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Skin Manifestations of Illicit Drug Use Manifestações Cutâneas RevABDV81N4.qxd 12.08.06 13:10 Page 307 307 Educação Médica Continuada Manifestações cutâneas decorrentes do uso de drogas ilícitas Skin manifestations of illicit drug use Bernardo Gontijo 1 Flávia Vasques Bittencourt 2 Lívia Flávia Sebe Lourenço 3 Resumo: O uso e abuso de drogas ilícitas é um problema significativo e de abrangência mun- dial. A Organização das Nações Unidas estima que 5% da população mundial entre os 15 e 64 anos fazem uso de drogas pelo menos uma vez por ano (prevalência anual), sendo que meta- de destes usam regularmente, isto é, pelo menos uma vez por mês. Muitos dos eventos adver- sos das drogas ilícitas surgem na pele, o que torna fundamental que o dermatologista esteja familiarizado com essas alterações. Palavras-chave: Drogas ilícitas; Drogas ilícitas/história; Drogas ilícitas/efeitos adversos; Pele; Revisão Abstract: Illicit drug use and abuse is a major problem all over the world. The United Nations estimates that 5% of world population (aged 15-64 years) use illicit drugs at least once a year (annual prevalence) and half of them use drugs regularly, that is, at least once a month. Many adverse events of illicit drugs arise on the skin and therefore dermatologists should be aware of these changes. Keywords: Street drugs; Street drugs/history; Street drugs/adverse effects; Skin; Review HISTÓRICO Há mais de cinco mil anos na Mesopotâmia, minorar o sofrimento dos condenados. região onde hoje se situa o Iraque, os poderes cal- Provavelmente seja o ópio a droga nephente à qual mantes, soníferos e anestésicos do ópio (do latim Homero se referia como “o mais poderoso destrui- opium, através do grego opion, ‘seiva, suco’) já eram dor de mágoas”.1,2 conhecidos pelos sumérios. Obtido a partir das No século VII, turcos e árabes descobrem os sementes imaturas da Papaver somniferum (papou- efeitos poderosos obtidos pela inalação da fumaça la ou dormideira), o ópio é a mais antiga droga do ópio e seu potencial comercial. Termina o conhecida e era considerada pelos persas e egípcios romantismo e surge um comércio crescente com como capaz de impedir o choro intenso das crianças vendas principalmente à Índia e China. O século e incutir coragem nos soldados. Figuras de sementes XVIII assiste a chegada da droga à Europa, a partir de papoula podem ser encontradas em moedas gre- da Inglaterra, e já no século seguinte são isoladas a gas que antecedem, em pelo menos mil anos, a men- morfina e a heroína, os dois derivados mais consu- ção dos efeitos do ópio na literatura helênica. Era midos do ópio. costume na Grécia antiga acrescentar-se ópio à cicu- A morfina foi isolada em 1804 pelo químico ta administrada para suicídio ou eutanásia visando alemão Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertüner e assim Conflito de interesse declarado: Nenhum 1 Professor Adjunto-Doutor de Dermatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. 2 Professora Adjunta-Doutora de Dermatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. Fellow da New York University 3 Acadêmica de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil. Bolsista do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC) do CNPq. ©2006 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia An Bras Dermatol. 2006;81(4):307-17. RevABDV81N4.qxd 12.08.06 13:11 Page 308 308 Gontijo B, Bittencourt FV, Lourenço LFS. por ele denominada em homenagem a Morfeu, o deus grego dos sonhos. Seu uso, inicialmente restri- to, expandiu-se em larga escala a partir do 1853 com o advento da seringa hipodérmica. Dotada de poten- te efeito anestésico, seu emprego na Guerra Civil americana resultou em um grande número de solda- dos viciados.3 A heroína foi sintetizada em 1874 pelo quími- co inglês C.R. Alder Wright a partir da acetilação da morfina. Felix Hoffman, químico chefe da indústria farmacêutica Bayer, da Alemanha, introduziu a heroína como medicamento em 21 de agosto de 1897, menos de duas semanas após ter produzido a aspirina (Figura 1). O nome possivelmente deriva do alemão heroisch (heróico), sensação descrita pelos primeiros voluntários nos estudos experimentais. O FIGURA 1. Fonte: National Library of Medicine fabricante comercializou o produto de 1898 a 1910 como sedativo para a tosse de crianças e como trata- mento do vício da morfina, até que se descobriu que a heroína é convertida em morfina no fígado.4,5 Também o uso da cocaína se perde no tempo, como sugere o encontro de folhas de coca (da lín- gua aymara, “a árvore”) nas tumbas de indígenas peruanos datadas de 600 AD. A folha de coca masca- da pelos nativos dos altiplanos andinos provavel- mente constitui um hábito mais cultural do que pro- priamente um vício. A sensação de bem-estar e a redução do estado de fadiga obtidas com seu uso facilitariam uma adaptação às grandes altitudes, fato esse prontamente percebido pelo colonizador espa- nhol que logo determinou a taxação da produção de folhas de coca. Esses recursos foram, durante um tempo, a principal fonte de suporte para a Igreja Católica da região.7 FIGURA 2. Fonte: Wikipedia Isolada inicialmente em 1855, a cocaína (Figura 2) foi o primeiro anestésico local conhecido, século, o laboratório Parke-Davis dos Estados introduzido na Medicina pelo oftalmologista austría- Unidos vendia cocaína em forma de pó, cigarros e co Carl Koller. Um dos relatos iniciais sobre seus até mesmo uma apresentação para uso endovenoso efeitos teve como autor ninguém menos que que vinha acompanhada de agulha. Entre outras Sigmund Freud*. Com base na observação que os indicações, alardeava que o produto “substituía a efeitos da cocaína eram tão opostos aos da morfina, comida, tornava o covarde valente e o tímido elo- Freud concluiu, erroneamente, que aquela seria um qüente”. Tentando concorrer com o vinho Mariani, tratamento lógico para os dependentes de morfina. John Styth Pemberton lançou nos Estados Unidos a Uma das bebidas mais populares da Itália no French Wine Cola. Como o sucesso comercial ficou século XIX era o vinho Mariani, elaborado pelo quí- aquém do esperado, Pemberton retirou o vinho da mico Ângelo Mariani em 1863, contendo 6mg de fórmula e acrescentou uma mistura de cafeína e cocaína por onça (29,6ml) e anunciado como tônico cocaína. Surgia então a Coca-Cola, o refrigerante e restaurativo (Figura 3). A lista de usuários famo- mais vendido no mundo, até que em 1906, por sos que endossavam seus efeitos terapêuticos força da legislação, seus produtores passaram a incluía Thomas Edison, Júlio Verne, Alexandre empregar folhas de coca descocainizadas. 8 Dumas e o papa Leão XIII, que conferiu a Mariani a A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), no Medalha de Ouro do Vaticano. No final desse mesmo relatório de 2006 elaborado pela divisão de Crimes e * Freud S. 1884;2:289-314 apud Gegler LL, Mark H. 1986;315:1495-500. An Bras Dermatol. 2006;81(4):307-17. RevABDV81N4.qxd 12.08.06 13:11 Page 309 Manifestações cutâneas decorrentes do uso de drogas ilícitas 309 vida, novidade, etc. Este sal, devido à sua solubilida- de em água, pode ser ingerido, inalado pelo nariz (“cheirado”) ou injetado. Por outro lado, por ser vul- nerável à pirólise, seu consumo em forma de cigar- ros produz pouco ou nenhum efeito euforizante. Na década de 80 uma outra forma de cocaína foi introduzida no mercado a partir da dissolução do cloridrato de cocaína em água e adição de uma base, geralmente bicarbonato de sódio, à solução. Após aquecida, essa solução se cristaliza formando verdadeiras pedras de cocaína conhecidas como crack que, por se vaporizarem a baixas temperatu- ras, são adequadas para serem fumadas. O nome crack é onomatopéico e refere-se ao som produzido pela ebulição do conteúdo hídrico das pedras quan- do aquecidas. Por ser insolúvel em água, esta base de cocaína não é adequada para ingestão, inalação FIGURA 3. pelo nariz ou injeção. O crack propicia uma forte Fonte: concentração de cocaína a preços relativamente bai- Wikipedia xos, o que o torna extremamente popular entre usuários de baixa renda. Sua pronta absorção nos Drogas (United Nations Office on Crimes and alvéolos pulmonares produz uma sensação eufori- Drugs), estima que cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas, zante quase imediata. o equivalente a 5% da população mundial (idade A cocaína é um potente estimulador do sistema entre 15 e 64 anos), utilizam drogas ilícitas pelo nervoso central produzindo uma sensação inicial de menos uma vez por ano (prevalência anual). Destes, euforia, bem-estar, desinibição e aumento da libido. a metade usa drogas regularmente (pelo menos uma Doses maiores podem levar a tremores, convulsões e, vez por mês). O número de viciados ou usuários pro- eventualmente, depressão de centros medulares blemáticos é calculado em 25 milhões, o equivalente vitais. Seu mecanismo de ação mais conhecido é o a 0,6% da população mundial entre 15 e 64 anos. O bloqueio da recaptura pré-sináptica de neurotrans- panorama mundial em relação ao mercado de drogas missores como a dopamina, noradrenalina, acetilcoli- (produção e consumo) apresenta variações geográfi- na e serotonina. Esse bloqueio potencia e prolonga as cas. Em termos gerais, a tendência é de estabilidade ações periféricas e centrais dessas catecolaminas, par- ou até mesmo de declínio. A notável exceção é a ticularmente no centro de prazer do cérebro (sistema maconha, droga ilícita dominante em todas as regiões límbico).11 Os efeitos anestésicos nos nervos periféri- do mundo e de consumo crescente.9 cos se dão pela inibição da repolarização da membra- na celular, com conseqüente bloqueio da geração e COCAÍNA condução de impulsos nervosos. Seus efeitos cardio- A cocaína, ou benzoilmetilecgonina, é um alca- vasculares são secundários ao aumento dos níveis lóide (substância química que contém nitrogênio, plasmáticos de catecolaminas levando à hipertensão, carbono, oxigênio e hidrogênio) obtido das folhas da taquicardia e arritmias.
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