The Cambridge Companion To: Liberalism Edited by Steven Wall Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08007-2 - The Cambridge Companion to: Liberalism Edited by Steven Wall Index More information

index

Ackerman, Bruce, 395 exit rights, 323–24 Acton, H. B., 80 individuality and, 145–46 on Mill, 339–40 Kant on, 407 Acton, Lord John, 338 motives and, 146–47 Adams, John, 25, 27 necessity of, 216 Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi, 148 personal agreement, 89–90 comprehensive doctrine liberalism by exclusion, 101–5 and, 191–92 fairness and justice, 90–93 importance, 202 mutual advantage, 93–96 state toleration and, 194 alienation, 149–50 political, 164–69 American Civil War, 35–36 as non-domination, 387–88, 390–92 American liberalism, 21–22. See also aspirational values, 179–80 United States authorization, 165 Civil War and, 35–36 collective authorization core premises, 23 condition, 167 diversity, 22–23 constitutional vs. comprehensive, 168 freedom in, 27–28 democracy and, 178 pre-revolutionary, 26–28 desirability, 169–71, 181 racial, gender, and ethnic aspects, hypotheticalist view, 165–66 33–35 justice and, 170 Revolution to Union, 29–33 modest vs. robust, 169 American Revolution, 29, 389–90 moral requirements, 178–80 Amery, Leo, 65 normative status, 177–80 anarchism, 277 participation condition, 167, 168–69 Appleby, Joyce, 28 pluralism and, 171–74 Aquinas, Thomas, 42 public knowledge requirement, 177 Arendt, Hannah, 373 Rousseau on, 164–65, 178–80 aristocracy, 218 state toleration and, 196–97 Aristotelian Principle, 124, 370 transmission, 169, 182 armed forces, 31 weak vs. strong, 173–74, 181–82 atheism, 119 protean concept, 145–52 autonomy, 141–42. See also freedom; religious, 156 liberty resistance to, 142–45 children, 216–17 right to exit, 152, 317–18 comprehensive doctrine liberalism, self-acceptance and, 148–49 202–4 self-control, 153 conservative critique, 414–15, 418–19 self-reﬂection and, 146–48 culture and, 152–55 value invariance and, 150 democratic institutions and, 156–58 autonomy liberalism, 319–20 legitimacy, 157–58 economic libertarianism and, 268 Barry, Brian, 11 equality and, 215 Bastiat, Frédéric, 48–49

451

452 index

Beaulieu-Leroy, Paul, 46–47 perfectionism, 200 beauty, 256 state toleration, 201–2, 203–4 Bentham, Jeremy, 13, 53, 336, 337 “thin,” 200–4 Berlin, Isaiah, 61–62, 306–7, 344 autonomy and, 202–3 on nationalism, 342–43 Comte, Auguste, 419 Berman, Paul, 294–98 Comte, Charles, 46 Beveridge, William, 69 conjugal right, 360 Bismarck, Otto von, 65 consequentialism, 12–13, 14, 266 Blackstone, William, 388 conservatism, 59, 401–2 Blanqui, Adolphe, 48 autonomy of reason and, 414–15 Bosanquet, Bernard, 65 equality and, 411–14 Boucher, David, 56–57 human nature and, 409 Bouglé, Celestin, 55–56 individualism and, 406–10 brain-washing, 195 liberal order and, 404 Breuilly, John, 329–30 moderate, 413–14 British Idealism, 51–52 rational, 413, 418–19 British liberalism sources of anger toward liberalism, American liberalism and, 60 415–18 commerce and, 50–52 Constant, Benjamin, 47, 48, 49–50, 77 Brown, Wendy, 361, 362 constitutionalism, 388 Burke, Edmund, 59 constitutions, 29 Bush, George H. W., 59 personal autonomy and, 142 United States, 29–30, 284–85 Calhoun, John, 35 contractarianism, 87–88. See also Calvin, John, 283–84 contractualism; social contract Calvinism, 42 theory capitalism, 42 agreement, 89–90 Smith on moral dangers, 44 as sharing, 105–8 careers open to talents, 230–31 by exclusion, 101–5 Carlyle, Thomas, 53 justice and fairness, 90–92 Catalonia, 312, 313 mutual advantage, 93–96 Catholicism, 119, 193 mutual recognition, 96–101 children, 102, 104–5, 146, 203, exclusion problem, 88 231, 232 Gauthier, 94–96 autonomy, 216–17 justice, 91–92, 96–97, 271–72 choice, 374–76 non-cooperators, 104 Christianity, 50–52, 295, 382–83. See also contractualism, 97–101, 266–67 Catholicism; Protestantism high-liberal, 271–72 Judaism and, 300 utilitarianism and, 98–99 Civil Rights Act, 36 corporations, 74 classical liberalism, 383 corporatism, 79 economic liberty and, 266, 269–71, 276 Croly, Herbert, 70, 71, 73–75 modern liberalism and, 7 Cromwell, Oliver, 115 neoclassical liberalism and, 273 cultural integration, 308 classical republicanism, 382, 386–87 culture wars, 62 Cobden, Richard, 51 cognitive ability, 241–42 Declaration of Independence, 36 Cohen, G. A., 223–24 democracy, 237–38 commercial society autonomy and, 156–58 British liberalism and, 50–52 necessity of, 216 neo-liberal views, 56–57 decision making, 251, 254. See also utilitarianism and, 54–55 suffrage communitarianism, 15, 346 degree of, 221 comprehensive doctrine liberalism equality and, 223, 238–39 (CDL), 191, 371–72 equality of power in, 221–23, 240–43 importance of autonomy, 202 fair proceduralism, 239–40

index 453

instrumentalist approach, 222, 255–58 democracy and, 238–39 intrinsic value, 237–38, 251–52, 256–58 desirability, 227–30 justice and, 250–53 from public standpoint, 243–46 justiﬁcation for, 221–22 democracy and, 246–49 legitimacy of institutions, 157–58 justice and, 224, 369–70 political legitimacy and, 178 luck egalitarianism, 224–25, 228 public standpoint, 244–49 of ability, 241–42, 254 religion and, 296–97 of concern, 411 accommodation between, 298–303 of condition or well-being, 214, 223–25, separability from liberalism, 403–4 227–28 social capital, 307 of democratic power, 213, 221–23, Derrida, Jacques, 301 240–43, 251 Dewey, John, 64, 70–71, 73–74 justice and, 250–51 Dickinson, John, 27 of opportunity difference principle, 226 as freedom, 214, 230–33 Discourse upon the Permission of fair (FEO), 231–33 Freedom of Religion, A, 284 substantive, 214 diversity, 316 of power, 213 of women’s viewpoints, 372 gender and, 371–74 domination, 155–56 of rational acceptance, 241–42, 255 Douglass, Frederick, 33–34 absolute viewpoint, 242–43 Dunn, John, 50–51 of respect, 404, 411–14 Dunoyer, Charles, 46 political liberalism and, 219–20 Durkheim, Emile, 78–79 Estlund, David, 222–23, 239–40 Dworkin, Ronald, 223–24, 395 ethics Hobbes on, 116 economic liberty, 261–62 moral disagreement, 115–16, 118, classical liberalism, 266 119–21 high liberalism, 266, 274–75 Rawls on, 119–21 libertarian, 265–66 reasonableness, 220 natural rights, 267–69 evolutionary ethics, 54–55 market anarchism, 277 Ewin, R. E., 114 of ownership, 264 exchange, 45 of property, 68–69, 264 exit rights, 152, 199, 317–18, 323–24 of transacting, 230, 264, 269 of working, 264 fair equality of opportunity (FEO), Rawls on, 272, 275 231–33 social democracy, 225 fair proceduralism, 239–40 socialism and, 276–77 faith-based institutions, 292–93 thickness, 264–65 family life, 356, 366–67 utilitarian, 269–71 fascism, 61, 79 weight, 262–63 Federalism, 30–33 economics. See also commerce feminism, 6, 15–16, 322–23, 355–56, 390 Turgot’s, 45 choice, 374–76 education, 216–17, 231, 232, 323–24 contemporary liberalism and, 361–63 egoism, 406–7 critique of early modern thought, Eisenstein, Zillah, 368 357–61 English Civil War, 387–88 critique of individualism, 143, 363–66 Enlightenment, 4–5 diversity of female viewpoints, 372 Scottish, 5 equality debate, 367–71 equality Ferguson, Michaele, 376 as freedom from coercion, 218 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 335 as no-mastery, 217–19 Filmer, Sir Robert, 331 as freedom from others’ moral France, 75–76, 286 requirements, 219–20 France, Anatole, 225 autonomy and, 215, 225–27 Fraser, Nancy, 361

454 index

freedom, 225–27, see economic liberty. Hamilton, Alexander, 31, 32 See also autonomy Harrington, James, 382, 392 American liberalism, 27–28 Hartz, Louis, 59, 71–72 equality of opportunity as, 230–33 Hayek, Friedrich, 5, 16, 66, 270, 273, 341 feminist critique, 16 Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 68, liberty and, 275–76 404, 408 negative, 61–62, 217–19, 390–92, 407 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 335 non-sovereign, 373–74 Hick, John, 300–1 of expression, 412–13 High liberalism positive, 61–62 contractualist, 271–72 primary goods principle, 226–27 economic liberty, 266, 274–75 republican view, 15 Hirschman, Linda, 414 state as threat to, 340 Hirschmann, Nancy, 362–63, 375–76 French liberalism Hitler, Adolf, 80–81 commerce and, 47–50 Hobbes, Thomas, 66, 112 early twentieth-century, 76–79 on conﬂicting private judgment, revolution and, 77–78 114–16, 122–23 French Revolution, 389–90 resolution of “The Nightmare,” 132 Friedman, Milton, 270 on conjugal right, 360 Furet, François, 77 on negative freedom, 390–92 Hobhouse, L. T., 55, 65–69 Galston, William, 144, 315, 316–17 Hoover, Herbert, 64 on multiculturalism, 316 human nature, 409 Garrison, William Lloyd, 34 humanism, 417 Gaulle, Charles de, 76–77 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 53–54, 172 Gauthier, David, 94–96, 102 Hume, David, 43, 333 Gelasius I, 282–83 Hundert, E.J., 43 Gellner, Ernest, 338 gender (in)equality, 355–56 Idéologie, 52–53 choice, 375–76 imagined communities, 337–38 conjugal right, 360 immigrant groups, 313–14 division of labour, 361–63, India, 60 365–66 individual rights individualism and, 143 American liberalism, 28 legal, 368–69 multiculturalism and, 307 nature of equality, 367–71 individualism, 2–3, 78–79, 143, 305–7 political, 371–74 as egoism, 406–7 social contract theory and, 360 conservative critique, 406–10, 420 violence, 362 feminist critique, 363–66 Genovesi, Antonio, 46–47 justice and, 306–7 Gerhard, Ute, 369–70 individuality Germany, 80–82 autonomy and, 145–46 Gilligan, Carol, 363 Mill on, 13 good, the, 132. See also perfectionism industrialism, 46 republican, 396–97 inequality, 224 Gould, Jay, 74 institutions, 3 Gournay, Vincent de, 48 pure liberalism and, 8–9 government instrumentalism, 255–58, 270–71 religion and, 117–18 irreverence, 416–17 Gray, John, 155 Islam, 296 Great Britain Italy, 76, 79 early twentieth-century, 67 United States and, 75 Jefferson, Thomas, 27, 28, 382, 389, 397 Green, T. H., 56, 70, 406–7, 408 Jesus Christ, 42, 282 Grotius, Hugo, 9 Johnson, Samuel, 43

index 455

Judaism, 295, 300 liberty, 262. See also autonomy; judgment economic liberty; freedom conﬂicts in freedom and, 275–76 Hobbes on, 114–16 Hume on, 333 justice, 155–56 scope, 263 contractarian view, 91–92, 96–97, signiﬁcance, 263 271–72 Smith on, 333–34 democracy and, 250–53 weight, 262–63 equality and, 224, 227, 250–51, Lincoln, Abraham, 35–36, 72 369–70, 411 linguistic integration, 308 political, 243–44 Lippmann Colloquium, 56 established on personal views, 247–49 Locke, John, 3, 9, 51, 213, 383 fairness and, 123–24 libertarianism and, 268 gender inequality and, 365–66 nationalism and, 331 individualism and, 306–7 on conjugal right, 360 nationalism and, 344–45 on freedom, 407 political autonomy and, 170, 172, 181 on public reason, 116–19 public standpoint, 244–46 Second Treatise of Government, 215, Rawls on, 121–25, 127, 394, 405–6 217–19 state neutrality and, 175 luck egalitarianism, 224–25, 228 state toleration and, 194–95 luxury, 46–47

Kallen, Horace, 70 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 51 Kant, Immanuel, 118, 213, 331–32, 411 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 382, 386, 391 on autonomy, 407 MacKinnon, Catharine, 368–69, 375 on religion, 301–2 Macpherson, C. B., 50 social contract principle, 167 Madison, James, 30, 32, 35, 389, 397 Kelly, Duncan, 43 Mallet, Louis, 51 Keynes, John Maynard, 56 Manchester School, 51 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 37 Mandeville, Bernard, 43 Kossuth, Lajos, 335 Mann, Thomas, 76 Kukathas, Chandran, 202, 347–48 Maoine, Angela, 358 Kymlicka, Will, 312–15, 344, 346–47, 372 market anarchism, 277 Marshall, Alfred, 56 laissez-faire ultras, 48 Marx, Karl, 223 Larmore, Charles, 144, 174–77, 200, 204 Marxism, 78 laws (civil) maximization, 14 Hobbes on, 114 Mayhew, Jonathan, 26–27 rule of, 388 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 335, 336 laws (ethical), 118. See also natural law McClain, Linda, 363, 364, 374–75 theory Meisels, Tamar, 332 Locke on, 117, 118 merchants, 45 legal equality, 368–69 messianic structure, 301 leveling down, 227–28 Mill, James, 13 liberal legitimacy, 219–20 Mill, John Stuart, 53–55, 63, 66, 213, 223, liberal neutrality principle, 395–97 355, 393, 398, 404 liberal order, 402. See also political as pure liberal, 8 liberalism Considerations on Representative democracy and, 403–5 Government, 337–39 liberal toleration principle, 384–85 on equality, 411 liberalism, 382–83 on individuality, 13 deﬁnition, 2, 61–63 On Liberty, 66, 336 values, 3 on nation-states, 80, 336–39, 344 libertarianism on stationary state, 54 economic liberty and, 265–66, 267–69 on toleration, 201 natural rights, 267–69 on women’s rights, 358–59

456 index

Mill, John Stuart (cont.) New Deal, 64 Principles of Political Economy, 54, New England colonies, 24–25 336–37 New Liberalism, 64, 65–69 Miller, David, 345, 347 Croly and Dewey, 70–75 Milton, John, 386 new nationalism, 70, 71–72, 74–75 Minnow, Martha, 363 Nicole, Pierre, 43 moderate conservatism, 413–14 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 414–15 modern liberalism, 7–8 nihilism, 415, 417 classical liberalism and, 7 non-aggression, 277 money, 45 non-domination principle, 383–84 Mont Pèlerin Society, 350 n23 noninterference principle, 392–93 Montesquieu, 47, 49–50, 387–88 normativity, 333 moral disagreement, 115–16, 118, political autonomy, 177–80 119–21 Nozick, Robert, 10, 266, 394 moral theory, 121 nudging, 61 Mornay-du-Plessis, Philippe, 284 Nussbaum, Martha, 227 multiculturalism, 305, 307 cultural integration, 308 Obamacare, 289 group and individual rights, 322–23 O’Connell, Daniel, 335 group-differentiated rights, 313–14 Okin, Susan, 322–23, 356, 361, 366, illiberal minorities, 315 374–75 immigrant groups, 313–14 Orwell, George, 228 minimal, 308–10, 320 Otis, James, 27 of voice, 321–26 overlapping consensus, 125–26 Raz’s view, 311–12, 314 ownership, 264 rights of minority groups, 316–19 societal cultures, 312–14 Paine, Thomas, 28, 59, 392, 397 state support of minority groups, Paley, William, 392 324–25 Pamphlet Wars, 357 toleration and, 316–21 paradox of liberalism, 205–7 Pateman, Carol, 359–61 Nagel, Thomas, 212 perfectionism, 200, 319, 343, 398 nationalism, 79–80, 329–30. See also new Pettit, Philip, 383 nationalism peyote, 288 Acton’s, 339–42 Phillips, Anne, 371, 372 Berlin on, 342–43 philosophical liberalism, 401–5 Breuilly’sdeﬁnition, 329–30 pluralism, 92, 384–85 communitarianism and, 346 Berlin’s, 342–43 imagined communities, 337–38 political autonomy and, 171–74 liberal cosmopolitanism and, 342–48 political liberalism and, 197–98 pre-national liberalism, 330–35 Pocock, J. G. A., 383 Rawls and, 344–45, 347–48 political liberalism, 62, 125–26, 204, societal cultures, 312–13 405–6. See also liberal order Tamir on, 343–44 autonomy and, 156–58 nation-building, 309 comprehensive doctrine nationialism, 79–80 liberalism and Native Americans, 288 distinction between, 191–93, 204 natural law, 10, 191 equality and, 219–20 natural rights, 9–10, 266 shared reasons as, 129–30 economic libertarianism and, toleration and, 195–200 267–69 paradox of liberalism, 205–6 women, 357–58 pluralism of comprehensive Nazism, 341 doctrines, 197–98 neo-liberalism, 56 unreasonable doctrines, 197–99 classical liberalism and, 273 poor law, 359 economic liberty and, 273–75, 276 Popper, Karl, 16, 63, 66, 341

index 457

practical reason on public reason, 119–21 political autonomy and, 172–73 insulation principle, 128–29, 130–31 pregnancy, 368 Nightmare of heterogeneous reasons, progress, 4 128–29, 131–33 property, 68–69, 264, 276 on religion, 298–99 Protestantism, 284–85 on society and loss of individual rights, public reason, 192, 298–99 306–7 Hobbes on, 114–16 on state toleration, 194–95 insulation of religious and civil affairs, Political Liberalism, 126, 128, 371–72 117–18, 123, 126–27, 130–31 Theory of Justice, A, 57, 121–25, 129, liberalism as shared reasons and, 129–30 193–95, 309–10, 345, 364, 394 Locke on, 116–19 veil of ignorance, 121–22, 193–94, 271, moral disagreement, 115–16, 118, 364–65 119–21 well-ordered society, 310 Rawls on, 119–21, 298–99 Raz, Joseph, 14, 147, 156, 372 religion and, 298–99 on multiculturalism, 311–12, 314 shared reasons, 118 reason. See also public reason public standpoint, 243–46 reasonableness (of ethical views), 220 decision making and, 254 religion. See also Catholicism; democracy and, 250–53 Christianity; Islam; Judaism; intrinsic value, 251–52, 258 Protestantism; Puritanism expressive value, 258 autonomy and, 156, 176–77 instrumental value, 256–57 British liberalism and, 50–52 intrinsic value, 258 civil government and, 117–18 rationality, 245 democracy and reasons for adopting, 246–49 accommodation between, 298–303 show-off case, 256–57 Derrida on, 301 pure liberalism, 8 education and, 289–92 Puritanism, 23–26, 72 Kant on, 301–2 Putnam, Robert, 307 rational, 301–2 Smith and, 43–44 Quebec, 312, 313 state and Quong, Jonathan, 130, 132 Christianity, 294–96 Qutb, Sayyid, 294–98 Islam, 296 liberal democracies, 285–86 rational acceptance non-establishment, 284–85, 287–89, absolute viewpoint, 242–43 289–93, 297–98 rational conservatism, 413, 418–19 requirements of religion for existence rationality, 245 within, 293–98 Rawls, John, 11–12, 57, 63–64, 112, 405–6 toleration, 309–10 comprehensive doctrine liberalism, two-rules doctrine, 282–83, 296–97 193–95 toleration, 176–77, 195 difference principle, 226 United States, 287–89 equality and, 223–24 republicanism, 15, 381–82 fair equality of opportunity, 231–33 classical, 382, 386–87 Law of Peoples, The, 347–48 liberal neutrality principle and, legacy, 128–29 395–97 multiculturalism and, 307, 309–10 non-domination principle, 383–84, nationalism and, 344–45 396–97 on agreement, 90–92, 102–3 revolutionary period, 389–90 on economic liberty, 272, 275 self-government principle, 385–87 on equality, 365–66 toleration principle and, 384–85 on political autonomy, 165–66, 168–69, US Constitution and, 30 171–72 respect, 404, 411–14 authorization, 167–68 revolution, 77–78 moral requirements, 178–80 Ricardo, David, 54

458 index

rights, 212–13 social groups, 152–53, 372 intrinsic vs. instrumental view, 213 exit rights from, 152, 199, 317–18, new liberal view, 68–69 323–24 of minority groups, 316–19 social thesis, 346 property, 276 socialism, 16, 390 social contract theory, 11 economic liberty and, 276–77 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 64, 65 societal cultures, 312–14 Roosevelt, Theodore, 70 Southwood, Nicholas, 100, 103 Rorty, Richard, 5, 293–94, 415 sovereign power, 115–16 on religion, 299–300 Spencer, Herbert, 54–55 Rosenblatt, Helena, 50 Stamp Act, 26 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 44, 118, 334 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 33 on political autonomy, 164–65, 171, 178 state. See also nationalism Ruddick, Sara, 363 as threat to freedom, 340 education and, 289–91 Sandel, Michael, 64 Kant on, 331–32 Santayana, George, 155 legitimacy of power, 219–20 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 46 linguistic integration, 308 Scanlon, T. M., 11, 97–98 neutrality, 163–64, 174–77, 181–82 Schachar, Ayelet, 325–26 justiﬁcatory, 174–77 Schaeffer, Denise, 369 power schools, 289–91, 323–24. See also children economic liberty, 261–62 equal-support policy, 292–93 religion and, 285–86 no-support policy, 290–92 education, 289–93 Schumpeter, Joseph, 61 faith-based institutions, 292–93 Scotland, 312, 313 Islam, 296 Scottish Enlightenment, 5 non-establishment, 284–85, 289–93 self-acceptance, 148–49 requirement of religions, 293–98 self-control, 153 two-rules doctrine, 282–83 self-government principle, 385–87 rule of law, 388 Sen, Amartya, 226–27 support of minority groups, 324–25 Seneca Falls Declaration, 34 toleration, 190 Sermon on the Mount, 42 comprehensive doctrine liberalism, sharing, 105–8 201–2, 203–4 Shklar, Judith, 36 moral autonomy and, 194 Sidney, Algernon, 386–87 political autonomy and, 196–97 Skinner, Quentin, 383 Rawls’s view, 194–95 slavery, 23, 27, 34–35, 73 Stoicism, 62 Smith, Adam, 43 subjectivism, 412 Letters on Jurisprudence, 333–34 substantive liberalism, 205–6 on commerce, 44 suffering, 201 on division of labour, 46 suffrage, 67 religion and, 43–44 Sugar Act, 26 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 43–44 social capital, 307 Tamir, Yael, 343–44, 346–47 social contract theory, 11–12, 112. See Taylor, Charles, 343, 346 also contractarianism; Taylor, John, 64 contractualism temperance movements, 68 gender inequality and, 360 Thornton, Merle, 368 Hobbes Thucydides, 391 sovereign as determinant of public Tocqueville, Alexis de, 6, 47–48, reason, 115–16 50, 387 Locke, 331 toleration, 12–13, 189, 384–85. See also nationalism and, 345 pluralism Rawls’s approach, 11–12 as neutrality, 393–97 social democracy, 225 early liberalism and, 388–89

index 459

multiculturalism and, 316–21 contractarianism and, 94–95, 98–99 noninterference principle, 392–93 economic liberty and, 269–71 of unreasonable doctrines, 197–99 public policy and, 88–89 paradox of liberalism, 205 policy of, 190 veil of ignorance, 121–22, 193–94, 271, political and comprehensive doctrine 364–65 liberalism, 192–93 Velleman, David, 148 political liberalism and, 195–200 Verdi, Giuseppe, 63 religious, 284 Versailles Treaty, 341 republicanism and, 384–85 Villeneuve-Bargement, Alban de, 50 state, 190 violence, 362 within a state, 190 voluntarism, 414 Tomasi, John, 274 Voting Rights Act, 36 totalitarianism, 373 Tracy, Destutt de, 46, 52–53 Waldron, Jeremy, 4 trade, 47 Walker, David, 33 transmission, 169, 182 Wall, Steven, 240 Turgot, Anne-Robert Jacques, 44–45 Ward, Nathaniel, 25 two-rule doctrine, 282–83 Weber, Max, 42 Weithman, Paul, 123–24 United States, 71–72. See also American welfare state, 65 liberalism West, Robin, 363 Articles of Confederation, 29 Westphalia, Treaty of, 383 Britain and, 75 Wilson, Woodrow, 340–41 Constitution, 29–30, 284–85 Winch, Donald, 56 Declaration of Independence, 36 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 357–58, 390 education system, 289–91 women, 322–23. See also feminism; Federalism vs Anti-Federalism, 30–33 gender in(equality) national identity, 21–22 Mill on, 358–59 Pledge of Allegiance, 288 Wollstonecraft on, 357–58 pre-liberalism, 24–26 Wood, Gordon, 383 religion, 287–89, 310 World War II, 82 utilitarianism, 13–14, 54–55, 66 comprehensive doctrine liberalism Young Europe, 336 and, 191, 193 Young, Iris, 155–56, 364