether these lands belong to the Papacy or to the Borgia family The Lords of Romagna seek Venetian help in order to expel Cesare Borgia.
    [Show full text]