Fakulta Sociálních Studií Katedra Politologie Bc. Vratislav Hošek

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Fakulta Sociálních Studií Katedra Politologie Bc. Vratislav Hošek Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra politologie Politologie Libertariánské pojetí zahraniční politiky a mezinárodních vztahů na pozadí soudobých konfliktů Magisterská diplomová práce Bc. Vratislav Hošek Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Pavel Dufek, Ph.D. UČO: 33317 Brno, 2014 Prohlašuji, ţe jsem tuto diplomovou práci na téma Libertariánské pojetí zahraniční politiky a mezinárodních vztahů na pozadí soudobých konfliktů vypracoval samostatně a ţe jsem všechny pouţité zdroje uvedl v seznamu literatury. V Brně, 11. 12. 2014 ….…....................................... podpis autora práce 1 Chtěl bych na tomto místě poděkovat Mgr. Pavlu Dufkovi, Ph.D za cenné rady a vedení této práce. 2 Anotace Práce analyzuje přístupy k zahraniční politice a pojetí mezinárodních vztahů v soudobém libertarianismu na základě uchopení soudobých mezinárodních a vnitrostátních konfliktů vybranými školami v libertariánském myšlení. Bude tedy zkoumáno jakým způsobem a na základě jakých normativních kritérií posuzují různé školy v libertarianismu jednání různých aktérů v soudobých konfliktech a co toto posouzení o jednotlivých školách libertarianismu vypovídá. Je třeba zdůraznit, ţe práce je především výzkumem libertariánského myšlení, nikoliv výzkumem dynamiky mezinárodních konfliktů. Klíčová slova Libertarianismus, liberalismus, paleokonzervatismus, paleolibertarianismus, neokonzervatismus, politická filosofie, kosmopolitismus, populismus, zahraniční politika, mezinárodní vztahy, Ukrajina, ukrajinská krize, Islámský stát, dţihádismus Abstract The thesis analyses attitudes toward foreign policy and international relations in contemporary libertarian discourse, on the basis of the understanding of chosen current international and domestic conflicts by certain chosen school of libertarian thinking. We will examine how and based on which normative criteria do different schools of libertarian thought judge the role of different actors in contemporary armed conflicts, and what does this discourse have to say about these different schools of libertarianism. The works is first and foremost an examination of libertarian thinking, not an examination of the internal dynamics of armed conflicts. Key Words Libertarianism, liberalism, paleoconservatism, paleolibertarianism, neoconservatism, political philosophy, cosmopolitism, populism, foreign policy, international relations, Ukraine, Ukraine crisis, Islamic state, Jihadism 3 Obsah Anotace ...................................................................................................................... 3 Klíčová slova .............................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 3 Key Words .................................................................................................................. 3 Úvod ........................................................................................................................... 7 Metodologie ................................................................................................................ 8 1 Vymezení libertarianismu a jednotlivých zkoumaných typů ................................... 10 1.1 Úvod do problematiky ..................................................................................... 10 1. 2 Libertarianismus jako politická filosofie .......................................................... 10 1.2.1 Vlastnictví a sebevlastnictví ...................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Axiom neagrese ........................................................................................ 14 1.2.3 Širší hodnotové spory v libertarianismu ....................................................... 15 1. 3 Zkoumané formy libertarianismu .................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Paleolibertarianismus ............................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Bleeding heart libertarianismus ................................................................ 21 1.3.3 Kosmopolitní/mainstreamový/beltway libertarianismus ............................ 24 1.3.4 Konzervativně – libertariánský republikanismus Randa Paula ................. 28 1.4 Hodnotové ukotvení zkoumaných směrů ........................................................ 30 2 Rozbor Ukrajinské krize ......................................................................................... 31 2.1 Kosmopolitní libertarianismus ......................................................................... 31 2.1.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 35 2.1.3 Důleţité prvky argumentace ..................................................................... 37 2.2 Paleolibertarianismus ...................................................................................... 38 2.2.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 42 2.2.3 Důleţité prvky argumentace .................................................................... 44 2.3 Konzervativně – libertariánský republikanismus Randa Paula ........................ 45 2.3.1 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 47 2.4. Bleeding Heart Libertarianismus .................................................................... 48 2.4.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 49 2.5 Komparace přístupů k ukrajinské krizi ............................................................. 50 3 Konflikt s Islámským státem .................................................................................. 53 3.1 Kosmopolitní libertarianismus ......................................................................... 53 3.1.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 53 4 3.1.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 56 3.2 Paleolibertarianismus ...................................................................................... 59 3.2.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 59 3.2.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 62 3.3 Konzervativně – libertariánský republikanismus Randa Paula ........................ 65 3.3.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 67 3.3.3 Důleţité prvky argumentace ..................................................................... 68 3.4 Bleeding Heart Libertarianismus ..................................................................... 69 3.4.1 Shrnutí postojů ......................................................................................... 69 3.4.2 Členská a predikátová analýza ................................................................. 72 3.4.3 Důleţité prvky argumentace BHL ............................................................. 73 3.5 Komparace přístupů ke konfliktu s Islámským státem..................................... 74 Závěr ........................................................................................................................ 76 Zdroje a pouţitá literatura ......................................................................................... 79 5 6 Úvod Libertarianismus je mladou a pro mnohé v lecčems atraktivní politickou filosofií, které se v poslední době dostává zvláště v severoamerickém kontextu značné pozornosti (viz Dreaper 2014) V tom významu, v jakém s ním budeme pracovat v tomto textu, byl podle Randyho Barnetta (2004) libertarianismus zformován ve své současné podobě na přelomu 50. a 60. let v USA. Barnett popsal libertarianismus jako směr vycházející z myšlenek Ayn Randové a Murraye Rothbarda a alespoň ve svých počátcích, charakterizovaný specifickou syntézou poznatků rakouské ekonomické školy, aristotelovského a lockeovského pojetí přirozeného práva (s důrazem na práva vlastnická), důrazem na volný trh, individuální svobodu a zahraniční politiku neintervence. Do značné míry můţeme za vznikem moderního libertarianismu jako politického proudu vidět zahraničněpolitická témata. Podle některých autorů vzniká libertarianismus jako hnutí právě v důsledku nesouhlasu s tehdejší studenoválečnou mentalitou americké pravice a později i s vojenskou angaţovanosti ve Vietnamu (Rothbard 2007). Přesto rozšíření (a někdy i rozmělnění) libertariánského hnutí a proměny v globální politice vedly k tomu, ţe nonintervencionistický přístup není jiţ zdaleka libertariánskou ortodoxií. A zvláště po 11. září 2001 se začínají vést v rámci libertarianismu debaty ohledně přehodnocení postojů v zahraniční politice. Dnes lze v libertarianismu nalézt celou škálu názorů na zahraničně-politická témata (viz Bailey 2003). Tato oblast se proto jeví jako vhodná pro výzkum, který nám můţe mnohé říci o dynamice vztahů mezi různými školami a přístupy libertarianismu. V práci bude nejprve vymezen libertarianismus
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